Population parameter- unknown quantity of interest that describes the pop.

(proportion of all adult Americans who think that Environment is more imp) Quantitative- (numerical observations) income, age, number of children per family, price of stock Categorical- (ordinal-ordered//nominal-not ordered) frequencies of observations in each category of a categorical variable (gender, geographical location) Quantitative- histogram, stem and leaf, dot plot// categorical- pie chart, bar graph Stem and leaf: position of median: (n+1)/2 Histogram (number goes in middle of the bar) write relative frequency on top (# in interval/total # of observations) symmetric distribution: mean=median, distribution skewed to right ( mean>median) distribution skewed to left (mean<median) mean involves all observations (sensitive to extreme, while median is not)

population variance population -> sqrt of variance sample variance/standard deviation n-1 b/c better estimator of o^2. If n is used then it is underestimator of it. Chebyshevs Theorem: 100(1-1/k^2)% of the observations lie w/i (mean-ks, mean+ks) k>1 75% lie within 2 standard deviations, 89% lies within 3 standard deviations Empirical Rule: 68% within 1 std ( , 95% within 2 std, 100% within 3 std (bell shaped distributions only) Z-score distance in stDev of observation from the mean// mean=0, stDev= 1. f this quantity is the rank, round to nearest integer// pth percentile. This will give you the number of observation ord ered IQR = Q3-Q1// Outliers: z scores>3 is an outlier. Q1-1.5IQR, Q3+1.5IQR (suspect outlier). Q1-3IQR, Q3+3IQR (highly suspect) Box plot whiskers are Q1-1.5IQR, Q3+1.5IQR and box width is IQR and median is inside --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- - cards ace king queen 12/52) c OR ) (Na/Ns) sample size never changes (365/365*364/365) If C and D are independent events, then = P(C) or vice versa ) )*P(A)/( | **can only use complement in front of conditional**

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------Random variable- numerical description of outcome of an experiment Z(HH)= 2 Z(HT) = 0 Z(TT) = -2 Probability distribution of discrete RV: assignments of probabilities to the values of random variable, 0p(xi)1, sum p(xi) =1 Cumulative Probability Distribution: use for at least and at most problems Mean(X)/E(X)= x1p(x1)+x2(px2)+x3(px3)Variance of RV: ^2 = V(X)=(x1-x)2p(x1)+ (x2-x)2p(x2)+ Standard Dev RV: x= V(X) Binomial Experiment: (1) consists of fixed n of independent trials (2) each trial has 2 outcomes S and F (3) P(S) is constant Let X= the number of heads occurring in 3 tosses of a biased coin w/ P(H)=.75. n=3, p= X ~b (3, .75) (proper notation) P(X=x), x= 0, 1, 2, 3 Factorials: 0!=1, 1!= 1 BINOMIAL PROB DIST: NCR (p)^x*(p-1)^(n-x)//// NCR= (n!)/(n-x)!x! A manufacturing process in considered to be in operating if it produces 5% defectives. What is P that in a random sample of 20 items, 5 items are defective? P(x>5)=1-P(x5) Tendencies of Binomial: X=E(X)=np, V(X)=np(1-p)=npq, X=np(1-p)=npq Bernoulli Distribution: x 1 0 Each random variable Xi has a Bernoulli Distribution P(x) p 1-p Tendencies of Bernoulli D: p, =p(1-p) =p(1-p) Expectation and Standard Deviation od a sum of random variables: E(X1+X2+X3)= E(X1)+ E(X2)+ E(X3) (same thing with V(X)) Independent Events: Joint Probability Table is different a joint frequency table p= number of successes n=X n= (X1+X2+X3)/n If Y=b+aX, then the tendencies are: Y=b+ax, 2Y=a22x, Y=|a|X p=X/n is a linear function of a binomial random variable X, where b=0 and a=1/n (b could =something. It depends on the problem)

p = (1/n)X=(1/n)np=p, 2p = (1/n)22x=(1/n)2np(1-p)= p(1-p)/n, p = 2p