Arijit Roy SIT, IIT-Kharagpur

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
I. First Generation II. Second Generation III. Third Generation IV. Fourth Generation V. Fifth Generation

i. FIRST GENERATION (1946-55)

Very large in size Vacuum tube was used and its reliability is very low. Having no Operating system Required machine language for interaction First this type of computer was developed at University of Pennsylvania, named as ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculation) Was not very popular and became obsolete before it was put into use

ii. SECOND GENERATION (1955-66)

In 1947 Bardeen and Brattain invented transistor Transistors is used instead of vacuum tube Transistor is much more reliable as compare to vacuum tube These transistor were small in size so size of computer is also smaller Transistor consume less power Computational speed was more Cost was reduced

ii. SECOND GENERATION (CONTD)

Magnetic Core was used as primary memory, Magnetic Disk was used as secondary memory Program writing was also became easier These features makes it very popular Some IBM series were popular second generation computer, use commercially

iii. THIRD GENERATION (1965-75)

Integrated Circuit ( IC) IC contains all elements of an electronic circuit including transistors, resistors, capacitors and others component http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=12

80&bih=673&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnszb&tbnid=HNwZ bRMnLYY6EM:&imgrefurl=http://www.circuitstoday.c om/integrated-circuits-merits-anddemerits&imgurl=http://www.circuitstoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/integratedcircuit.jpg&w=640&h=640&ei=gvhCUKDWKM7trQf1o ID4DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=747&vpy=171&dur=2 453&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=141&ty=108&sig=108 959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=136&tbnw=13 6&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:148

iii. THIRD GENERATION (Contd)

IC- based technology Smaller in size Less Computational time Low Power Consumption High Reliability Suitable for Commercial Application Operating System introduced Multi Tasking Environment Commercial Production at low Cost

d. FORTH GENERATION (1976-98)

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) is used In 1971 Intel packed the complete CPU into a single chip called Microprocessor Very small in Size Very much Reliable High Speed Efficient Operating System Low Cost of Production

V. FIFTH GENERATION
In current generation computer it increases speed and reliability with less cost and power consumption In future it may more and more popular

TYPES OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER

Digital

Analog

Hybrid

Micro Mini

Mainframe Super

COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic machine, which can perform Arithmetical and Logical function with very high speed and accuracy. [i.e. a computer can do calculation and make logic decision accurately]

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
Home (Entertainment and personal use) Education (Teaching, Accounting, Preparing report cards, Learning topics, making presentation,Library) Research and Development Offices (Storing data and information, keeping different records) Medical field (making medicine, Different diagnosis) Travel (Air or train engine) Communication (Cell phone, e-mail, Telephone)

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS(Contd)
Banks (ATM, Keeping account record, different office record) Hotels (Keeping Record) Business Architecture

COMPONENT OF COMPUTER
Motherboard Input Device Storage Device Output Device Other Peripheral

MOTHER BOARD
a. CPU b. RAM c. BIOS d. COOLING DEVICE e. PCI SLOTS (Peripheral Component

Interconnect)

a. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Is known as main brain of computer Determines the performance of the computers Perform arithmetical, logical and input/output operation

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=21&num=10&hl=en&biw =1280&bih=630&addh=36&tbm=isch&tbnid=d84Cl57vYYmLPM :&imgrefurl=http://cpui5.com/i5-vsi7/&imgurl=http://www.sharkyextreme.com/img/2008/11/core_ i7/chip_1.jpg&w=400&h=371&ei=pLRAULHtLcqzrAeqwIDIAw& zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=450&vpy=187&dur=8039&hovh=216&hov w=233&tx=128&ty=108&sig=108959735577576403586&page=2&t bnh=138&tbnw=149&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:21,i:12

b. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

RAM is a form of data storage It store information temporarily Speed increases with size of the RAM

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=63 0&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsl&tbnid=GRKqW71PcYBhM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bugtreat.com/blog/how-to-installram-in-your-pc/&imgurl=http://www.bugtreat.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/ddr2ram.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=VcZAUIWQASdiAexooDgDg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=569&vpy=317&dur=835&h ovh=194&hovw=259&tx=160&ty=83&sig=108959735577576403586 &page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:9,s :0,i:167

c. BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM

Its a set of instruction Used to start most basic service of computer

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm =isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=oWQHB3aFwZ4QeM:&imgrefurl=http://ww w.washington.edu/lst/help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingx p/bios&imgurl=http://www.washington.edu/lst/help/computing_funda mentals/troubleshootingxp/img/bios.gif&w=640&h=452&ei=RctAUM_5 GqSQiAeCqYHADA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=275&vpy=185&dur=2239&ho vh=189&hovw=267&tx=122&ty=94&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1 &tbnh=128&tbnw=181&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:142

d. COOLING SYSTEM
A cooling mechanism prevent damage to computer from heat Contains fans Power supply, hard disk, CPU http://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=21&num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bi case needs fans h=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Bb2OfdVCtm7p7M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wiki

pedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg/250pxAMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg&w=250&h=167&ei=Js5AULvOMJGUiQfWn YHADg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=315&vpy=153&dur=404&hovh=133&hovw =194&tx=55&ty=88&sig=108959735577576403586&page=2&tbnh=133&tb nw=179&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:21,i:66

e. PCI SLOTS
PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect

Slots is space provided on mother board used to increase functionality of computer http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih
=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=PSh7IKYELBHNHM:&i mgrefurl=http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci5.htm&img url=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/pcimb.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=rNBAUKj8KuaQiAft0YC4Ag&zoo m=1&iact=hc&vpx=707&vpy=12&dur=272&hovh=135&hovw=16 9&tx=159&ty=49&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1&tbnh= 127&tbnw=157&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:112

INPUT DEVICES
a. Key Board b. Mouse c. Scanner d. Joystick e. Microphone

a. KEY BOARD
The key board is used to type something or input information to the computer Connected with computer via cable or without cable
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=630 &tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsa&tbnid=Ym3xx0HlTg2dQM:&imgrefurl =http://www.foreignlanguagekeyboard.com/index.php%3Fmain_p age%3Dindex%26cPath%3D5&imgurl=http://www.foreignlanguag ekeyboard.com/images/Large%252520Print%252520Keyboard%25 2520White%252520on%252520Black.jpg&w=2020&h=781&ei=jNRA UJ6lK4bLrQelw4CgCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=737&vpy=340&dur =3092&hovh=139&hovw=361&tx=158&ty=91&sig=1089597355775764 03586&page=1&tbnh=63&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429, r:10,s:0,i:183

b. MOUSE
Most common input device to give instruction to the computer Connected via wire or wireless Trackball, Optical mouse, Radio wave mouse
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?num=10&hl=en&biw=1 280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=M92ZMqsd3o2OM:&imgrefurl=http://www.howstuffworks.com /mouse.htm&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/qot d631-led-mice-3.jpg&w=400&h=288&ei=FNZAUJLItGtrAfxv4GoBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=280&vpy=182 &dur=2505&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=120&ty=111&sig=1 08959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=123&tbnw =181&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:152

c. Scanner
It allows user to transfer any document to the computer

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280 &bih=630&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsa&tbnid=kD5mxphbR0FRM:&imgrefurl=http://mwolk.com/blog/choosescanner/&imgurl=http://mwolk.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2009/06/how_to_choose_scanner.jpg& w=600&h=402&ei=EdhAUKatAcePrgfto4DYAw&zoom=1 &iact=rc&dur=256&sig=108959735577576403586&page=1 &tbnh=109&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:4,s :0,i:154&tx=52&ty=54

d. JOYSTICK
Its a input device used for playing game

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?num=10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=6 30&tbm=isch&tbnid=s381mhvtcJLsmM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/Joystick&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Atari_XE_joystick.jpg/220pxAtari_XE_joystick.jpg&w=220&h=220&ei=LtlAUNfcEZHorQfPhYD oDw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=141&vpy=189&dur=6472&hovh=176&h ovw=176&tx=59&ty=89&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page= 1&tbnh=124&tbnw=137&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:136

e. Microphone
Used to give audio input Its an important device for video conferencing

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?hl=en&biw=1280&bih =630&tbm=isch&tbnid=QlgXoDWqNq9X_M:&imgref url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone&imgurl =http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th umb/9/91/SennMicrophone.jpg/220pxSennMicrophone.jpg&w=220&h=147&ei=oNpAUNDtJY 6QrgeipIHoBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=155&vpy=218&d ur=1163&hovh=117&hovw=176&tx=164&ty=59&sig=1089 59735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=117&tbnw=165&star t=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:149

STORAGE DEVICES
Primary Storage
RAM

Secondary Storage
a. HDD b. Floppy Disk c. Solid Storage Device

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

Hard Disk Drive is a storage device Data stored magnetically Most of those are internal
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=hard+disk&hl=en &sa=X&biw=1280&bih=673&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns za&tbnid=0ccfnMzOk4GQFM:&imgrefurl=http://www .howstuffworks.com/harddisk.htm&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/adding -a-hard-disk-11.jpg&w=302&h=301&ei=nghCULSMFofOrQf63IDg Cg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=679&vpy=170&dur=233 6&hovh=224&hovw=225&tx=110&ty=142&sig=1089 59735577576403586&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=13 4&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:148

FLOPPY DISK
Data stored magnetically Have less storage capacity External Storage Device
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=floppy+disk&num=1 0&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=i4YOE 7FKw0_2kM:&imgrefurl=http://www.retroisle.com/com modore/c64128/howtouse.php&imgurl=http://www.retr oisle.com/images/floppydisk.jpg&w=640&h=469&ei=G ApCUPK2KoHprAfmIGYAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=846&vpy=314&dur=2 &hovh=192&hovw=262&tx=146&ty=75&sig=10895973 5577576403586&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=115&tbnw=157 &start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:160

SOLID STORAGE DEVICE

Data stored electrically Used as external storage device Work faster than disk
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=pen+drive&num=10&hl=e n&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=4pIM3HZR3HBFbM :&imgrefurl=http://paraskalra.com/personalblog/%3Fp%3D4 7&imgurl=http://paraskalra.com/personalblog/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/pendrive_usbbluedongle1.jpg&w=4 00&h=400&ei=FgtCUN6CJcHsrAf1w4DgDA&zoom=1&iact= hc&vpx=864&vpy=162&dur=2988&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx =122&ty=109&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page= 1&tbnh=119&tbnw=131&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:5,s: 0,i:164

OUTPUT DEVICES
a. Monitor b. Speaker c. Printer

a. Monitor
Monitor is used to display information
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=monitor&hl=en&bi w=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=vnnMLt0TfgHQ RM:&imgrefurl=http://domainnamesindex.com/tag/m onitor/&imgurl=http://domainnamesindex.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/22monitor.jpg%253F9d7bd 4&w=350&h=322&ei=CA5CUPTMH8mGrAeyYQ&z oom=1&iact=hc&vpx=996&vpy=303&dur=2212&hov h=215&hovw=234&tx=171&ty=87&sig=1089597355 77576403586&page=1&tbnh=119&tbnw=124&start =0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0,i:189

b. Speaker
Speaker is audio a output device
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=speakers&num= 10&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Z AApMnn4nWWorM:&imgrefurl=http://www.logitech. com/en-in/speakers-audio/home-pcspeakers&imgurl=http://www.logitech.com/assets/2 0149/20149.png&w=270&h=250&ei=Ww9CUIHUA 8rNrQfgiIHIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=738&vpy=1 78&dur=737&hovh=200&hovw=216&tx=123&ty=11 1&sig=108959735577576403586&sqi=2&page=1& tbnh=125&tbnw=135&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:42 9,r:4,s:0,i:161

c. Printer
It takes information from computer and transfer it into the paper There are three basic types of printer, dot matrix, inkjet, http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=printer&num=10&hl=en&bi w=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=SDiW6mflaser 4tBa_M:&imgrefurl=http://internettexpert.blogspot.com/2011/02/usb-printer-to-wyseterminal.html&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dSLtlXk3OoE/ TUf7WqtDD-I/AAAAAAAAAJQ/L8tgfvDsSmI/s1600/Printericon.png&w=512&h=512&ei=SxBCUMCANYysrAfuzIHwBw&z oom=1&iact=hc&vpx=682&vpy=164&dur=2397&hovh=225&h ovw=225&tx=150&ty=137&sig=108959735577576403586&sq i=2&page=1&tbnh=123&tbnw=126&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t: 429,r:4,s:0,i:148

OTHER PERIPHERAL DEVICES

a. Modem b. Camera

a. Modem
Modem is used for modulation and demodulation of data Convert data digital to analog and analog to digital

http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=modem&hl= en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=MVi5 oCjF97RWiM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/File:Modem_ZyXEL.jpg&imgurl=http://upl oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Mo dem_ZyXEL.jpg&w=1632&h=1224&ei=TRJCU JDFEYinrAft8YCQCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4 03&vpy=311&dur=3140&hovh=194&hovw=259 &tx=189&ty=131&sig=1089597355775764035 86&page=1&tbnh=121&tbnw=158&start=0&nd sp=20&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:174

b. CAMERA
It used to take photograph
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=web+camera+pn g&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=630&tbm=isch&tbnid=Glmi t1jK1ow3qM:&imgrefurl=http://www.gettyicons.com/f ree-icon/112/hardware-icon-set/free-web-cameraicon-png/&imgurl=http://www.gettyicons.com/freeicons/112/hardware/png/256/web_camera_256.png &w=256&h=256&ei=8BNCUKy0LsqrrAeicQ&zoom= 1&iact=hc&vpx=423&vpy=145&dur=610&hovh=204 &hovw=204&tx=109&ty=73&sig=108959735577576 403586&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=134&start=0&nd sp=21&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:76

BASIC COMPONENT
Secondary Storage

Memory

Input A L U CPU C U

Output

Block Diagram Consisting of Basic Component of a Computer