BIOM9621 Maths Revision for Biomedical Engineers

Stephen Redmond February 28, 2012

Contents
1 Complex numbers 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cartesian representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Addition & Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eulers formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polar representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiplication & Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cartesian Polar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j=
1 j 1 j

2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 12 14 14 16 17

and j =

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Trigonometry 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reections in x-axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periodicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sum/dierence, multiple angle, half angle, product-to-sum, sum-to-product formulae . Eulers formula (again) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Calculus 3.1 3.2 Dierentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integration (area under curve opposite of dierentiation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Some special functions 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dirac delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shifting and scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odd and even functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1.1

Complex numbers
Cartesian representation
1 for maths and science, or j = 1 for engineers;

Can use i =

electrical engineers use j , as i is often used to represent current.

z = a + jb R 2 = a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2 |z | = R =

Pythagoras

tan =

b a b a

z = = tan1

1.2

Addition & Subtraction

It is easiest to use cartesian reprentation when adding/subtracting:

z1 = a1 + jb1 z2 = a2 + jb2

z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2 ) + j (b1 + b2 )

z1 z2 = (a1 a2 ) + j (b1 b2 )

1.3

Eulers formula

ej = cos + j sin (Derived from Taylor series. Look it up. Clever stu.)

1.4

Polar representation

cos =

b b = R cos R a a = R sin R

sin =

z = a + jb = R cos + jR sin = R(cos + j sin ) = Rej |z | = R is the magnitude of the complex number. z = is the angle of the complex number (counter clockwise, relative to the the positive real axis).

1.5

Multiplication & Division

It is easiest to use polar reprentation when multiplying/dividing:

z1 = R1 ej1 z2 = R2 ej2 4

 Multiply: z1 z2 = R1 ej1 R2 ej2 = R1 R2 ej (1 +2 ) Divide: z1 R1 ej1 = z2 R2 ej2 R1 j (1 2 ) = e R2

Hard way! Dont multiply/divide like this if you can avoid it. Switch to polar rst instead. Example for division: a1 + jb1 z1 = z2 a2 + jb2 a1 + jb1 a2 jb2 = a2 + jb2 a2 jb2 (a1 a2 + b1 b2 ) + j (a2 b1 a1 b2 ) = 2 a2 2 + b2 Example for multiplication: z1 z2 = (a1 + jb1 )(a2 + jb2 ) = (a1 a2 b1 b2 ) + j (a1 b2 + b1 a2 )

1.6

Cartesian Polar
a + jb = b a2 + b2 ej tan a

Cartesian to polar:

Polar to cartesian: Rej = R cos + jR sin

1.7

j=

1 j

and j =

1 j

It is perhaps obvious that:

j =

(j )(j ) = 1 5

 Therefore:

j=

1 j

and j =

1 j

This is a very useful trick to remember!

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2.1

Trigonometry
Basics

Unit circle is a good way to visualise ratios sine (sin), cosine (cos) and tangent (tan). sin = opposite/hypothenuse (hypothenuse = 1 for unit circle) cos = adjacent/hypothenuse (hypothenuse = 1 for unit circle) tan =
sin cos

= opposite/adjacent

2.2

Reections in x-axis
sin() = sin cos() = cos

tan() =

sin() sin() = = tan cos() cos() 7

. As an exercise, use the unit circle to guess what the identities are for shifts of and 2 That is, sin( ) =? , etc.

2.3

Radians

Imagine if the radius was a piece of string. The angle it makes when you wrap it around the circle is one radian (rad). The denition of is the answer to what is the ratio of the diameter (2 radius) to the circumference?. So, circumference = 2R. Therefore, there are rads in a semi-circle, and 2 rads in a full circle (360 ).

2.4

Periodicity

Consider that adding 2 radians brings you full circle, then for k Z: sin( k (2 )) = sin()

cos( k (2 )) = cos()

tan( k (2 )) = tan() As an exercise, calculate these identies for k . (Hint: get a dierent answer if k is odd or even.)

2.5

Sum/dierence, multiple angle, half angle, product-to-sum, sum-toproduct formulae

There are many identies for manipulating trignometry functions of: sum/dierence of angles multiples of angles half angles product of angles to sum/dierence of angles sum/dierence of angles to product of angles I wouldnt expect anyone to memorise these, but you should know where to nd them: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric_identities

2.6

Eulers formula (again)

As an exercise, try to prove the following: cos = ej + ej 2 ej ej 2j

sin =

Calculus

What follows is only intended to jog the memory and is by no means a complete summary!

3.1

Dierentiation

Polynomials f (x) = y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d dy = 3ax2 + 2bx + c dx

f (x) = Exponentials

f ( x) = e x

f (x) = ex Chain rule

f (x) = g (h(x)) f (x) = g (h(x))h (x) Example 1: f (x) = (x3 + 3x2 )7

h(x) = x3 + 3x2 h (x) = 3x2 + 6x

g ( x) = x7 g (x) = 7x6

f (x) = g (h(x))h (x) = 7(x3 + 3x2 )6 (3x2 + 6x)

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 Example 2: f (x) = eax

h(x) = ax h (x) = a

g (x) = ex g (x) = ex

f (x) = g (h(x))h (x) = eax (a) = aeax Example 3: f (t) = ej 2t

h(t) = j 2t h (t) = j 2

g (t) = et g (t) = et

f (t) = g (h(t))h (t) = ej 2t (j 2 ) = j 2ej 2t

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Product rule

f (x) = g (x)h(x) f (x) = g (x)h(x) + g (x)h (x) Quotient rule g (x) h(x) g (x)h(x) g (x)h (x) f ( x) = (g (x))2 f ( x) = List of rules... For other rules and identities for dierentiation (such as logarithms, other exponents, and trigonometric functions) look them up here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation_rules

3.2

Integration (area under curve opposite of dierentiation)

Polynomials

f ( x) = xn xn+1 f (x)dx = + C indenite integral n+1

b

f (x)dx =
a

xn+1 n+1

=
a

bn+1 an+1 denite integral (has limits) n+1 n+1

Example:
3 0

x2 dx =

x3 3 0 33 03 = =9 3 3

This the area under the curve f (x) = x2 between 0 and 3:

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Exponentials
b

ex dx =
a

= List of integrals...

ex a b ea e b a

There is an extensive list of integral identies on the web. (Who needs to remember anything these days? Will we become a race of goldsh?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_integrals

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4.1

Some special functions

Dirac delta

Dirac delta function has width of zero, height of , and area of one: (t) = lim f (t)
0

(t) =

+ 0

if t = 0 otherwise

its a spike!

(t)dt = 1 (area is 1)

Can be used to sample signals, or can be considered as an impulse input to a linear system. The objective is to have zero width and unit area. Innite height is a necessary consequence of these objectives. Having nite area is required as (t) will most often appear in integrals (calculating area) and so must be dened. The integrals in question include, but are not limited to: Fourier transform Convolution Example: Use in sampling a signal.

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15

4.2

Shifting and scaling

Subtracting a positive constant T1 from a function input shifts it to the right (delays it):

Multiplying the input by a constant scales it:

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4.3

Odd and even functions

A function is even if f (t) = f (t). A function is odd if f (t) = f (t).

Is cos(t) odd or even? What about sin(t)? Odd and even functions are of relevance for Fourier series of periodic signals.

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