INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY UPSTREAM OPERATION

CONTENT

BASIC PETROLEUM GEOLOGY BASIC DRILLING OPERATION BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

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Petroleum Industry can be divided into 2 sectors

Upstream

Operation Technology

Exploration Appraisal Production Operation

Downstream Process Technology

Processing (Refining, Distilling, Cracking, Catalytic Reaction, etc) of feedstock to finished products.
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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
PETROLEUM IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS WHICH EXISTS IN THE GASEOUS OR LIQUID STATE IN ITS NATURAL RESERVOIRS PETROLEUM = HYDROCARBON COMPOUD + NON-HYDROCARBON COMPOND HYDROCARBON = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF CARBON (C) & HYDROGEN (H) ONLY

NON-HYDROCARBON = COMPOUND THAT CONTAIN SOME SULPHUR, OXYGEN OR NITROGEN ATOMS BESIDES HYDROGEN & RAR CARBON

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
HYDRCARBON CAN BE FOUND AS :
i) ii) Natural gases e.g. Methane, Ethane, (Condensate) Liquids e.g. Light crude Medium crude Heavy crude Asphalts, Waxes

iii)

Semi-solid e.g.

iv)

Solid e.g.

Coals Peat RAR

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
CRUDE OIL: A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS THAT EXISTS IN THE LIQUID PHASE IN NATURAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS AND REMAINS LIQUID AT ATMOPHERE PRESSURE AFTER PASSING THROUGH SURFACE SEPARATING FACILITIES. COLOUR : DARK BROWN TO YELLOWISH BROWN GRAVITY : 30 - 40 DEGREE API

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
NATURAL GAS: A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS AND SMALL QUANTITIES OF VARIOUS NON_HYDROCARBONS ( EG. NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ) EXISTING IN THE GASEOUS PHASE OR IN SOLUTION OIL IN NATURAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
NATURAL GAS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS: ASSOSIATED GAS : FREE NATURAL GAS COMMONLY KNOWN AS GAS-CAPS WHICH OVERLIES AND IN CONTACT WITH CRUDE OIL IN THE RESERVOIR

DISSOLVED GAS: NATURAL GAS WHICH IS IN SOLUTION WITH CRUDE OIL IN THE RESERVOIR AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS.
NON-ASSOCIATED GAS: FREE NATURAL GAS NOT IN CONTACT WITH CRUDE OIL IN THE RESERVOIR. RAR

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
CONDENSATE :
THE HYDROCARBONS WHICH ARE IN THE GASEOUS STATE UNDER RESERVOIR CONDITIONS BUT BECOME LIQUID EITHER IN PASSAGE UP THE HOLE OR AT SURFACE DUE TO THE REDUCED PRESSURE CONDITIONS. COLOUR: YELLOWISH TO COLOURLESS GRAVITY: > 60 DEGREE API

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
ASPHALT : A BROWN TO BLACK SOLID OR SEMISOLID BITUMINOUSSUBSTANCE OCCURING IN NATURE, BUT ALSO OBTAINED AS A RESIDUE FROM THE REFINING OF CERTAIN PETROLEUM. ALSO KNOWN AS TAR.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
THEORY OF ORIGIN
INORGANIC THEORY

Hydrogen and carbon are brought together under great pressure and temperature deep in the earth to from Petroleum

ORGANIC THEORY
Originated from the organic remains of plants and animals buried in fine - grained sediment that changes under changing physical and chemical environment

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
TYPES OF ROCKS
Igneous rocks - formed from the solidification of molten lava Metamorphic rocks - an altered form of igneous or sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks - formed from deposition and composition of fragmented rocks, e.g sandstones, limestones, and dolomites

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
MIGRATION
The movement of petroleum from the place of its origin to where it is accumulated Primary Migration the migration of petroleum from the source rock to the reservoir rock Secondary Migration the migration of petroleum through the reservoir rock until it is finally trapped

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
THERE ARE 3 KIND OF ROCKS
1.

IGNEOUS ROCKS - formed from the molten magma eg. Granite.

2.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - formed at the surface of the earth eg. Sandstone, carbonates.
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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (continued)

3.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS - formed by the transformation of sedimentary and igneous rock eg. Marble.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR
Any rock layer or stratum, normally called reservoir rock which contains petroleum. It is in the form of geologic structures or traps. POROSITY

measure of the number of pores in a given volume of rock

PERMEABILITY measure of the ease with which fluids can pass through RAR

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
PETROLEUM

RESERVOIR

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
Types of

Petroleum Reservoir

Based on the types of geologic structures or traps Structural traps Anticline trap Fault trap Dome or Plug trap Stratigraphic traps Disconformity trap angular Unconformity trap RAR

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

RESERVOIR ROCKS

The most important types of reservoir rocks are sandstones and carbonates. WORLD MAJOR OILFIELDS:
59% from SANDSTONE reservoirs 40% from CARBONATE reservoirs

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
RESERVOIR

DRIVE MECHANISM

Energy is needed to drive or displace petroleum from the pores of reservoir into well and lifted up to the surface Types of drive mechanism Solution Gas Drive energy from expansion of gas cap & gas dissolved Gas Cap Drive energy from expansion of gas cap Water Drive energy from compressed water Combination Drive combinationof solution gas drive, gas cap drive and water drive

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Major purpose

To safely drill a subsurface hole until it penetrates a pontential petroleum reservoir Drilling process a well is drilled in several stages starts with a hole of 30 - 36 inches (76-91 cm) in diameter down to a depth of 150 - 250 m. A stell pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented

After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with smaller drill bit. Another string of casing is set and cemented.

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

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CASING

steel pipe placed in an oil/ gas well as drilling progresses Function to prevent the wall of the hole from caving during drilling to provide a mean of extracting petroleum ( if the well is productive)

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Classification

of Casing

Conductor Pipe Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Conductor Pipe

To open the hole of the formation near the sea bottom which soft and unconsolidated for further operation Two ways of installing Conductor Pipe A Hole slightly bigger than the outside diameter (OD) of the casing is drilled. The casing is lowered into the hole and cemented A hole slightly smaller than the OD of the casing is drilled. The casing is piled or hammered into formation. No need to cement RAR

BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Surface

Casing

The casing must be set before drilling can continue further Function to protect shallow freshwater aquifers from contamination to support the unconsolidated, low pressure formations and to prevent drilling mud loss to provide a base for well control equipment

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BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Intermediate

Casing

One or more intermediate casing can be set depending on the underground conditions Function prevent hole from collapsing protect freshwater zones from contamination isolate zones with abnormal high or low pressure isolate salt formation Production casing casing runs all the way from the productive zone to the surface. To seal off the pay zone from adjacent layers RAR

BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Drilling Fluid

(Mud)

The composition of drilling fluid is determinated by the down hole conditions such as temperature, pressure and types of formation Types of drilling fluid Water based Mud Oil based Mud Gas based Mud

Function Remove cuttings and transport them to the surface Lubricate and cool the bit and drill string form a filter cake in the walls to reduce fluid loss RAR support the wellbore wall keep cuttings in suspension, when circulation is stopped

BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

Cementing

To fill the annulus between the casing and the hole with cement to support the casing and to prevent migration of fluid between permeable zones
Cementing Job Displacement of Mud Displacement of Cement Waiting on Cement

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Perforation

puncturing the casing to gain access to the oil/ gas producing intervals two basic types bullet perforation jet perforation Well Completion A string of tubing is set from the producing zones to the surface/ wellhead Provide conduit for fluid to flow to the surface Control the flow of fluid Types of completion RAR

Can you be so unlucky ?

Common Deviated Well Trajectories

Horizontal Well Trajectory

Kicking off with a Whipstock

Bent Sub with Motor

Kicking off a Jet Bit Deflection

Adjustable Kick-Off(AKO) Positive Displacement Pump(PDM)

Typical Drilling Assemblies

Example of extended reach drilling scheme

Horizontal Well Radii

Perforation

Well Completion
A string of tubing is set from the producing zones to the surface/ wellhead Provide conduit for fluid to flow to the surface Control the flow of fluid

Horizontal Well Completion

Two wells in one Conductor

Requires special wellhead and x-mas tree arrangement

Electronics inside an LWD Tool

LWD refers to Logging While Drilling

Logging Tools to Measure Rock Properties

Gas

Oil

Water

Typical Height of a Malaysian Family

Logging Tools in Workshop

The Logging Cabin

Inside the Logging Cabin

The author somewhere in offshore Brunei, 1985

E&P Professionals Escapism

BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Functions

of Production platform

control the individual well output separate the mixture produced from wells dispose off the non- saleable products pumps saleable products to export terminal

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Platform Major

System Components

Wellhead assemblies Separation system Gas disposal system Produced water treating and disposal Crude transfer pumps Metering system Power generation

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Oil Producing Platform Operation
WH
Test Separator

GCM

FLARE

Production Separator

Surge Vessel

CPI

Crude Transfer Pump

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Gas Compression Unit
From Production Separator Precooler To Gas Dehydration

1st Stage Scrubber

Gas Injection

2nd Stage Scrubber

LP

HP

Gas Lift

Sales Gas

Intercooler

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Wellhead Assembly Equipment used to confine and control the flow of fluids
from well Divided into 3 parts Casing head attached to the top of each string of casing to support the weight of casing string

Tubing head support the tubing string seal off pressure in the casing - tubing annulus RAR

BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Christmas

tree

equipment with a group of valves and fittings control the flow of fluids from the well installed on top of tubing head

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WING SSV CHOKE HP HEADER LP HEADER TEST HEADER TO RELIEF HEADER

MASTER SSV

FROM OTHER WELLHEADS

TO TEST SEPARATOR TO LP SEPARATOR TO HP SEPARATOR

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Separation System

Designed, installed and operated to meet requirement from refinery and gas plant Refinery does not want oil or water in its gas supply Divided into 2 systems crude oil separation system Gas separation system

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Crude

Oil Separation System

separate gas and water from produced crude oil

water is removed so that the capacity of the pumps and pipelines available for crude transmissions is not wasted

Water is passed into the produced water/ oil recovery system

gas is used for fuel and/ or instrument gas on the platform. Also used for gas injection, gas lift, gas sales, flare or vented out,depend on requirement. RAR

BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Gas Outlet Vapours

Crude Oil

Liquid Liquid Outlet

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Gas

Separation System

Gas and condensate flow from wellheads to the 3 phase production separator Separate water from the condensate and gas gas is then sent to the glycol dehydration system, condensate to condensate Flash Tank and produced water to skimmer Produced gas is dried by contacting it with Triethylene - glycol(TEG) liquid Condensate from Flask Tank is passed to Coalescer which allow nearly total removal of remaining produced water
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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Gas

Separation System
PCV

Gas to Contactor Liquid from Contactor To Fuel Gas

CONDENSATE FLASH TANK COALESCER NO1

PCV FI FI

COALESCER NO2

To Glycol Contactor PRODUCTION SEPARATOR

LCV LCV PCV

LCV LCV

Blanket Gas

PCV

PCV

To Flare

LCV

SKIMMER PRODUCTION SEPARATOR

LCV LCV LCV

Coalescer Pump
FCV

Condensate Meter for Custody Transfer

Skimmer Pump PCV To Flare LP SLUG CATCHER

Vent M SUMP CAISON

Liquid from Glycol Flash Tank

PCV

To Glycol Contactor

PRODUCTION SEPARATOR

Condensate to Pipline

LCV LCV

Slug Catcher Pump

Sump Pump

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Gas

Disposal System

to dispose off gas in emergency situations and during producing operations use flare booms - factors to consider such as orientation, wind speed and direction

Produced Water Treating and Disposal

after separation, produced water must be processed in order to remove residual oil, before disposal to the sea equipment used is Corrugated Plate Intercepters (CPI's) Final separation is often accomplished in a Caisson separator RAR

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Crude

Oil Metering

metering facilities are used to determine the quantity of oil produced at individual platform two turbine meter stations connected in parallel

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BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

Power Generation

electrical power on offshore platform is used for

electric motors air conditioning illumination cooking communication system instrumentation fire and gas detection system flare ignition system gas compression RAR

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

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