Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Candidate Name
Candidate Session Number
Candidate Code
Examination Session
Pages
Word Count
Date
Rukmal Weerawarana
001426-005
dwd913
MAY 2013
48
3797
01/28/13
Rukmal Weerawarana
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ABSTRACT
This essay investigates the question Could electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones
have adverse effects on the human brain? To further study this question, it was analyzed in the
form of three separately approached hypotheses; radiation from mobile phone use has an adverse
effect on the human brain, the extent of radiation damage varies inversely with the age of the
user and the general population is safe from the damaging effects of radiation from cellular
phones.
The investigation was approached both experimentally and empirically, with all data used
gathered first hand. However, a wide range of external source material from government
organizations such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States and the
Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC) of Sri Lanka. Apparatus from the TRC was
used to measure the Specific Absorption Rate caused by different cellular phones in a indirect
manner, as the apparatus used was designed to measure power intensity from mobile base stations.
Additionally, a survey was conducted within the British School to address the third hypothesis.
This dissertation is structured in the form of a formal report, with a brief introduction to the
theory behind the adverse effects on the human brain, and it ends by validating the hypotheses.
However, due to the manner in which the data was collected, there is a high possibility that it could
have been false. Extensive measures were taken to prevent this, and all data was validated and
rectified in the best possible manner.
Using the data, it was evident that all of the hypotheses were true and that extended
exposure to cellular phones does indeed have adverse effects on the human brain. These adverse
effects are inversely proportional to the age of the user of the phone, and the general population is
safe from these effects.
Word Count 297
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank my Extended Essay Supervisor, Mr. Aravinthan
Suseendirarajah for his undying support and encouragement to write this essay. I would not have
been able to complete this dissertation without his guidance. I would also like to sincerely thank
Mr. Sampath Munasinghe, Senior Technician at the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission
for his guidance and support at the TRC. Furthermore, I would also like to extend my gratitude to
Professor Dileeka Dias, of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Moratuwa for her constant
assistance with my essay, by giving me access to the TRCs amazing resources. Lastly, I would also
like to sincerely thank my parents for allowing me to conduct this research, and for keeping up with
my hectic schedule. I would not have been able to complete this essay without them.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5
The Issue ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Research Question ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Hypotheses ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Radiation from mobile phone use has an adverse effect on the human brain ............................................ 6
2. The extent of radiation damage varies with inversely with the age of the user ........................................ 6
3. The general population is safe from the damaging effects of radiation from cellular phones ...................... 6
2. Methodology and Concepts ....................................................................................... 7
Outline ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
GSM Radio Transmission Technology ........................................................................................................... 7
GSM Bands in Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................. 7
Measurement and Regulation .......................................................................................................................... 8
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) ....................................................................................................................... 8
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure ............................................................................................ 8
3. Experiment Conception ............................................................................................... 9
Narda NBM-550 Broadband Field Meter .................................................................................................... 9
Modification of the SAR Equation .................................................................................................................. 9
Variables ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Procedure .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Observations ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Qualitative Observations ............................................................................................................................... 13
Quantitative Observations ............................................................................................................................. 13
Changes Made Due to Observations ............................................................................................................ 13
4. Data Computation ...................................................................................................... 14
Outline ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Processed SAR Values ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Adult Skull ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Infant Skull ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
Processed Survey Data .................................................................................................................................... 17
5. Data Processing .......................................................................................................... 18
Overview ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hypothesis 1 and 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Hypothesis 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Explicit Data Processing ................................................................................................................................. 19
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Adults ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
Infants ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Phone Brand Survey Data Processing .......................................................................................................... 21
6. Analysis........................................................................................................................ 23
Hypothesis 1 - Radiation from mobile phone use has an adverse effect on the human brain ............. 23
Hypothesis 2 The extent of radiation damage varies with inversely with the age of the user ......... 24
Hypothesis 3 The general population is safe from the damaging effects of radiation from cellular
phones ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
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1. Introduction
The Issue
The last decade has seen what is probably one of the most drastic technological upheavals in
human history. Today, we live
in a world where more people
have access to a cellular phone
than they do to a clean toilet.1
The sheer number of cellular
phones in use today has
resulted in the birth of a new
categorizing
system
for
three
classes:
as
with
all
is a host of risks associated with it. One of the most pressing issues
however, is the effect of prolonged usage of cellular phones on the brain,
which is arguably the most important organ in the human body. An
amalgamation of the new nature of cellular phones and the relative
absence of research conducted in this area has contributed our general lack
of knowledge when electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones is
considered.
In this essay, I plan to explore the potential effects of cellular phones
available to me on the human brain, using a combination of past research
material and first-hand readings taken at the Telecommunications
Regulatory Commission (TRC) of Sri Lanka. In addition to this, I also plan
to conduct a survey within my school to evaluate the usage of each
popular brand of cellular phones, and to analyze which users at the
greatest risk of damage from electromagnetic radiation. Armed with this
information; I hope to achieve a first-hand perspective of the actual Figure 2 The Apple iPhone
dangers posed by electromagnetic radiation from cellular phones in Sri
- a typical smartphone
Lanka.
1
2
(water.org)
(Fraser)
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Research Question
As per the issue outlined above, the research question I have formulated for this assignment
is as follows:
Hypotheses
Due to the broad nature of the research question, three hypotheses were formulated as
follows. By defining hypotheses, each can be analyzed individually, which would improve the
focus and quality of the essay.
1. Radiation from mobile phone use has an adverse effect on the human brain
This hypothesis was formulated for the purpose of measuring and analyzing electromagnetic
radiation from readily available phones. First hand data collected experimentally was used to
evaluate this hypothesis.
2. The extent of radiation damage varies with inversely with the age of the user
Using the equations for the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) from the FCC, the density of the
skull of an infant can be substituted to calculate the new SAR for an infant. Using this data, along
with other third party information, this hypothesis was evaluated effectively.
3. The general population is safe from the damaging effects of radiation from
cellular phones
This hypothesis was evaluated by conducting a survey of the brands of phones used within
the British School in Colombo, among students and teachers. To analyze this data effectively, the
average SAR values for the most popular phones of a given brand, and analyzing this empirical
data with the data from the survey.
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To ensure uniformity throughout the experiment, the same cellular company was used
across all phones tested. Due to its high popularity and consistent service, the Dialog Network6
was selected. Dialog is allocated the frequencies between 907.5MHz and 915.0Mhz.7
(Segan)
(Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka Spectrum Management Division)
5 (HowStuffWorks Inc.)
6 (Dialog Axiata PLC)
7 (Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka Spectrum Management Division)
3
4
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As with all dangers posed by any widely used apparatus, the levels of electromagnetic
radiation from cellular phones are carefully monitored by entities such as the United States Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). 8 In Sri Lanka too, the law states that all phones sold and used
in the country must comply with the FCCs rules and regulations when levels of electromagnetic
radiation are considered.9
!
!"#
210!!
Where = , !"# = = .
As per Max Plancks quantum theory, energy in electromagnetic radiation can be quantified
into packets called photons. The theory also states that the energy carried by a given photon
corresponds to a frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, as shown by one of Plancks most well
known equations:11
=
Where = , = ! = .
Einsteins theory of the photoelectric effect theorizes the interactions between electrons and
photons. Concisely described, his theory states that unless a photon has enough energy to excite an
electron, the electron will merely absorb it, and the atom will be excited. However, when the
electron returns to its neutral state, electromagnetic radiation is given off in the form of photons.
Unfortunately, some of these photons are transformed into photons of the IR (infrared) spectrum,
due to the staggering motion of the electron when returning to the ground stage. It is this influx of
infrared photons that has adverse implications, as it heats the brain tissue, which could potentially
cause damage.12
(Federal Communications Commisssion)
(Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka Spectrum Management Division)
10 (Khalatbari, Sardari and Mirzaee)
11 (The Nobel Foundation)
12 (Hamper)
8
9
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3. Experiment Conception
Due to the unique nature of the issue, specialist equipment was required to conduct this
experiment. Currently, Sri Lanka does not have a dedicated SAR meter. However, the TRC
possesses a meter used to measure the radiation output from cellular phone transmission towers.
Using the readings from this apparatus in conjunction and by modifying the equation on page 8, it
was possible to obtain a value for the specific absorption rate for each phone. The TRC apparatus
used in the experiment is discussed below:
Due to the fact that the meter discussed above does not measure the maximum electric field
strength, the equation used to calculate the SAR of the cellular phones tested in the experiment
must be modified.
Upon further investigation, it was discovered that the Narda meter measures the
maximum power intensity as opposed to the maximum electric field strength. Thus, using
equations that relate the power density and electric field strength, the SAR equation can be
modified to accept values from the Narda meter,14 as shown overleaf.
13
14
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1 = ! !
2 = !
Where = , ! = = .
[2] = !
=
1 = !
=
! !
!!
!
!
! = !
!
!"#
= !"# !
Thus, as a relationship between the maximum electric field strength and the maximum
power intensity has been established, the Narda NBM-550 Field Meter can be used to measure the
SAR of cellular telephones. Hence, the relationship is substituted into the SAR equation as shown
below:
!
!"#
210!!
Where = = .
=
!"# !
210!!
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Variables
As per the SAR equation and the other conditions of the testing area, a list of variables can
Variable
Type
Bone Density ()
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Other electromagnetic
radiation
Constant
Independent
Dependent
Justification
As this value is not
dependent on the
experiment, it is a
constant.
As this value is not
dependent on the
experiment, it is a
constant.
As this value is not
dependent on the
experiment, it is a
constant.
As this value would
change the values of
the same reading, it
was kept constant.
As
other
electromagnetic
radiation would affect
the accuracy of the
readings, an attempt
was made to keep it
constant.
As this value is not
dependent on any of
the other variables, it is
independent.
As this value is
dependent on the
Maximum
Power
Intensity, it is the
dependent variable.
377 15
1.1 !! 16
5 0.1
15
16
(Bogatin)
(Khalatbari, Sardari and Mirzaee)
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Procedure
A piece of paper was kept under the receiving probe. This was done to accurately and
efficiently measure the distance between the phone and the receiver.
A separate phone was placed in the adjoining room, with a laptop to record the data.
A call was placed from the phone in the second room to the phone to be tested, in the first
room.
At 30-second intervals (with the first one being 30 seconds after the call begins), the
maximum power intensity within each 30-second block was recorded.
During this time, all of the other phones were switched off.
This process was repeated with each of the phones used in the experiment. A list of phones
used can be seen in Appendix A (page 30).
Due to the small nature of the numbers, a computer model was used to calculate the final
values and uncertainties for the readings obtained. The raw data collected can be seen in
Appendix B (page 36).
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Observations
Qualitative Observations
The tip of the detection probe because slightly warm after prolonged use.
Quantitative Observations
When the level of noise detected by the cellular phone microphone increased, the power
intensity would increase sharply.
When using cellular phones across networks, the power intensity readings would vary
greatly to when two phones of the same network were used.
As it was discovered that the power intensity varied with the sound transmitted during the
call, the procedure followed during the experiment was varied slightly. As opposed to simply
making a call and measuring the resulting power intensity, a song was played on one phone during
the call, whilst the microphone on the other was muted, causing the same audio transmission
channels to activate, normalizing the test.
Furthermore, it was also noted that using two phones from different networks (i.e. with
different Subscriber Identity Modules17 [SIMs]) increased the levels of variation of consecutive
readings. To remedy this, it was decided that only phones of the same network would be used, by
changing the Subscriber Identity Modules of some of the phones in the sample.
Thus, by making the changes discussed above, the validity and accuracy of the readings
obtained were increased, leading to a more coherent analysis of the hypotheses. The experiment
was repeated after making the above changes.
17
(Conjecture Corporation)
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4. Data Computation
Outline
To effectively analyze the hypotheses discussed in the introduction of this essay, the raw
data collected (Appendix B) must be computed twice. Once for an adult skull, and a second time for
an infants skull. Using both of these SAR values, it will be possible to effectively analyze both
hypotheses.
Due to the extremely small and recursive nature of some of the readings, they were
calculated directly using a computer application 18 to increase accuracy. For the purpose of
calculation, the readings were rounded off to 6 decimal places. Additionally, the absolute
uncertainty of the raw data was also calculated using the computer model and rounded off to 4
decimal places.
To calculate the different SAR values for adults and infants, the bone density () in the SAR
equation (page 9) was varied using values for each of the corresponding skulls (i.e. Adults and
Infants) from third party research. As the conductivity as the brain tissue remains the same
regardless of age, this value was not varied. The calculated SAR values with the changing bone
densities are shown below.
Adult Skull
19 = = 1914 !!
=
!"# !
210!!
1.1 !! 377!"#
210!! 1914 !!
= !"#
414.7
!!
3.828
18
19
(Microsoft Corporation)
(Fry and Barger)
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Phone Name
SAR (! ) [. ! ]
Apple iPhone 4
0.014444
Apple iPhone 5
0.010833
0.108333
0.895556
0.281667
0.303333
0.162500
Nokia E72
0.144444
Nokia 1202
2.123333
Nokia C7
0.050556
Nokia E5
0.061389
0.046944
0.036111
Samsung Galaxy S
0.072222
Samsung Galaxy S3
0.028889
HTC 7 Trophy
0.025278
Infant Skull
20 = = 1739 !!
=
!"# !
210!!
1.1 !! 377!"#
210!! 1739 !!
= !"#
414.7
!!
3.478
20
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Table 3 Processed SAR values for an infant
Phone Name
SAR (! ) [. ! ]
Apple iPhone 4
0.015898
Apple iPhone 5
0.011924
0.119235
0.985678
0.310012
0.333859
0.178853
Nokia E72
0.158980
Nokia 1202
2.337010
Nokia C7
0.055643
Nokia E5
0.067559
0.051669
0.039745
Samsung Galaxy S
0.079482
Samsung Galaxy S3
0.031796
HTC 7 Trophy
0.027821
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To effectively evaluate the third hypothesis (page 6), the raw data collected in the survey of
phones used by teachers and students of the British School in Colombo (Appendix C) must be
processed. Furthermore, due to the fact that only a small number of phones from a limited selection
of manufacturers were sampled, online popularity ratings per manufacturer from reputed
technology website, TechCrunch21 in conjunction with previously measured SAR values from the
FCC22 will be used to determine the average SAR of the (if possible) ten most popular smartphones
of a selection of the most popular cellular phone manufacturers. The phone manufacturers analyzed
in the study are as follows:
Apple Inc.23
Blackberry24
HTC25
Motorola26
Nokia27
Samsung28
Sony29
The names and calculation of the average SAR for the ten most popular phones for each of the
above brands can be seen in Appendix D.
(AOL Tech.)
(Federal Communications Commission)
23 (Apple Inc.)
24 (Research in Motion Inc.)
25 (HTC Corporation)
26 (Motorola Mobility LLC.)
27 (Nokia)
28 (SAMSUNG)
29 (Sony Mobile Communications AB.)
21
22
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5. Data Processing
Overview
Hypothesis 1 and 2
To completely analyze the hypotheses discussed in the introduction, it was decided that
each set of SAR readings would be analyzed explicitly. The reasons for which this method was
chosen can be seen below.
Each set of SAR values will be analyzed independently using a bar graph, with the FCC
limitation exposure limit to clearly judge the cellular phone(s) that violate the limit. Using this
method, all phones that violate the SAR limit set out by the FCC can be clearly seen. Additionally,
this explicit analysis can also be used to see the differences between the adult and infant SAR values
graphically, thus leading to a better understanding of the issue.
Using the data from each of the graphs, each hypothesis will be evaluated and discussed
Hypothesis 3
To evaluate the third and final hypothesis to be discussed in this essay, a pi chart of the
usage of each of the phone manufacturers will be plotted to evaluate the usage of each of the phone
models, whilst also evaluating the dangers faced by each group of users. Furthermore, a bar graph
will also be plotted to evaluate the average SAR per phone wile referring to the FCC limit.
By doing this, the third hypothesis can be effectively appraised by evaluating the graphs
and charts plotted, whilst also analyzing the brands of phones that meet the SAR limit.
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Adults
2.5
1.5
0.5
Cellular Telephone
Graph 1 Explicit SAR analysis for Adults
30
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Infants
2.5
1.5
0.5
Cellular Telephone
Graph 2 Explicit SAR analysis for Infants
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The data from the phone manufacturer survey was processed and an average SAR value for
each phone brand was calculated. The average brand SAR data alongside the phone brand survey
results are shown tabulated below.
Brand
Number of Users
Brand SAR (! )
Apple
66
0.48325
Blackberry
30
0.659125
HTC
25
0.6777
Motorola
0.6637
Nokia
73
0.7182
Samsung
48
0.4985
Sony
19
1.1369
Apple
Blackberry
HTC
Motorola
Nokia
Samsung
Sony
Figure 5 Pi Chart of phone brand usage from survey
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1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Apple
Blackberry
HTC
Motorola
Nokia
Samsung
Sony
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6. Analysis
The objectives of this assignment were simple; establish a relationship between the radiation
from cellular telephones and adverse effects on the human brain, and to investigate the influence of
age on the extent of the adverse effects while also evaluating the safety of the general population
from electromagnetic radiation. Using an amalgamation of first hand data collected using
equipment from the TRC, a school-wide survey and a wide range of second hand information from
a plethora of sources, these objectives can be achieved. To do this effectively, each hypothesis will
be addressed individually.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the USA has conducted extensive
research into the field of radiation damage. Using advanced technology and dedicated SAR meters,
they have asserted that a maximum safe radiation level from cellular phones is 1.6!! .31 The
explicit data analysis for adults (page 19) can be used to determine the cellular phones that exceed
the limit defined by the FCC. When experimentally determined, only one phone exceeded the SAR
limit of 1.6!! , the Nokia 1202.
However, the qualitative observation made during the experiment; the measurement probe
heating up after prolonged use as a direct result of extended electromagnetic radiation exposure is
conclusive evidence that prolonged exposure to radiation from cellular phones is indeed a cause
that would have adverse effects on the human brain.
Additionally, it can also be implied that as the time of exposure to electromagnetic radiation
increases, the adverse effects would increase proportionally, as the number of photons bombarding
the surface of the brain would increase, which would again cause a rise in temperature.32
Furthermore, it can also be stated that while users of cellular phones in general will
eventually experience adverse effects, users in countries that use phones of a higher transmission
band, such as the USA33 are at a greater risk, as the photons used in transmission carry a greater
amount of energy, which allows them to excite a greater number of electrons.34
Thus, it can be said that the first hypothesis is indeed true, as its effects were observed both
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Medical research shown that not only is the SAR threshold for infants lower than that of
adults,35 but that they are also more sensitive to other forms of radiation, such as radio waves and
micro waves, due to the fact that their brains are still developing.36
For infants however, the effects are mostly unknown, due to the relative lack of research
done in the area. However, it can be logically and mathematically assumed that the SAR exposure
limit is indeed lower. As the density of the infants skull is less than that of an adult, more
electromagnetic radiation will be absorbed, as is seen in the SAR equation, reproduced below.
=
!"# !
210!!
Studies on beef show that the tenderness of the tissue is directly proportional to the
conductivity of the sample.37 To use this discovery, it can be assumed that the similarities between
cow and human tissue are sufficient to allow this to occur in humans as well. Thus, it can be
assumed that the conductivity of infant tissue is greater than that of an adult. Additionally, it is a
known fact that infant tissue is indeed less dense than adult tissue,38 so it can be said that the
denominator of the equation reduces whilst the numerator increases, which makes the readings
larger.
Thus, it can be inferred from the readings taken with an infants skull density that not only is the
SAR higher, but the SAR exposure limit is lower, which would and could lead to more adverse
effects than previously thought possible.
Thus, due to the low density of the infant skull, it can be seen that the SAR readings are
substantially higher than that of an adult. Therefore, it can be concluded that as the SAR level is
higher, and as the harmless SAR threshold is lower for infants, that hypothesis 2 is also true; the
extent of radiation damage varies inversely with the age of the user.
(Brain Imaging and Analysis Center)
(Stokowski)
37 (Troy)
38 (Gallo, Vanstone and Weiler)
35
36
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The results of the calculation of the average SAR limit per manufacturer shows that none of
the manufacturers exceed the SAR limit. However, the phone manufacturer Sony came extremely
close to the FCC mandated limit of 1.6 Wkg-1.
Despite this proximity however, the results of the survey show that none of the users of any
of the phones are at risk of the adverse effects of radiation exposure, as none of the manufacturers
exceed the SAR limit. However, the users of phones with higher average SAR values will
experience greater adverse effects eventually than users of low SAR phones. This phenomenon can
be explained using the photoelectric effect, as discussed in hypothesis 2.
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As a part of the evaluation of the experiment, it can be concluded that the results obtained as
a part of the experimental process are not accurate. This can be attributed to a wide variety of
reasons, the chief of them being the fact that the readings were not taken in a electromagnetically
isolated room. Thus, third party radiation from sources such as the TRC wireless Internet
connection, other phones and other apparatus may have affected the readings.
Furthermore, the use of the NARDA apparatus in the experiment would have greatly reduced
accuracy. As this apparatus is conventionally used to measure the power output from cellular
phone transmission towers, the level of accuracy would have been greatly reduced as it is
conventionally used to measure large values. Furthermore, the absence of a proper substitute for
the human skull in the experiment may have also affected the readings obtained in the experiment.
Finally, to address the survey conducted in the experiment, it can be said that despite the fact
that conclusive results were obtained to prove the hypothesis, the fact that the survey was
conducted at the British School would result in not getting an accurate perspective of the society of
Sri Lanka. Due to the fact that most of the students at the British School do not endure financial
hardship, the phones used within the school may not reflect the phones used in the society of the
country, where fake, unregulated cloned phones are a large problem.
In conclusion, I feel that despite the shortcoming of the experiment, the manner in which it was
conducted, in addition to the removal of error to the best of my abilities has allowed me to deem
this investigation successful.
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8. Bibliography
Brain Imaging and Analysis Center. MRI Safety Tutorial. 3 7 2011. 4 11 2012
<http://www.biac.duke.edu/research/safety/tutorial.esp>.
<http://transition.fcc.gov/oet/ea/fccid/>.
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Fry, F J and J E Barger. "Acoustical properties of the human skull." 18 9 2009. University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Bioacoustics Resesarch Lab. 5 12 2012
<http://www.brl.uiuc.edu/Publications/1978/Fry-JASA-1576-1978.pdf>.
Fraser, Adam. Mobile phones, feature phones and smartphones: the differences. 24 7 2012. 4
11 2012 <http://conversations.nokia.com/2012/07/24/mobile-phones-feature-phones-and-
smartphones-the-differences/>.
Gallo, Sina, Catherine A Vanstone and Hope A Weiler. "Normative Data for Bone Mass in
Healthy Term Infants from Birth to 1 Year of Age." Journal of Osteoporosis 2012 (2012): 8.
Granite Island Group. "Field Relationships." 7 7 2002. Granite Island Group Homepage. 19
11 2012.
Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones. "Radiofrequency Fields from Mobile Phone
Technology." 4 7 2009. Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones. 15 1 2013
<http://www.iegmp.org.uk/documents/iegmp_4.pdf>.
Hamper, Chris. Physics Higher Level for the IB Diploma Program. Kula Lampur: Pearson
Education, 2009.
Hill, Simon. Frequency Bands Used by US Mobile Carriers and Cell Phones. 21 3 2011. 14 11
2012 <http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspx>.
HowStuffWorks Inc. What does GSM mean in a cell phone? 18 9 2012. 21 11 2012
<http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question537.htm>.
IB [CORE] EE
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Khalatbari, S, et al. "Calculating SAR in Two Models of the Human Head Exposed to Mobile
Narda Safety Test Solutions. Products - High Frequency Broad Band Meters. 14 11 2012. 19
11 2012 <http://www.narda-sts.us/products_highfreq_bband.php>.
<http://www.microsoft.com/mac/excel>.
Oostendorp, Thom F, Jean Delbeke and Dick F Stegeman. "The Conductivity of the Human
Skull: Results of In Vivo and In Vitro Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
Engineering 47.11 (2000).
Segan, Sascha. CDMA vs. GSM: What's the Difference? 22 8 2012. 12 12 2012
<http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407896,00.asp>.
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Stokowski, Laura A. Ensuring Safety for Infants Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
1 5 2005. 5 11 2012 <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/499273>.
The Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 :: Max Planck. 19 11 2012. 19 11 2012
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html>.
Troy, D J. "Biochemical and Physical Indicators of Beef Quality." 6 7 2004. Teagasc the
Agriculture and Food Development Authority. 19 11 2012
<http://www.teagasc.ie/research/reports/foodprocessing/4190/eopr-4190.pdf>.
IB [CORE] EE
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
June 2010
BCG-E2380B
Apple Inc.
http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-
4/specs.html
IB [CORE] EE
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
September 2012
BCG-E2599A
Apple Inc.
http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html
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Rukmal Weerawarana
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
November 2011
L6AREC70UW
Research in Motion Inc.
http://worldwide.blackberry.com/blackberrybold/blackberry-
bold-9790/
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
IB [CORE] EE
March 2012
PY7A3880134
Sony Inc.
http://www.sonymobile.com/global-
en/products/phones/xperia-sola/
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
March 2011
PY7A3880107
Sony Ericsson Inc.
http://www.sonymobile.com/gb/products/phones/xperia-
mini/
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
IB [CORE] EE
March 2011
PY7A3880104
Sony Ericsson Inc.
http://www.sonymobile.com/gb/products/phones/xperia-
mini-pro/
01/28/13
33
Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
April 2009
QTLRH-113
Nokia Inc.
http://press.nokia.com/products/35/nokia-
1202/
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
October 2009
PYARM-529
Nokia Inc.
http://www.nokia.com/us-
en/support/product/nokia-e72/
IB [CORE] EE
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34
Rukmal Weerawarana
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
February 2010
QTLRM-591
Nokia Inc.
http://www.nokia.com/gb-en/support/product-
archive/?action=productArchive&listType=phones&tid=1569830&s
earchTerm=Nokia+2220+slide
Phone 10 Nokia C7
IB [CORE] EE
Figure 15 Nokia C7
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
October 2010
QFXRM-675X
Nokia Inc.
http://www.nokia.com/gb-
en/products/phone/c7-00/specifications/
01/28/13
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Rukmal Weerawarana
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Phone 11 Nokia E5
Figure 16 Nokia E5
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
August 2010
QTKRM-634
Nokia Inc.
http://www.nokia.com/us-
en/products/phone/e5-00/
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
IB [CORE] EE
November 2012
PYARM-825
Nokia Inc.
http://www.nokia.com/us-
en/products/phone/lumia820/
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
October 2010
NM8PC40100
HTC Corp.
http://www.htc.com/us/smartphones/htc-
trophy-verizon/
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
IB [CORE] EE
May 2012
A3LGTI8160
Samsung Group
http://www.samsung.com/sg/consumer/mobile-
devices/smartphone/android-os/GT-
I8160ZWAXSP
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Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
June 2010
A3LGTI9000
Samsung Group
http://www.samsung.com/uk/consumer/mobile-
devices/smartphones/android/GT-
I9000HKDXEU
Release Date:
FCC ID:
Manufacturer:
Website:
IB [CORE] EE
May 2012
A3LGTI9300A
Samsung Group
http://www.samsung.com/global/galaxys3/
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Phone
Apple
iPhone
4
Apple iPhone 5
Nokia E72
Nokia 1202
Nokia C7
Nokia E5
IB [CORE] EE
39
Rukmal Weerawarana
001426-005|dwd913
IBDP
0.0006
0.0005
0.0009
0.0006
0.0002
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.0004
0.0002
Samsung Galaxy S
Samsung Galaxy S3
HTC
7
Trophy
IB [CORE] EE
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40
Rukmal Weerawarana
001426-005|dwd913
IBDP
Apple
Blackberry
HTC
Motorola
Nokia
Samsung
Sony
XPERIA
6th Grade
7th Grade
14
13
15
8th Grade
9th Grade
10
10th Grade
11th Grade
13
12th Grade
12
12
Teachers
11
TOTAL
66
30
25
73
48
19
= 269
IB [CORE] EE
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41
Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Brand 1 Apple
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
iPhone 5
BCG-E2599A
0.380
iPhone 4S
BCG-E2430A
0.372
iPhone 4
BCG-E2380A
0.661
iPhone 3GS
BCGA1303A
0.520
. =
= 0.48325!!
IB [CORE] EE
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Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Brand 2 Blackberry
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
L6ARFE70UW
0.610
L6ARDV70UW
0.690
L6AREC70UW
0.461
L6ARDA70UW
0.453
L6ARDD70UW
0.964
L6ARDP70UW
0.880
L6ARCM70UW
0.785
L6ARCY70UW
0.443
= 0.659125!!
IB [CORE] EE
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Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Brand 3 HTC
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
HTC One X
NM8PJ83100
0.514
NM8PL83200
0.263
HTC One X+
NM8PM63100
0.835
NM8PM23200
0.952
HTC One VX
NM8PM36100
0.381
NM8PJ75100
0.747
HTC Rezound
NM8PH98100
0.756
HTC Vivid
NM8PH39100
0.534
HTC Sensation 4G
NM8PG58100
0.615
HTC One S
NM8PJ40110
1.180
. 514 + .263 + .835 + .952 + .381 + .747 + .756 + .534 + .615 + 1.180
1
10
= 0.6777!!
IB [CORE] EE
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Rukmal Weerawarana
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Brand 4 Motorola
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
IHDT56NG1
0.386
DROID RAZR HD
IHDT56NG1
0.386
DROID RAZR
IHDP56ME1
0.474
DROID Bionic
IHDT56MX1
0.850
DROID RAZR M
IHDT56NS1
0.796
IHDP56ME1
0.474
DROID 4
IHDP56MN1
1.050
Motorola Atrix 2
IHDT56MV1
0.914
Motorola Photon 4G
IHDP56MD1
0.893
Motorola Atrix HD
IHDP56MB4
0.414
. 386 + .386 + .474 + .850 + .796 + .474 + 1.050 + .914 + .893 + .414
=
!!
10
= 0.6637!!
IB [CORE] EE
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45
Rukmal Weerawarana
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Brand 5 Nokia
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
PYARM-821
0.535
QMNRM-808
0.543
QMNRM-845
0.629
QMNRM-878
0.453
PYARM-824
0.780
QMNRM-809
0.920
LJPA
1.080
PDNRM-807
0.500
Nokia N8
PDNRM-596
0.830
Nokia E7
PDNRM-626
0.910
. 535 + .543 + .629 + .453 + .780 + .920 + 1.080 + .500 + .830 + .910
=
!!
10
= 0.7182!!
IB [CORE] EE
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46
Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Brand 6 Samsung
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
Samsung Galaxy S3
A3LSGHI747
0.531
A3LSGHT889
0.184
A3LGTI9250
0.630
Samsung Galaxy S2
A3LSGHT989
0.510
A3LSGHI727
0.850
A3LSPHD710
0.240
A3LSGHI717
0.750
Samsung Epic 4G
A3LSPHD700
0.680
Samsung Infuse 4G
A3LSGHI997
0.200
A3LSCHI510
0.410
. 531 + .184 + .630 + .510 + .850 + .240 + .750 + .680 + .200 + .410
=
!!
10
= 0.4985!!
IB [CORE] EE
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47
Rukmal Weerawarana
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IBDP
Brand 7 Sony
Phone
FCC ID
SAR (! )
Sony XPERIA TL
PY7PM-0140
1.472
PY7A8880001
0.967
Sony XPERIA S
PY7A3880120
1.310
Sony XPERIA TX
PY7PM-0010
0.916
Sony XPERIA P
PY7A3880135
1.261
PY7PM-019
1.220
Sony XPERIA V
PY7PM-0060
0.831
Sony XPERIA J
PY7PM-0170
1.170
Sony XPERIA Z
PY7PM-0280
1.096
PY7A1880032
1.126
1.472 + .967 + 1.310 + .916 + .1.261 + 1.220 + .831 + 1.170 + 1.096 + 1.126
=
!!
10
= 1.1369!!
IB [CORE] EE
01/28/13
48