I

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Frame Work

Contains 395 Articles divided into 22 cha ters and !2 Sched"les The #ream$le declares India to $e a Soverei%n& Socialist& Sec"lar 'e "$ic( The the Constit"tion o) India( ream$le is art o)

#ec"liar )eat"re o) In American S*stem& it is )ormed $* an a%reement Indian Federalism $et+een a n"m$er o) soverei%n and inde endent States& s"rrenderin% a de)ined art o) their a"tonom*( In Canadian s*stem +here the a"tonomo"s( Federalism rovides man* sa)e%"ards )or states( In rovinces o) Unitar*

State are converted )ederal "nion , make them

India& as the states are not soverei%n entities $e)ore )ormation o) )ederalism& the ri%hts are e-ercised $* Union( In America& even Citi.enshi citi.enshi ( 'esid"ar* o+ers are e-ercised $* Union( "rel* is also d"al i(e(& $oth

state and central( In India& there is onl* one

There)ore& Indian constit"tion is neither

)ederal nor "rel* "nitar*( It is com$ination o) $oth( F"ndamental 'i%hts Article !2 / 0State1 incl"des 2 the 3overnment and arliament o) India4 the 3overnment and the le%islat"re o) each states4 all local and other a"thorities +ithin the territor* o) India or "nder the control o) the 3overnment o) India4 Article !3 5!6 / All la+s +hich are e-istin% rior to the commencement o) the Constit"tion o) India and

+hich are inconsistent +ith the F"ndamental 'i%hts are invalid( A'IC78 !3526 / CO998NC898NT W:IC: A'8 A77 7AWS 9AD8 AFT8' T:8 OF T:8 CONSTITUTION WIT: AND T:8 INCONSIST8NT

FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS A'8 IN;A7ID( Doctrine Severa$ilit* o) Onl* that art o) la+ +hich is inconsistent +ith art o) la+ art

)"ndamental ri%hts are invalid( I) that

+hich is invalid cannot $e se arated )rom that invalid( Doctrine o) 8cli se

o) la+ +hich is valid& then the entire la+ +ill $e

A77 8<ISTIN3 7AWS W:IC: A'8 INCONSIST8NT WIT: FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS =8CO98S INO#8'ATI;8 F'O9 T:8 DAT8 OF CO998NC98NT OF CONSTITUTION AND T:8 SA98 IS NOT D8AD( IF T:8 #'O:I=ITION ='OU3:T A=OUT => T:8 CONSTITUION IS '89O;8D => A98ND98NT TO COSNTITUION& T:AT #A'T OF 7AW W:IC: WAS INO#8'ATI;8 =8CO98S ;A7ID(

A'TIC78 !?

8@UA7IT> =8FO'8 7AW / A77 #8'SONS WIT:IN T:8 T8''ITO'> OF INDIA A'8 8@UA7 AND NO S#8CIA7 #'I;I7838 IN FA;OU' OF AN> #8'SON4 8@UA7IT> #'OT8CTION OF 7AWS / 8@UA7

#'OT8CTION S:A77 =8 S8CU'8D TO A77 #8'SONS WIT:IN T:8 T8''ITO'IA7 AU'ISDICTION OF INDIA IN 8NAO>98NT OF T:8I' 'I3:TS WIT:OUT AN> DISC'I9INATION4 T8ST FO' ;A7ID IF A C7ASSIFICATION :AS TO =8CO98 ;A7ID UND8' A'TIC78 !?& T:8 FO77OWIN3 TWO T8STS 9UST =8 SATISFI8D / C7ASSIFICATION 9UST =8 =AS8D ON INT877I3I78

C7ASSIFICATION

DIFFF8'8NTIA4 SUC: DIFF8'8NTIA 9UST :A;8 'ATIONA7

'87ATIONS:I# WIT: T:8 O=A8CT SOU3:T TO =8 AC:I8;8D4 :OW8;8'& AND T:8 STAT8 CAN 9A8 S#8CIA7 OF

#'O;ISIONS FO' WO98N& C:I7D'8N AND SOCIA77> 8DUCATIONA77> =ACBWA'D C7ASS8S CITIC8NS& SC:8DU78S CAST8S AND SC:8DU78S T'I=8S4 A'TIC78 !5 #'O:I=ITS STAT8 F'O9 DISC'9INATIN3 A3AINST AN> CITIC8N ON T:8 3'OUND ON7> OF& '87I3IOND'AC8DCAST8DS8<D#7AC8 OF =I'T: O' AN> OF T:894 NO CITIC8N S:A77 =8 SU=A8CT TO AN> DISA=I7IT> WIT: '83A'D TO ACC8SS TO S:O#S& #U=7IC '8STAU'ANTS& :OT87S AND #7AC8S OF #U=7IC 8NT8'TAIN98NT4 US8 OF W877S& TANBS& 'OADS AND #7AC8S OF #U=7IC '8SO'T& 9AINTAIN8D W:O77> O' #A'TIA77> OUT OF T:8 STAT8 FUNDS4 A'TIC78 !E 8F"alit* o) o ort"nit* in matters relatin% to

em lo*ment or a State( :o+ever& the

ointment o) o))ice "nder the arliament can make la+s )or ointments in )avo"r o) an*

the reservation o) a

$ack+ard classes o) citi.ens( A'TIC78 !G Unto"cha$ilit* is a$olished and its )or$idden in an* )orm( A'TIC78 !H State shall not con)er an* title other than a militar* or academic distinction( No citi.en shall acce t an* title )rom an* )orei%n state( A'TIC78 !9 Si- )reedoms are %"aranteed "nder this article 2 ractice is

Freedeom o) s eech and e- ression4 Freedom to assem$le arms4 eace)"ll* and +itho"t

Form associations or "nions4 9ove )reel* thro"%ho"t the territor* o) India4 'eside and settle in an* art o) India4 #ractise an* ro)ession& or to carr* on an*

occ" ation& trade or $"siness4 #'OT8CTION A3AINST FACTO 5A'TIC78 2!6 A #8'SON CAN =8 #UNIS:8D FO' AN> ACT

8<I#OST D8C7A'8D AS AN OFF8NC8 => T:8 7AW IN FO'C8 7AWS ON T:8 DAT8 OF T:8 CO99ISSION OF OFF8NC8( A #8'SON CANNOT =8 #UNIS:8D UND8' A 7AW W:IC: WIT: '8T'OS#8CTI;8 D8C7A'8S T:AT ACT AS AN OFF8NC8(

#'OT8CTION A3AINST A8O#A'D> / #'OT8CTION A3AINST INC'I9INATION #'OT8CTION 7IF8

NO #8'SON S:A77 =8 #'OS8CUT8D AND #UNIS:8D

DOU=78 FO' T:8 SA98 OFF8NC8 9O'8 T:AN ONC8(

A #8'SON ACCUS8D OF AN> OFF8NC8 CANNOT =8 S87FI CO9#8778D TO =8 A WITN8SS A3AINST :I9S87F(

OF NO

#8'SON

CAN

=8

D8#'I;8D

OF

:IS

AND 7IF8D#8'SONA7 7I=8'T> 8<C8#T IN ACCO'DANC8 WIT: T:8 #'OC8DU'8 8STA=7IS:8D => 7AW

#8'SONA7 7I=8'T>

O'DINANC8 9ABIN3 #OW8'

#'8SID8NT / O'DINANC8 9ABIN3 #OW8' IS T:8 783IS7ATI;8 #OW8' CONF8''8D ON T:8 #'8SID8NT OF INDIA4 W:8N =OT: T:8 :OUS8S A'8 NOT IN S8SSION& ON T:8 AD;IC8 OF COUNCI7 OF 9INIST8'S T:8

#'8SID8NT

CAN

ISSU8

O'DINANC8

IF

:8

IS

SATISFI8D T:AT T:8'8 IS A N88D FO' SUC: O'DINANC8( T:8 O'DINANC8 :AS TO =8 #7AC8D =8FO'8 T:8 #A'T7IA98NT W:8N IT '8IASS89=78S AND DAT8 S:A77 OF AUTO9ATICA77> '8IASS89=7> C8AS8 IF IT TO IS :A;8 NOT 8FF8CT AFT8' T:8 8<#I'> OF E W88BS F'O9 T:8 A##'O;8DDDISSA##'O;8D4 O'DINANC8 9ABIN3 3O;8'NO' W:8N =OT: T:8 :OUS8S OF STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 #OW8' A'8 NOT IN S8SSION& ON T:8 AD;IC8 OF COUNCI7 OF 9INIST8'S T:8 3O;8'NO' CAN ISSU8 O'DINANC8 IF :8 IS SATISFI8D T:AT T:8'8 IS A N88D FO' SUC: O'DINANC8( T:8 O'DINANC8 :AS TO =8 #7AC8D =8FO'8 T:8 STAT8 783IS7AT3U'8 W:8N IT '8IASS89=78S AND S:A77 AUTO9ATICA77> C8AS8 TO :A;8 8FF8CT AFT8' T:8 8<#I'> OF E W88BS F'O9 T:8 DAT8 OF '8I ASS89=7> IF IT IS NOT A##'O;8DDDISSA##'O;8D4 IF A BILL CONTAINING SIMILAR PROVISIONS REQUIRES PRESIDENTS APPROVAL, THEN HE CANNOT WITHOUT PRESIDENT; 783IS7ATI;8 #OW8' T8''ITO'IA7 AU'ISDICTION / #A'7IA98NT 9A> 9AB8 7AWS FO' T:8 W:O78 OF INDIA O' AN> #A'T T:8'8OF4 STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 9A> 9AB8 7AWS FO' T:8 STAT8 CONC8'N8D( UNION 7ISTD7IST I / #A'7IA98NT :AS 8<C7USI;8 #OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS WIT: '8S#8CT TO SU=A8CTS CONTAIN8D IN T:IS 7IST4 PROMULGATE ANY ORDINANCE FROM THE INSTRUCTIONS

STAT8 7ISTD7IST II / T:8 783IS7ATU'8 OF A STAT8 :AS 8<C7USI;8 #OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS( CONCU''8NT 7ISTD7IST III / =OT: #A'7IA9AN8T AND STAT8 783IS7ATU'8 :AS #OW8' TO 9AB8 7AWS( IN CAS8 OF CONF7ICTS =8TW88N SUC: 7AWSJT:8 #'8;AI7( WIT: '8S#8CT TO AN> OF T:8 9ATT8'S NOT INC7UD8D IN AN> OF T:8 7ISTS& #A'7IA98NT :AS #OW8'S TO 9AB8 7AWS4 #OW8' 7AWS 7IST ON OF STAT8 IN T:8 NATIONA7 INT8'8ST4 DU'IN3 A #'OC7A9ATION OF 898'38NC>4 ='8ABDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONA7 7AW 9AD8 => #A'7IA98NT WI77

#A'7IA98NT 9AB8

9AC:IN8'> IN A STAT84 ON T:8 '8@U8ST OF TWO O' 9O'8 STAT8S4 FO' 8NFO'CIN3 INT8'NATIONA7

A3'8898NTS4 AUDICIA'> SU#'898 COU'T W:IC: IS T:8 :I3:8ST COU'T IN T:8 COUNT'> IS AN INSTITUTION C'8AT8D => T:8 CONSTITUTION4 SU#'898 COU'T IS :A;IN3 AU'ISIDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN A77 A##8A7S& =OT: CI;I7 AND C'I9INA7& F'O9 :I3: COU'TS AND W'IT #8TITION FO' 8NFO'C8IN3 FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS( :I3: COU'T / :I3: COU'TS FO' 8AC: STAT8 IS :A;IN3 A##877AT8 AU'ISDICTION TO 8NT8'TAIN A77 A##8A7S& =OT: CI;I7 AND C'I9INA7& F'O9 T:8 SU=O'DINAT8 COU'TS WIT:IN ITS AU'ISIDICTION4 :I3: COU'TS :A;8 W'IT AU'ISDICTION FO' 8NFO'CIN3 FUNDA98NTA7 'I3:TS AND ALSO FOR

CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES; SU=O'DINA'8 COU'TS W'ITS :A=8AS CO'#US DI'8CTION ISSU8D => T:8 COU'T4 W:8N A #8'SON IS D8TAIN8D AND CONFIN8D& T:IS W'IT IS ISSU8D ASBIN3 T:8 AU':TOIT> ON W:AT 3'OUNDS DI'8CT8D :8DS:8 T:8 :AS =88N TO A''8ST8D #'ODUC8 AND T:8 AUT:O'IT> CI;I7 COU'TS4 C'I9INA7 COU'TS

#8'SON D8TAIN8D4 9ANDA9US DI'8CITON ISSU8D TO AN> #8'SON& W:O IS A #U=7IC AUT:O'IT>& TO DO A #U=7IC DUT> W:IC: :8 IS '8@UI'8D TO DO4 #'O:I=ITION DI'8CTION ISSU8D TO AN INF8'IO' COU'T

#'8;8NTIN3 IT F'O9 8<8'CISIN3 A AU'ISDICTION NOT ;8ST8D IN IT( C8'TIO'A'I A #8'SODAUT:O'IT> :A;IN3 A AU'ISDICTION TO D8CID8 A 9ATT8' 8<88D8S ITS AUT:'OIT>& T:IS W'IT IS ISSU8D4 @UO WA''ANTO W:8N A #8'SON 9AB8S A C7AI9 TO AN> #U=7IC OFFIC8& T:IS W'IT IS ISSU8D TO 8N@UI'> T:8 783A7IT> OF T:8 C7AI9 W:IC: A #8'SON ASS8'TS AND OUST :I9 IF :8 :AS 9AD8 C7AI9 WIT:OUT AN> 783A7 =ASIS4

2( Need

INT8'#'8TATION OF STATUT8S4 , O$Kect o) When a la+ is dra)ted& the le%islat"re cannot )oresee all ossi$le events( When a sit"ation arises and +hich is not contem lated in the la+ made $* the le%islat"re& the co"rt has to inter ret the la+ kee in% in mind the intention o) the le%islat"re4

inter retation

#rimar* '"le / 7iteral Words& hrases and sentences o) a stat"te sho"ld Constr"ction $e "nderstood in the ordinar* and %rammatical meanin%s( I) s"ch inter retation leads to a$s"rdit* or de)eats the o$Kect o) the stat"te& then it sho"ld not $e inter reted as er this r"le( 8ver* +ord in a la+ sho"ld $e %iven a meanin% and no +ord in a stat"te sho"ld $e omitted( The 9ischie) '"le or While inter retin% a stat"te "nder this r"le )o"r :e*don1s '"le oints to $e considered 2 What +as the common la+ $e)ore this stat"te4 What +as the mischie)Dde)ect )or +hich the common la+ did not rovide What +as the remed* s"%%ested $* the

arliament +hile makin% the stat"te4 The tr"e reasons )or s"ch remed*4 '"le o) 'easona$le INormall*& +ords "sed in stat"te sho"ld $e "sed i(e& Ut in ordinar* meanin%4 Ii) %ivin% ordinar* meanin% does not res"lt in reasona$le constr"ction& then the +ords m"st $e inter reted in manner so as to %ive a sensi$le meanin% to them kee in% in mind o$Kect o) the

Constr"ction #areat

'es 9a%is ;alet @"am

stat"te( '"le o) :armonio"s IStat"te m"st $e read as a +hole4 Ione rovision in o) a the Act sho"ld not $e

Constr"ction

inter reted

manner

+hich

contradicts

another rovision o) the Act4 It+o rovisions +hich cannot $e reconciled

sho"ld $e inter reted in s"ch a manner so as to %ive e))ect to $oth the rovisions4 '"le %eneris o) eK"sdem While inter retin% a stat"te& %eneral +ords

)ollo+in% s eci)ic +ords m"st $e constr"ed to thin%s o) the same kind as those s eci)ied $* s eci)ic +ords4 OT:8' 'U78S OF INT8'#'8TATION

8- ressio

Unis

8st 8- ress a

mention

o)

one

thin%

im lies

the

8-cl"sio Alteri"s

e-cl"sion o) another( This r"le sho"ld not $e lied +hen it leads to inconsistenc*(

Contem oranea 8- ositio 8st O tima 8t Fortissima in 7a%e

While inter retin% a meanin% o) a doc"ment or rovision o) la+& it sho"ld $e %iven same meanin% to those +ords as it carried +hen the doc"ment +as made4

Noscit"s a Soiis

A +ord kno+n $* its associate +ords( Where there is a %ro" o) +ords& meanin% o) a +ord sho"ld $e "nderstood $* its associate +ords4

Strict

and

7i$eral Strict inter retation means a stat"te sho"ld $e inter reted +itho"t addin% or s"$tractin% an* +ords )rom it( 8-am le / Criminal 7a+s4

Constr"ction

7i$eral Constr"ction means +hile inter retin% do ever*thin% +hich +ill lead to advancement o)

K"stice4

Internal

Aids

)or 5a6 Title / Title o) a stat"te is ver* im ortant to aid to inter retation to ascertain the o$Kect o) the stat"te4 5$6 #ream$le / It is ver* "se)"l tool to ascertain the o$Kect o) the act +hen there is an am$i%"it* in the stat"te4 5c6 :eadin% and Title Cha ter / 5d6 9ar%inal Notes4 5e6 Inter retation Cla"ses4 5)6 #roviso4 5%6 Ill"stration or 8- lanations / 5h6 Sched"les 4

Inter retation

8-ternal

Aids

to 5a6 #arliament :istor*4 5$6 'e)erence to 'e orts o) Committee / 5c6 Social& #olitical and 8conomic Develo ments and Scienti)ic Invention4 5d6 'e)erence to other Stat"tes4 5e6 Dictionaries4 5)6 Use o) Forei%n Decisions4

Inter retation

TO'TS De)inition Tort means Civil Wron% and +hich is not $reach o) contract or $reach o) tr"st( 7ia$ilit* in Tort Ithere m"st $e a +ron%)"l act4

I+ron%)"l act m"st res"lt in ca"sin% le%al dama%e to another4 I+ron%)"l act m"st $e o) s"ch nat"re as to %ive rise to a le%al remed*4 7e%al Dama%es Damn"m Sine InK"ria 2 Tho"%h there is a dama%e ca"sed& there is not lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se there is no violation o) a le%al ri%ht o) the CaseM InK"ria Sine Damno 2 Tho"%h there is not dama%e ca"sed& there is a lia$ilit* in tort( This is $eca"se there is violation o) a le%al ri%ht o) the LAsh$* vDs WhiteM 9ens 'ea It means intention( 9ens rea is not essential )or a tort( Binds o) Tortio"s 7ia$ilit* / Strict 7ia$ilit* It arises +here dama%e is done $* the esca e o) dan%ero"s s"$stance ke t $* an*one " on his land( '*lands vDs Fletcher 7ia$ilit* )or These are instances +here a erson inter)eres +ith erson( erson s"))erin% the dama%e4 L3lo"cester 3rammer School

Inevita$le 9istakes ;icario"s 7ia$ilit*

the ro ert* or re "tation o) another4 'es onsi$ilit* o) a another erson4 erson )or a tort committed $*

8-ce tions

to

the

Strict 7ia$ilit* Torts to ersonal =atter* / Use o) )orce a%ainst an* erson +itho"t his consent and +itho"t an* la+)"l K"sti)ication4 Assa"lt / An act $* a the )earDa erson +hich directl* ca"ses erson o) an*

Sa)et* and )reedom

rehension in the other

ossi$le contact +ith his erson4

False Im risonment / Im osition o) total restraint )or some eriod " on the li$ert* o) another +itho"t s"))icient la+)"l K"sti)ication4 9alicio"s #rosec"tion / 0A1 initiates a rosec"tion

a%ainst 0=1 +itho"t an* reasona$le ca"se and 0A1 has acted malicio"sl* i(e(& +ith an im ro er motive( As a res"lt 0=1 has s"))ered a dama%e and the rosec"tion +as decided in )avo"r 0=1( 0A1 has committed a tort called 9alicio"s #rosec"tion4 A"dicial 'emedies DamaesDCom ensation4 InK"nction4 and S eci)ic 'estit"tion o) #ro ert*4 8-tra 'emedies4 A"dicial Sel)IDe)ence / In order to other rotect himsel) or an*

availa$le in Tort4

erson a%ainst "nla+)"l "se o) )orce& an*

erson can "se reasona$le )orce4 A erson la+)"ll* occ" *in% a ro ert* can "se

reasona$le )orce to revent the tres ass4 The occ" ier o) a land ma* la+)"ll* terminate an* n"isance inK"rio"s to him4 7I9ITATION ACT& !9E3 Ian* s"it& a roceed eal& a s"ch lication& i) made $e*ond the s"its( This rovision is

rescri$ed eriod o) limitation& the co"rts +ill $e not +ith mandator*( Doctrine S"))icient Ca"se4 o) In the case o) a a licant or eal( e!"# $% &$!$%' " ()$* +"%%o* ,e a lications or a eals& i) the lication

ellant sho+s s"))icient case the

co"rt can condone the dela* in )ilin% the a or a

However,

+o% o%e #ersons "nder I) eriod o) limitation to )ile a case e- ires $e)ore eriod o) limitation

7e%al disa$ilit*4

the cession o) disa$ilit* i(e(& $e)ore the attainment o) maKorit* $* a minor& the )resh starts )rom the date minor attains maKorit*4

Contin"o"s '"nnin% Time +hen once it has commenced to r"n in an* o) time4 case +ill not sto ( Not even the s"$seF"ent event can sto the limitation( This rovision a s"its and a 8))ect eals4 eriod o) limitation& the other lies onl* to

o) I) $e)ore the e- ir* o)

ackno+led%ement4

art* admits or ackno+led%es lia$ilit*& a )resh eriod o) limitation shall $e com "ted )rom the time +hent he ackno+led%ement +as si%ned( I& ."r* ."#/e%* $( /" e ,e&ore *0e e1.$r# o& .er$o !$/$*"*$o%, " &re(0 .er$o &ro/ *0e o& !$/$*"*$o% (*"r*( "*e o& ()+0 ."r* ."#/e%*l* to the Writ or 22E o) the l*

7imitation and Writ The 7imitation Act does not a #etition #roceedin%s the "nder Article 32

Constit"tion o) India4 :o+ever& the co"rts do a arties i) there is "nreasona$le dela*4

rinci le o) limitation and re)"se relie) to the

7AW '87ATIN3 TO T:8 T'ANSF8' OF #'O#8'T> Trans)er o) It is la+ relatin% to the trans)er o) ro ert* $* the act o) arties& i(e(& it e-cl"des s"ccession( The act is ersons and limited to trans)er $et+een livin% e-cl"des trans)ers $* WI77( '"les relatin% to trans)er o) #ro ert*( Section G 8ver* erson +ho is com etent to contract and ro ert* is com etent to

#ro ert* Act& !HH!

entitled to trans)era$le trans)er s"ch ro ert*(

Formalities trans)er

)or 9ovea$le #ro ert* can $e trans)erred $* deliver* o) ossession4 Immovea$le #ro ert* o) val"e o) 's( !NNDI and " +ardcan $e trans)erred $* a re%istered instr"ment(

Attestation

Im ortant )ormalit* in connection +ith the e-ec"tion o) trans)er( It means& to $ear +itness to a )act( It si%ni)ies the )act o) a"thentication o) si%nat"re o) the erson e-ec"tin% the doc"ment $* the attestator4 Attestation reF"ires t+o +itnesses and the* m"st see the erson e-ec"tin% the doc"ment "ttin% his si%nat"re( 8ach +itness m"sh si%n the doc"ment in resence o) e-ec"tor4

'e%istration

It is mandator* in case o) immova$le val"e o) 's( !NNDI or more4

ro ert* o)

'estraint a%ainst inaliena$ilit*

on When a ro ert* is trans)erred& the trans)eree sho"ld ro ert*(

Trans)ers or '"le not $e restrained a$sol"tel* )rom alienatin% the

#artial restraints are valid( 8-am le / A condition restrainin% trans)er o) ro ert* o"tside )amil*( 'estraint enKo*ment Trans)er #erson on A restriction on the trans)eree to enKo* the is invalid4 )or Trans)er o) ro ert* to "n$orn erson sho"ld $e erson ro ert*

=ene)it o) Un$orn

receded $* a li)e estate in )avo"r o) a livin% ro ert*4

and trans)eror m"st trans)er +hole interest in the

Conditional Trans)er

Trans)er in )avo"r a

erson made to de end on

)"l)ilment o) a condition $* the trans)eree( S"ch condition ma* $e rior to trans)er or ost trans)er(

Doctrine 8lection Sale

o)

Trans)er o) o+nershi e-chan%e )or a rice and artl* romised4

in immovea$le aid or romised or

ro ert* in artl* aid

Where the val"e o) the immova$le $* a re%istered instr"ment onl*4 8-chan%e T+o ersons trans)er the o+nershi

ro ert* is lace

's(!NNDI and " +ards& the trans)er has to take

o) one thin% )or

the o+nershi immovea$le

o) other thin%& +here neither thin% or ro ert* is 's( !NN and " +ards& it can

$oth thin%s $ein% mone* onl*( I) the val"e o) the $e e-chan%e onl* $* re%istered instr"ment4 3i)t ;ol"ntar* Trans)er o) o+nershi movea$le or immovea$le in certain e-istin%

ro ert* and the same

sho"ld $e made +itho"t consideration( The Donee m"st acce t the %i)t d"rin% the li)etime o) donor( It can $e made $* re%istered instr"ment in case o) %i)t o) immovea$le ro ert*( 7eases 9ort%a%es A mort%a%e is a trans)er o) interest in s eci)ic immova$le ro ert* )or the "r ose o) sec"rin% the a*ment o) mone* advanced or to $e advanced $* +a* o) loan& e-istin% or )"t"re de$t4

Sim le 9ort%a%e

Witho"t deliverin% ossession o) the mort%a%ed ro ert*& mort%a%er $inds himsel) ersonall* to a* the mort%a%e mone* and a%rees )or the sale o) the ro ert* )or a*ment o) mort%a%e mone* i) he )ails to a*4

9ort%a%e

$* The #ro ert* is sold on a condition that on de)a"lt in a*ment o) mort%a%e mone* on a certain date& the Conditional Sale sale shall $ecome a$sol"te or on a*ment the sale

shall $e void4 Us")r"ct"ar* 9ort%a%e 9ort%a%er delivers ossession o) mort%a%ed ro ert* and mort%a%ee retains the same till de$t is re aid( The "s")r"cts are a ro riated $* the mort%a%ee to+ards interest or rinci al( 9ort%a%er $inds himsel) to re a* the mort%a%ed mone* on certain date and trans)ers mort%a%ed ro ert* a$sol"tel* on a condition that mort%a%ee +ill reItrans)er the same to mort%a%or " on the a*ment o) mort%a%e mone*(

8n%lish 9ort%a%e

9ort%a%e De osit Deeds Anamalo"s 9ort%a%e o)

$* Deliver* o) title deeds +ith an intention to create Title mort%a%e4

It is a com$ination o) an* o) the a$ove )orms o) mort%a%e or an* mort%a%e other those set o"t a$ove(

;III

T:8 CI;I7 #'OC8DU'8 COD8& !9NH It consolidates the la+ relatin% to the Co"rt o) Civil A"risdiction4 roced"re o) the

Ca"se Action4 A"d%ement

o) 8ver* )act that it is necessar* )or a #lainti)) 5 erson )ilin% the case6 to rove to s" ort his ri%ht to the K"d%ment4

Statement %iven $* a K"d%e on the %ro"nds o) a decreeDorder4

Decree Order Formal e- ression o) an* decision o) a Civil Co"rt +hich is not a decree is called order4 DecreeI:older A"d%ementI De$tor4 The erson in +hose )avo"r a decree has $een assed4 The erson a%ainst +hom a decree has $een assed4

;III

COD8 OF C'I9INA7 #'OC8DU'8& !9G3

O))ence

An* act or omission made "nisha$le $* an* la+ )or the time $ein% in )orce4

9ens 'ea

9ens 'ea 4 it means %"ilt* mind4 In order to constit"te an o))ence& mens rea or %"ilt* mind is m"st4 it also means intention4

=aila$le and NonI =aila$le O))ence means an o))ence +hich is sho+n =aila$le O))ence as $aila$le in the I Sched"le to Criminal #roced"re Code or +hich is made $aila$le an* la+ )or the time $ein% in )orce( NonI$aila$e o))ence means an o))ence +hich is not $aila$le( Co%ni.a$le O))ence Co%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer can arrest and NonICo%ni.a$le +itho"t a +arrant4 O))ence NonICo%ni.a$le O))ence / #olice o))icer has no a"thorit* to arrest +itho"t a +arrant Com laint An alle%ation made orall* or in +ritin% to a ma%istrate re%ardin% the commission o) an o))ence and the same sho"ld $e made +ith a vie+ to takin% action "nder Code o) Criminal #roced"re =ail InF"ir* Investi%ation A"dicial #roceedin%s #"$lic #rosec"tor S"mmons Warrants Cases and