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Magnetism has been known for thousands of years, though until relatively recently (ca.
1820) the only magnets were naturally occurring magnetic rocks called "lodestones"
(magnetite). The word "magnetism" derives from the district of Magnesia in Asia Minor
where lodestones were found. These lodestones were observed to attract bits of iron, just
like a kitchen magnet which is attracted to your refrigerator door. The space around the
magnet is the site of the magnetic field, where the magnetic force is felt by the bit of iron.
At each point around the magnet, the magnetic field has both strength and a direction.
# Magnet
Any substance that-
attract iron towards itself
When suspended freely always rest in N-S direction, is referred to
as a magnet.
#MAGNETISM
The phenomenon of attracting iron towards itself and pointing in M-s direction is called
magnetism.
Magnetic substance are those that can be Non magnetic substances are those that cannot
attracted by a magnet and can be converted into be attracted by a magnet and cannot be
a magnet converted into a magnet.
Eg Iron, Nickel cobalt etc. Eg silver, gold, aluminium
3. LIKE POLES REPEL EACH OTHER AND UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT EACH
OTHER.
Q Desha wishes to separate the poles of a magnet. Will she be able to do? If yes then support
your answer and if not, then also support your answer.
EARTH AS A MAGNET
Q Explain, Why does earth behave as a magnet?
OR
Why a freely suspended magnet always rest in N-S direction?
The earth behaves as a huge magnet having its north pole near the geographical South Pole.
Thus, when a magnet is suspended freely, the north pole of suspended magnet attracts
towards the earth magnetic south pole. So, it points towards geographical North Pole and vice
versa.
# DIFFERNTIATE BETWEEN TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT
MAGNETS
When am iron bar is magnetized by If the magnet used is very strong, it can
MAGNETIC INDUCTION, the magnet formed permanently align the molecular magnets in
is temporary magnet. iron bar. Such magnets formed are called
permanent magnets.
It retains the magnetism for a very short period It retains the magnetism for a longer period
of time, till the magnet is kept in CONTACT even after the magnet is REMOVED.
with the iron bar.
______________________________________________________________________________
# CONCEPT OF ORESTED
In 1820, Hans Christian Orested discovered the correlation between electric current and
magnetism. He found that a current carrying wire behaves like magnet and when suspended
freely, it would always rest in N-S direction.
#ELECTROMAGENT
CONSTRUCTION
A coil of insulated wire wounded around a piece of soft iron, acts as a magnet as along as
current flows through it, is called an electromagnet.
SOLENOID
A coil of insulated wire is called a solenoid, which behaves as a magnet as long as current
flows through it.
When a magnetic compass of brought near it, there is a deflection of the compass needle
showing the presence of magnetic field.
CORE
# USES OF ELECTROMAGNET
• Electric bell
• In telegraphs and telephones
• Electric Motors in fans, washing machine.
• For lifting and carrying heavy steel and iron sheets in the
factories.
• For removing iron bits from wounds by surgeons.
# ELECTRIC BELL
Principle
CONSTRUCTION
Electric bell consist of an electromagnet, armature and contact adjusting screw, Gong and a
hammer. The one end of the iron presses against the contact adjusting screw.
WORKING
• When the switch is pressed, the current flows in the electromagnet, it then
attracts the iron rod causing the hammer to strike the gong.
• At the same time, the armature loses its contact with the screw mad the current I
switched off.
• This causes the electromagnet to loose its magnetism.
• The armature spring backs to close the circuit again.
• The cycle is repeated again and again till the switch is off.
# ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (BY FARADAY)
PRINCIPLE
It states that “current is induced in a coil of a wire as long as
there is a relative motion between a coil of wire and a magnet.”
CONCEPT OF FARADAY
• Current flows through the coil, and the bulb glows, when there is relative motion
between the coil and the magnet.
• The direction of the current reverses as the direction of relative motion reverses.