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Year 1 Semester 2
Group 1
Experiment No. 1
Objective:
Introduction:
Thermodynamic is the study of energy and heat in motion. The enthalpy is the heat
content of a material under a state. Usually there are changes in enthalpy of a material
when any chemical or physical changes take place. This is due to the chemical bonds
formation and deformation that occur during the reaction. When the chemical bonds is
formed, energy is released to the environment, while when chemical bonds is breaked,
energy is required in order to break the bonds. Therefore, any chemical changes that take
place will lead to the changes in enthalpy of the material.
The isolated system can be provided by the calorimeter. Calorimeter is an apparatus used
to measure the heat change (enthalpy change). There are many kinds of calorimeters; one
of the commonly used in a laboratory is the Dewar flask. Dewar flask is thermos bottle
apparatus. Dewar flask has an insulating vacuum space that does not allow any exchange
of heat of the content in it with the surrounding environment. Therefore, all the content in
it will remain in constant temperature, any change in temperature must be due to
chemical reaction takes place in it.
Ccal = ∆H
∆T
Experimental Procedures:
- Dewar flask
- Stop clock
- Thermometer
- 25 cm3 graduated pipette
- Suction bulb
- 10 cm3 graduated cylinder
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Beakers
- Concentrated sulphuric acid ( H2SO4 )
- Concentrated nitric acid ( HNO3 )
- 1M of sodium hydroxide
- 0.1 M of hydrochloric acid ( HCl )
- Methyl orange indicator
Procedure-
1. 100 cm3 of distilled water was pipetted into the Dewar flask (calorimeter).
2. The water in the flask was stirred with the thermometer.
3. Meanwhile, the temperature of the water was measured and recorded at interval of
1 minute over a period of 5 minutes.
4. About 2 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid was introduced into the calorimeter
by a graduated cylinder at the end of the period.
5. The solution in the calorimeter was continually stirred; the temperature was
continually measured and recorded at 1 minute interval over the period of 10
minutes until the temperature value had become constant.
6. The solution in the calorimeter was allowed to cool.
7. A burette was filled in with 1M of sodium hydroxide solution and clamp onto a
retort stand.
8. 25 cm3 of the sulphuric acid solution in the calorimeter was pipetted into a beaker.
9. The sulphuric acid solution was titrated against the 1M of sodium hydroxide
solution so that the molarity of the sulphuric acid can be determined.
Part 2: Determination of the enthalpy of reaction between nitric acid and sodium
Hydroxide.
1. 100 cm3 of distilled water was pipetted into the calorimeter by graduated pipette.
2. The distilled water was stirred with thermometer and the temperature of water
was measured and recorded at interval of 1 minute over the period of 5 minutes.
3. At the end of the period of time, nitric acid was introduced into the distilled water
in the calorimeter.
4. The solution in the calorimeter was continually stirred and the temperature was
continually recorded at interval of 1 minute over the period of 10 minutes.
Experimental results:
Data-
Table 1: Temperature records of the water and sulphuric acid solution in the calorimeter.
Time, t (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o
Temperature, T ( C) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 32.5
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
11 12 13 14 15
3 3 3 3 32.5
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Table 2: Volume of sodium hydroxide solution required in titration with sulphuric acid
solution
Table 3: Temperature records of sodium hydroxide solution before and after the addition
of nitric acid in calorimeter.
Time, t (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature, T (oC) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 30.5
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
11 12 13 14 15
3 3 3 3 30.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Observation on the colour of the solution in the calorimeter after the addition of nitric
acid on the sodium hydroxide solution: red colour appears after drops of methyl orange
indicator was added into the solution.
Table 4: Temperature records water and nitric acid solution in the calorimeter.
Time, t (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature, T (oC) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26.5
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
11 12 13 14 15
2 2 2 2 26.5
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Analysis and Calculations-
From graph 1,
From table 2,
21.1 cm3 of 1M sodium hydroxide solution required to titrate the 25.0 cm3 of sulphuric
acid solution
1 mole of sodium hydroxide produces 1 mole of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
= (21.1 cm3)(1M)
1000
= 0.0211 mole
1 mole of sulphuric acid produces 2 moles of hydroxonium ions when dissolved in water.
1 mole of hydroxonium ions reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide ions; therefore, 0.0211
moles of hydroxonium ions react with 0.0211 moles of hydroxide ions.
= 0.01055 mole
MV = 0.01055 mole
1000
Ccal = ∆H
∆T
= 3.016 KJ
6.5 oC
= 0.464 KJ/ oC
From graph 3,
∆H = Ccal. ∆T
= 2.552 KJ
However, the enthalpy obtained from the calculation above is still incorrect; the enthalpy
of dilution of nitric acid must be considered.
From graph 4,
∆Hdilution = Ccal. ∆T
= 0.232 KJ
= 2.552 KJ – 0.232 KJ
= 2.320 KJ
= -2.320 KJ
Discussion:
Dewar flask is used as calorimeter because of its thermos flask properties. It has a layer
of vacuum that do not allows any transfer of heat. Therefore, any changes of temperature
due to chemical changes can be measured accurately.
However, in this experiment, the temperature change of the contents was not measured
accurately because the Dewar flask was opened when the temperature was measured. In
other words, the content in the Dewar flask was not fully isolated and the chemical
changes were not taken place adiabatically. Therefore, there were some minor exchanges
of heat of the system with the environment.
The temperature measured was not fully accurate and therefore the enthalpy of reaction
calculated also not fully accurate. The enthalpy of the reaction calculated was only
merely accurate.
The reaction was known to be exothermic because the temperature increase when the
reaction occurred shown that heat was released.
In the part 3 of the experimental procedure, the purpose of the procedure was to obtain
the enthalpy of dilution of nitric acid in water. The dilution of nitric acid in water also
involves the enthalpy change, which also has to be taken account into the calculation.
Conclusion:
The enthalpy change of the reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with the nitric acid
solution, ∆Hreaction is about -2.320 KJ.
References:
Zvi Szafran, Ronald M. Pike, Judith C. Foster. (2003). Microscale General Chemistry
Laboratory With Selected Microscale Experiment, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.