CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
The need for shelter, as we have been taught in basic social studies, is as old as man himself and is one of the most basic needs for survival. Mans need for shelter arose from the necessity to protect himself from harsh weather as well as animals of prey. Mankind over the centuries has made many attempts to provide shelter from many materials ranging from palm fronds, sticks, wooden planks, mortar or more correctly mud ( i.e. a mixture of clayey soil and water); with the coming of civilization and the increase in scientific and technical knowledge man began to realize the inadequacy of such basic shelter provisions. This new concept on housing provision ushered in the Civil Engineering profession, a field that studies and implements practical steps towards the provision of safe and economic structures for all human needs and activities. The task of the civil engineer involves determining the amount of load coming on the structure based on the purpose for which the structure is being built and the self weight of the structure itself in relation to the type of materials used for its construction and the dimensions of its structural members; the engineer uses this information to carry out analysis of the effect of the loadigs on the structure, the result of the analysis will then guide him in providing the design which in turn is simply the execution of certain standard calculations that give estimates of the amount of reinforcement required for strength (i.e. safety) and serviceability. The result of design calculations allow the engineer to specify thickness, shape, amount of reinforcement and order of arrangement of the reinforcements (i.e. structural detailing and bending schedule) for each structural member.

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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In this project work, a five storey hospital complex is analyzed and designed in a manner similar to all civil engineering works with adequate consideration for safety, aesthetics and economy. A hospital, as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, is an institution where the sick and/or injured are given medical or surgical care (2010). From the foregoing definition a hospital provides room for doctors, nurses, patients and specialized equipment and facilities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines, x-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scan, surgical theaters, laboratories etc. The architectural drawings for the hospital are reproduced in appendix A. The design concept in this project is to provide the best case specification for each structural member for this large scale hospital such that the medical activities are not disrupted. Provisions are also made for safety and economy, though little consideration is made for aesthetics as beauty is hardly important in a hospital. The core work of the project work involves the thorough structural analysis and design of all structural members. The structural members in a building are the Slabs, Beams, Columns and Foundation; others found in buildings under special circumstances are ramp, staircase and shear wall (for lift shaft or as retaining walls).

1.1

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The purpose of design as defined by Rowe et al, is the provision of a structure complying with the clients and/or users requirements (Hughes, 1976) alternatively, Mosley et al defined the purpose of design as an attempt to achieve acceptable probabilities that a

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structure will not become unfit for its intended use (2007). Although this is a student project with no client or potential user for the proposed hospital and thus an academic exercise. That notwithstanding the project work shall be accomplished under the assumption of a virtual client and a virtual user; hence the Aim and Objectives are:

AIM:
To provide a structure that is safe, economical, stable and aesthetic.

OBJECTIVES:
i. ii. iii. iv. v. To prepare the architectural drawings based on initial plan To prepare the structural grid drawings To carry out structural analysis manually and confirm with software To carry out structural design To carry out structural detailings.

1.2

JUSTIFICATION AND SCOPE OF WORK

JUSTIFICATION
At first glance anyone reading this project will be struck by the paucity of innovation (i.e. no new theories, concept or principles are propounded); this project is carried out to provide a design for a standard hospital complex based on all analysis and design knowledge already acquired by the student as well as to expand and further cement the students knowledge and ability to carry out a complete design work.

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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SCOPE The project work albeit comprehensive, shall be scaled down due to time constraints and the fact that the work cannot be done completely and satisfactorily in an academic setting. Thus the work focused on: Developing structural grid drawings for the buildings three sections. Analysis of all structural members Design of all structural members Detailing for all structural members

1.3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The design process was based on manual (i.e. handwritten calculations) analysis and design that clearly depicts the use of basic analysis and design theorems and procedures to produce the complete design of the structure. The analysis was based on the following methods: Slope deflection Moment distribution Three moments equation Column analogy. The design was based on the limit state method of design using the following standards: BS 8110-1-1997 (Reinforced Concrete design) BS 6399 (Imposed Loads)

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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From the foregoing it can be seen that the design process for this project involved rigorous research, calculations and thorough design specifications for every structural member. In executing the analysis and design of the given structure, several textbooks, e-books and manuals were used (see reference), to provide the simplest and most practical design solution. The project work also involved the use of software (i.e. ORION) to confirm, compare and contrast the results obtained via manual analysis and design. The software analysis and design are as presented in chapter four.

1.4

DISCUSSION

Limit state method of design is the most modern and common method for the design of reinforced concrete structural members of a framed building. It is an improvement on the other two methods namely, Permissible Stress Method Load Factor Method (Mosley et al, 2007). It is a design method that considers the members to be in a limit state beyond which they no longer fulfill the relevant design criteria (Wikipedia, 2012). In civil engineering structures, the limit state refers to the degree of loading or other actions on the structure and the degree of strength of the materials used in its construction, while the criteria refers to the structural integrity, fitness for (intended) use, durability, and other specific design requirements (Wikipedia, 2012). To provide the structural design of any structure, it is fundamentally necessary to carry out an analysis of its structural members in order to ascertain their behavior under load and
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Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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other actions; such that in the process of design, these structural behaviors are adequately accounted for in order to provide for a safe structure for use. The requisite analysis is called structural analysis. Structural analysis and design is a common process in civil engineering as no structure can safely be erected without a complete understanding of its behavior and adequate provision made for safety and stability. Thus design encompasses the provision of specification that would govern the construction process, material to be used and standard of work to be done. Nevertheless, design of a concrete structure does not necessarily involve complex theoretical analysis; it is achieved more by deciding on a practical overall layout of the structure, careful attention to detail and sound constructional practice (Mosley et al, 2007). Mosley et al (2007), stated three fundamental principles which must govern every structural design process, there are: i. The stress and strains are related by the material properties, including the stress-strain curves for concrete and steel. ii. The distribution of strains must be compatible with the distorted shape of the crosssection. iii. The resultant force developed by the section must balance the applied loads for static equilibrium.

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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1.4.1

LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Limits state are concerned with reducing the probability of the occurrence of failure in a structure with a focus on safety and serviceability. According to B. P. Hughes, 1976, limit sates are grouped as follows: a) Ultimate Limit State: collapse of the structure due to normal or exceptional loadings or the occurrence of exceptional events1. b) Serviceability Limit State: deflection, cracking, vibration or (if relevant) any special design function. c) Other considerations or limit states: fatigue, durability, fire resistance, lightening etc. 1. Exceptional events refer to major natural and/or national disasters (including enemy attack). 1.4.1.1 Ultimate Limit State This requires that the structure must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety against collapse, the loads for which it is designed to ensure the safety of the building occupants and/or the structure itself (Mosley et al, 2007). 1.4.1.2 Serviceability Limit State A. H. Allen, (1988), described the serviceability or usefulness criteria of a structure as the following: a) DEFLECTION: deflection of the structure or any part of the structure adversely affects the appearance and efficiency of the structure.

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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b) CRACKING: cracking of the concreteaffects appearance and puts the reinforcement at risk of rusting due to possible contact with moisture. c) VIBRATION: vibration from forces due to wind and machinery may cause discomfort, alarm, damage, to the structure or interfere with its proper function. d) DURABILITY: porosity of concrete. e) FATIGUE: considered where the loading is predominantly cyclic. f) FIRE RESISTANCE: insufficient resistance to fire leading to deflection, cracking and possibly collapse of the structure. 1.4.1.3 Avoidance Of Limit State

An acceptable probability that the structure will not reach a limit state throughout its specified life can only be provided if variations in strengths of the constructional materials and variations in loads in the structure, can be estimated (Hughes, 1976). The variations can be estimated via statistical data obtained from practical tests of sample materials and in cases where relevant data are not available, they are predicted in relation the causes of the variation, as discussed by Hughes, (1976): A. VARIATIONS IN STRENGTH OF THE STRUCTURE i. Those caused by the inherent variability of material strength due to the materials method of manufacture and quality of constituents. ii. Variations due to construction procedure (treatment, curing); state of stress (axial, biaxial, triaxial); speed, duration and repetition of loading; and conditions in the actual structure. B. VARIATIONS IN LOAD ON THE STRUCTURE

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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i.

Those due to the inherent variability of the loads applied to a structure of a particular type throughout its design life.

ii.

Variations due to other causes, such as the load on a member may be excessive due to error in the design assumptions.

The variations discussed above are accounted for by the application of factors of safety, one for material strength and the other for loads, during the design process.

1.4.2

PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)

1.4.2.1 Concrete Concrete is a composite inert material comprising of a binder course (usually cement), mineral filler or aggregates and water (Oyenuga, 2005). The aggregates includes fine (sand) and coarse (crushed rock) aggregates. For reinforced concrete design, the average density is taken as 2400Kg/m3 and concrete increases strength with age. Considering the stress-strain relation for concrete in compression, as the load is applied, the ratio between the stress and strain is approximately linear at first and the concrete behaves as an elastic material with virtually full recovery of displacement if the load is removed as, shown in figure 1.1.

Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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Fig. 1.1 Stress-Strain curve for concrete in compression (Source: S. S. Ray, Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design; 1995 p. 4)

The ultimate strain for most concrete tends to be a constant value of approximately 0.0035, although this is likely to reduce for cube strength of above about 60N/mm2. Figure 1.2 below shows (in graphical form) the increase in strength of concrete with age.

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Fig 1.2; Source: Mosley, Bungey and Hulse, 2007. Page 3. The following gives the important characteristics and factors that influence the bahaviour of concrete under working loads as discussed by Grider et al, (1999:3-7) and, MacGinley and Choo (2003:10-15): WORKABILITY: is the ease with which the ingredients can be mixed and the resulting mix handled, transported, and placed with little loss in homogeneity. DURABILITY: ability of concrete to withstand the weathering, chemical action, and wear to which it will be subjected to in service over a period of years.

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Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH: refers to the characteristic strength which is the concrete grade measured by the 28 day cube strength. The standard cubes of 150 or 100mm for aggregates not exceeding 25mm in size are crushed to determine the strength. TENSILE STRENGTH: usually about a tenth of the compressive strength. It is usually assumed in the course of design, that tensile strength of concrete is nonexistent and that the reinforcing steel carries all the tensile stresses generated in Reinforced Concrete member under working conditions. CREEP: is the gradual increase in strain with time in a member subjected to prolonged stress. Comit Euro-International du Bton specifies that creep strain be obtained from the creep coefficient by the equation:

Where: Ec = modulus of elasticity for concrete at the age of loading cc = creep strain = creep coefficient depends on the effective section thickness, the age of loading and relative ambient humidity. SHRINKAGE: is the contraction that occurs in concrete when it dries and hardens drying shrinkage is irreversible. The aggregate type and content mainly control dry shrinkage the larger the size of the aggregates, the lower the shrinkage, vice versa. Shrinkage has the beneficial effect of strengthening the bond between the concrete and the steel reinforcement (Mosley et al, 2007:6).

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Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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There are many types of cement available in the construction industry, and their use is determined by the type of work to be done as well as early hardening and low heat requirements. The following are some examples of commonly used cement: i. ii. iii. iv. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC) Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC) Sulphate-Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)

1.4.2.2 Steel According to section 7 of BS8110-1-1997, reinforcement (i.e. steel) should comply with BS4449, BS4461, BS4462, or BS4483 (Oyenuga, 2005). In general, reinforcements should be kept clean by stacking them off the ground and prior to usage, it should be free of mud, oil, paint, loose rust, all which weakens the bond with concrete (Oyenuga, 2005). Steel has an elastic modulus of steel (Es) of 200KN/mm2. In this project work, only high yield steel is used for the main reinforcement; for slab a maximum of 12mm diameter steel rods were used in the design, as is the practice in the field, for the beams, columns, and foundation higher steel diameters were used in some cases.

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The following diagram (figure 1.3) shows the stress-strain relation for hot rolled steel (i.e. high yield steel).

a) Hot rolled steel

b) cold worked steel

Fig. 1.3: Stress-Strain curve for High Yield Reinforcing Steel Source: Mosley, Bungey and Hulse, 2007. Page 6 Steel is very strong in tension and quite poor in compression, thus it provides almost all of the tensile support required by the composite member making it more or less the skeletal component of the member. Reinforcing bars are produced in two grades: i. ii. Hot rolled mild steel bars, = 250N/mm2 = 460N/mm2

Hot rolled/cold worked high yield steel bars,

The reinforcing used in concrete may be in the form of welded fabric, deformed reinforcing bars, and prestressing tendons. Deformations on a deformed reinforcing bar are necessary to inhibit longitudinal movement of the bar relative to the concrete around it (MacGinley and Choo, 2003:17-18).

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Analysis and Design of a Five Storey Hospital Complex

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Reinforced concrete as a composite material (i.e. steel bars embedded in concrete) brings together the qualities of both steel bars and concrete; and attempts to reduce/minimize their shortcomings. For instance, concrete is good in compression and resistant to weather action, while steel is good in tension and susceptible to harsh weather (rusting). It can be seen from the foregoing that RC gives a very strong weather resistant material for constructing long lasting structures; it is for these very qualities that RC is now commonly used to build structures intended to last for 90 years or even more. This project attempts to illustrate how a typical framed Reinforced Concrete Structure is analyzed and designed using the basic analytical and design methods under limit state design applying moment coefficients in the analysis and design of each structural member. The procedures and step by step design of each member is shown clearly in chapter three, with the analysis of loads on each member preceding the design 1. The project also tries to correlate the design results obtained for reinforced concrete via manual design calculations with that obtained via computer (software) analysis and design; the object is to investigate the accuracy of each result and the similarity of results obtained; arriving at the possible conclusion that either method can be used interchangeably as the design provisions from each method is the same (or nearly the same). The project would also try to show that computeraided design provides a faster and essentially more accurate design method.

There is hardly any analysis for slabs, the design is quite straight forward after obtaining the applied moments

from the product of the moment coefficient, design load and square of the short side length as shall be seen in chapter 3.

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