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DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER UTILIZATION FOR DRILLING PROGRAMS

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Rperiexme teaohes us that, util$zin~ the hydraulic horsepower to its maximum? the best drilling rate may he o%tained: naturally said hydraulic horsepower has to be utilized in the best possible way. . ,.

The .problem.theretore $s to est,abli~h special values of the pressure and of the flow rate, by means of which t~ehykaulic horsepower;expressed by the two parameters P andQ$ reachee the optimum ofeffioiency in respeat of the drilling rate. It is known that the hydraulio horsepower may be utilizedi . a) for the bit nozzles b) for the velocity of the mud stream from the bit nozzles c) for the impact of the jet stresm The seleotion of one of these three utilizations will therefore bring us to the determination of the values of llPlt and I~Q1. This selection, as of to~? ie still wide open to all of the ttiee aboti expressed solutions: in $aot it is not easy to ascertain which of the three parameters, that are bit hydraulio horsepower, jet velocity and jet impact, has the larger effect on the drilling rateAt this purpose let us now examine the three conditions;
1. Jet velocity 2. Jet hydraulic horsepower 3. Jet impact force

It is first assumed that the msximwz surface pressure available remains oonstant? that is Pm = constant, Let us tind the maximum valuesfor the three above expressed conditions, indicating with Q the flow rate. J.The jet velocity is given by: V=(+)o f?<

The velocity !t~!is proportional to the square root of the.bit pressure drop l:Pbl for a oertain mud density, expressed as Iyll. Indicating the oonstant value$shown in the parenthesis as above, with the symbol !Ikvlt, we have:

v= ~v
where

f%= K (f%f+

Pp is the pressured.iop in the entiredrill stem, so that PpRlqQ

1.9

v=K. (k. ~.)rr

-. .

~
We nvu$t c?gyaliz? -: ....

In orde~to obtaiy-. the rn~irnqp .I@ue of ,thg WIOOitYS to zero the derivative of V in respeot of Q: . .. -1 (

-,2-

. TUB equation is

verified when Q = O.

liecan therefore state that the jet velocity is a maximum when the flow rate is a minimum: the oondition of the maximum jet velooity foresees the seleotion of a flow rate Qa which allows the minimum anular velocity. 2. The bit hydraulio horsepower is given by:
[4Fb=gfba S

K(Fn,-Pp]q

K being a costant of multiplication for unit conversion

p+?,. K(Prn-Pp)Q

where Pp is the pressure drop in the entire drill stem, so that Pp = kpQl
Hf~=k(Pmtb ~p 22.9)

In order to find the maximum bit horsepower, the derivative of I-H%irl respect of Q has to %8 equalized to zero: K@~)=O to be verified this eq~tion should he: .
Pm = 2.9KP Qog

where Qis the optimum flow rate, pm= 2.9Kp Q$

Therefore:

The bit pressure drop as optimum1..is given by: 1

pbo~~ :;: - $p:p;m ..e = 0.6L Pm whe~e ?p@: Kp 2/:;+

The condition of maximum bit hydraulic horsepower is therefore obtained when the bit pressure drop is equal to 2/3 of the maximum surface pressur The following formula gives us the estimate of the optimum flow rate fo said oondition~

Pm , 2,9Kp &
from which: 0. 53+ 0,3k 1% Q@= ~p, (+ ~ For unit flow rate, that is Q= 1,, kp u Pp fox wi%t f~oy.xate, tM oaloW+tkJ o?:~. WWi9@ i?!the

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,Th9ref.9re$

determination of the pressure drop in the entire drill stem.

.. . . . . . . -?

Cs R surface

equipment

10ss coefficient

Cdcb = drill collar bore loss coefficient Cdca = drill collar anulus loss coefficient Ldc = longht of drill collar in fee$ Lp = lenght of drill pipe in feet Cp = drill.pipe 1.0sscoefficient W = mud weieht in poundstgal].on 3. l%e Jetimpact force is proportional to the flow rate times the ve;: .:J, I that is: Fb = KQV and may be expressed as related to _Ae flow rate end to the square root o! the bit presmra JZKI,.

The maximum value of the jet impact force is obtained equalizing to zero the derivative of Fb in respect of Q:
*
Fb ~

k(? PmQ2(~mClz-Kp 3.9kp

3.9Kp~z9) G3S9)4S

.0

to be verified this equation should be:

2PmQ= Q29

where Q D Qopt

2 ?mQo~t-=
where kpQ
1.9

3,9

KP 42+ kp~:pt

2PM =3.9 opt = Ppopt

2

Pm

3.5

Pp+t

. .. . . . . . 1 -

impact force is obtained when the bit pressure pressure, drop is equal to 0.49 of the maximum ihzrfaoe . . . .. .. .. . . . .,.. .-. .. .. . . . . .. . . . For said condition the value of QOpt is given by:
jet

The oondition

of maximum

I ---

,,

---.

. .. -----. I . .. .. . . .. .. > =---+ --= =-:--- --=-= : -:= ---=y----= =- ---=- ---:2- --==----=: -- - -< .7= :S
2. .

..

-4q

Qd@y&Pm .S&+ where.kp~ for unit flow r-atejii equal to the pressure drop in the entire drill stem.

The pressure drop FE, for unit flow rate, is expressed by:
PP=lo-$[~>+(=d&b*CdC~lLJ~k .&]W as in .

the condition of maximum bit horsepower.

Therefore summarizing;
10

2.

3C

The maximum jet velocity is obtained when Q = O bit hydraulic horsepower is a maximum when the bit pressure drop is equal to 2/3 of the maximum surface pressure. To this mqimum value it corresponds a optimum flow rate$ Qop+ ~ (o,~~ pm C3} Kp t---) to The jet impact force is maximum whe~ the bit,pressure drop is equal, 0,49 of the mqimum surface pressure, To this maximum value it corresponds ( a.optimum flow rate:
The

The above reported maximum val~e arePelated to the case on which ihe m=imum surface pressure is the limiting factor% in fact we have assumed pm - constant.
It is now assumed that is; that

the hydraulic horsepower is the limiting factor,

where: k m constant
pS = m~j.mum

of multiplication
pressure

for unit conversion available at any flow rate

k~us find the maximum values for the three shove referred conditions,

1. Maximum jet velocity

~~ k. Pb*s= kv
If= 4 k ( + ~p P5 . PP)O5

[
~1.9/p.r

In order to obtain t}:emaximum value the derivative of V in respect of Q has to be equalized ;C zeros _sLM. -*.22 -!_ ;;:~\o:0 ! 0 . . d (Q1 This equation is verified when Q a O; therefore V is a-maximum when the flow rate is a mimim~c

-5-

K(c-Kp

QZ9

)
= 0

In order to obtainthe maximumvalue the derivative of ~h ~ re~Pe~*of Q has to be equalized to zeros

dj~~l s

K (-

2.9

kpqogl

Also in this oaseQhas to be equal to zero therefore HPb

Q-O
30 Maximum

is

m=imum when

jet impact force

Equaflzing to zero the derivative of Fb in respect of Qwe find the maximum value:
.. ~is equation is v&ified

when: c= 3.9 Kp
Qz-q
~here ~= Qo~t

Therefore:

.Pbc+t=c.?h Ps+??herefore Fb is m=imw when ~ = 0.74 ?soPt.

The value of the optimum flow rate is obtained from: 3.~ kp~~~r= PsO~r c/i+F
C.s%b 026-%0+ ~p ~-. .-

@opt= . Therefore,

summaryzingt

in ease of psQ = const~t C

1. The jet velocity is meximum when Q=

. . .

-6-

2. The bit hydraulic horsepower is msximum when Q = O 3. The jet impact force is maximum when Pb = 0.74 Ps opt To this maximum value it corres~ondss , Ym = constant V is meximum when U 1! HE% II II Fb HPb optimum when Q = Qopt
t tr)s+

Putting together the results:

PsQ = constant Q-O Q-O Pb - 0.74

Pb =

0.49

Pm

%opt

U,S3+

Fb optimum when Q = Qopt

The study of the

Qopt =

()

~.sl fM . Kp

hydraulic program has, as a starting point, the aim to establish if we operate witk % = sonstant or with PsQ = constant Let us analyze firet the case when Pm = constant

* t*r
(

The fallowing figure graphically indicates the maximum values of V, HPb az L Fb P. Pm P=Pm Pm --P! . - - ~. - -.- +-B PbaV,&6 fm h

.0
L

c
?
MO!(. ~ Qa. G 3ET VELOCITY

8 r--
A.
Pb.o,kq
An

MRXIMLM

TET

UL12SEPOWEf2

From the diagrams reported in the-stove figure it may be seen that the same value-of the-maximum flow rate Cunhas been used for the two conditions of HPb and Fb; however as indicated bythe above expressed formulas~ the Said simplification, Qopt, in case of maximum jet impact, hasa higher value. which does not bring to very different pxactical resultsP as indicated by laboratory and field studies, aUows us to utilize, at least-down to a certain depth$ equal values for the parameters P and Q$ taking ad-tam at the same time of *WO conditio& of rn-aximum, Once the minimum and m~imum flow rates have been established, based on the anuh? velocities which maybeapteither to soft formations or to the : . . . . . ...---. ..-... . .-. . -- Iiiidones,-we can eelect theIinereZze ti~-S3-66tab1LSh-th@-m~irn*
.

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-7surface pressure.
.

The problem now 3s to choose one of those three conditions, . A solution of the problem may be suggested hating used the same value of the ZIazimumflow rate C@ , allowed by the chomen liner size for the two conditions of HPb and Fbc As all the three conditions affect, even if in a differentway, $he best utilization of the hydraulio horsepower? for what ooncerns the drilling rate$ the,use of two of them contemporaneously cannot but bring a %enefit. Moreover the surface formations generally soft and not much consolidated allow a fast drilling rate; for this reasonit is necessary to rapidly remove the cuttings from the bothn of the hole. As,the work required for the removal of the cuttings has to be supplied by the kinetio energy of the jet, in order to keep to a minimum the accumulation of cuttings under the bit it is necessary to have an adequatp hydraulic horsepower as well as jet velocity, This is the reason why, at least down to a certain depth,it is necessary to operate according to that hydraulic program whioh will give at the same time a very good bit horsepower and a high jet velocity. Based on all the above &siderations and analyzing the section A of the suggested hydraulic program, it may be ascertained that a,llthe conditions for a better utili~ation of the hydrqulic horsepower ~e applied on it~ AS a matter of fact even if @ is less thu Qopt~ at least down to the depth at which the bit presewe drop absorbs 2/3 of the maximum surface pqessure, it allows a very good bit horsepower not separated by a high Jet velocity; these condi:ics being neoessa.ry for a fast removal of outtings under the bit. Furthermore even if the jet impact force decreases in value, the less flow rate @ in respect of Qoptt allows higher pressures therefore higher values of the ratio Fb/A~ wnere A is the area on which the above mentioned impact force is applied.
.
It may be said therefore as a conclusion that~ down to the depth at whioh the %it pressure drop absor%s 2/3 of the maximum surface pressure, all.the conditions for the best utilization of the hydraulic horsepower may be obtained usihg the maximum flow rate %$ allowed by the selected liner size,

,-- .

At the depth at which the kit pressure drop absorbs 2/3 of the meximum surface pressure, that is at the end of-the section A of the condition of m~-imum bit hydraulic horsepower, the same flow rate Qz may -bekept$ the flow according to the maximum jet imp-t program; or we ch decrease rate so that the bit pressure drops remain always equal to 2/3 of the flow rnsximumsurface rmessuxe. As in this second case, reducingthe.

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rate, we are getting close to the oondition of maximuin jet velooity? whioh may be reached with the minimum flow rate Qa~ the two oonditiona under discussion oannotbut constitute an advantage for the drilling rate in respect of the only condition of maximum jet impaot foroe.

At the endof the sectionB, where Pb = 0.66 Pm , it is necessary to

adopt the flow rate Qa~ which allOWS the minim~ anul~ velo~i*Y* Let us sup~ose
We have

. .

now to find ourselves in the case of PsQ M constant.

ascertained that the maximum values of the jet velooity sad of the bithydraulio horsepower are obtained when Q = O; that j.sthe two Therefore conditions are a maximumwhen the ?1OW rata is a minimumonce ths minimum anular velooity is established, we can traoe the hydraulic progrsm always keeping a flow rate @, which allows the minimum established anular velocity. In fact this allows us to utilize the hydraulic horsepower aOcording to two condition$ of m~im~ and o~ot but give a benefitt

Natura12y our hypothesis can be made valuable only by field experiences, the only ones oapable to indicate the best utilization of the hyd.raulio horsepower;

la

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Noirlmcum

ma
Fb
v

Meximum taurfaoe ~resmre available Maximum presmure available at any flow rate Pressure drop across the bit 1.9 ~essure drop in entiredrillstemtsuoh that PP = X)6 F1OW rate Minimum flow rate, established by the minimumsnularvelooity Maximum flow rate, allowedby the ohosenIiner. size for unit conversion Constants 02 tiultiplication Bit hydraulic horsepower m Surfaue horsepower available at MY flow rate = Jet irnpaat f.orae

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, Jet velocity = Totalsxea of bit nozzles

*

q 

Operation of jek bit 1. KendallH.A. aryi CoinstW.C. Jr. : li~esi~~d ,. program for maximum hyd.raulio horsepower impactforoe or jet velocity
- Journal of Petrole~am TSObOIOgYS ~,~ (1960) -



2. Mc
3.

Arthur~W. : !Design for.drilling hydraulio programs - The Drilling Contractor, Naroh$ April, 1964Cray

Hughes Tuol Comp@fg New Hug&s Simplified Hydraulics ,.

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Delta OVCWeaS (KMNFRANCO SALVADORi - Dr%llingSuperintendent, nE+4$ RomeS~tak?. , Via cardwci -. . . . . . .

~ill~~

COD

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--- --- ,,, ~er~io~ ,. lb@oye~ With Delta 0ver6eas Drilling Co. since ,195?as roudme~kj man, drill@--*oOlpU*~e~ an~ ~iR~~n*e~-*~l}~~s uperintsnd@ntw 963. : .~lding~~a~~c~ginee?ing ci?gree *rem PiSa ~iversitys Italisince 1955-.-, .,. , . . .. .. . ... . . ... . ., ,.

             

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