Chapter 1Structure and Bonding

SHORT ANSWER 1. Give the ground-state electron configuration for carbon (atomic number 6).

ANS: 1s22s22px12py1 or 1s22s22p2 2. Give the ground-state electron configuration for fluorine (atomic number ).

ANS: 1s22s22px2 2py2 2pz1 or 1s22s22p! ".Give the ground-state electron configuration for magnesium (atomic number 12). ANS: 1s22s22p6"s2 #. ANS: four Exhibit 1-1 (rite valid )e%is (electron-dot) structures for each formula belo%. Sho% all electrons as dots and sho% all non-bonding electrons. !. ANS: *2*l# tetrachloroeth&lene $o% man& electrons does silicon have in its valence shell'

6. ANS:

*+2

carbon dio,ide

-.

*$#+

methanol

Structure and Bonding

ANS:

Exhibit 1-2 *onsider the structure of urea. sho%n belo%. to ans%er the follo%ing /uestion(s).

0. ANS:

1efer to 2,hibit 1-2. 3ill in an& non-bonding valence electrons that are missing from the line-bond structure.

1efer to 2,hibit 1-2. 4he carbon atom in urea is: sp" h&bridi5ed sp2 h&bridi5ed sp h&bridi5ed not h&bridi5ed

ANS: b 16. 1efer to 2,hibit 1-2. 4he 7redicted N$2*8+ bond angle in urea is: 16 .! 126 106 not 7redictable ANS: b

*ha7ter 1

Exhibit 19etermine the h&bridi5ation for the indicated atoms in each structure belo%.

11. ANS: sp2 12. ANS: sp" 1". ANS: sp" 1#. ANS: sp 1!.

1efer to 2,hibit 1-". 4he h&bridi5ation of this o,&gen atom ( A) is ::::::.

1efer to 2,hibit 1-". 4he h&bridi5ation of this o,&gen atom ( B) is ::::::.

1efer to 2,hibit 1-". 4he h&bridi5ation of this carbon atom ( C) is ::::::.

1efer to 2,hibit 1-". 4he h&bridi5ation of this carbon atom ( !) is ::::::.

4he molecular formula *2$#+ can be converted into three-line bond (;e<ul=) structures that are consistent %ith valence rules.

(hich one of the ;e<ul= structures is not consistent %ith valence rules' 2,7lain %h& the structure &ou chose in 7art a is not consistent %ith valence rules. ANS: d 4he carbon bonded to the o,&gen atom in structure d is 7entavalent> it has 16 valence electrons. *arbon can onl& have eight valence electrons. ?n addition. the other carbon has onl& si, valence electrons %hen it %ould 7refer to have eight.

"

Structure and Bonding

16.

4he original /uestion %as combined %ith @1!. 4his 7laceholder /uestion is here to maintain the integrit& of the numbering s&stem bet%een the 7rinted co7& and 2,amAie%. 4herefore. it has been mar<ed Bdo not use on testB in 2,amAie%Cs /uestion information dialog. As a result. this 7laceholder /uestion is automaticall& 7revented from being chosen as a test /uestion.

ANS: Ans%er not 7rovided. 1-. *onvert the follo%ing structure to a s<eletal dra%ing and give its molecular formula.

ANS:

Dolecular formula: *!$-Er 10. ANS: 9ra% an orbital 7icture for acet&lene. * 2$2. *learl& label each bond t&7e and indicate the t&7e of orbitals involved in each bond.

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Exhibit 1-" Fro7ose 7ossible structures for a molecule that meets each of the follo%ing descri7tions. 1 . ANS: 1efer to 2,hibit 1-#. *ontains t%o sp" h&bridi5ed carbons and t%o sp h&bridi5ed carbons.

26. ANS:

1efer to 2,hibit 1-#. *ontains one sp" h&bridi5ed carbon and t%o sp2 h&bridi5ed carbons.

21.

*onvert the follo%ing molecular model into a condensed structure and a s<eletal structure.

ANS:

22.

*onvert the follo%ing molecular model into a condensed structure and a s<eletal structure.

Structure and Bonding

ANS:

2".

*onvert the follo%ing molecular model into a condensed structure and a s<eletal structure.

ANS: or more s7ecificall&>

2#.

?ndicate the h&bridi5ation on each of the carbon atoms indicated %ith a number in the molecular model sho%n.

ANS: *arbon 1: sp" *arbon 2: sp2

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2!. ANS:

9ra% the orbital diagram sho%ing the ground-state electron configuration of sulfur.

26.

3ill in an& nonbonding valence electrons that are missing from the follo%ing structural re7resentation of the amino acid c&steine.

ANS:

2-. ANS:

4here are t%o substances %ith the molecular formula * 2$-N. 9ra% them and describe ho% the& differ.

4he t%o structures differ in the number of h&drogen atoms and carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom. 4he first structure contains the carbon atoms bonded in a t%o carbon chain %hile in the second structure the t%o carbons atoms are isolated from each other b& the nitrogen atom.

Structure and Bonding

#$%T&'%E CHO&CE 1. +verla7 of the t%o atomic orbitals sho%n could result in a:

bond bond or de7ending on the direction of the overla7. ANS: * 2. $&bridi5ation of the atomic orbitals sho%n %ould result in:

sp" h&bridi5ation sp2 h&bridi5ation sp h&bridi5ation ANS: E ". (hich of the follo%ing re7resents a h&brid orbital'

*ha7ter 1

ANS: 9 #. (hat t&7e of h&bridi5ation is e,hibited b& carbon in the follo%ing substance':

sp" h&bridi5ation sp2 h&bridi5ation sp h&bridi5ation ANS: E !. (hat t&7e of h&bridi5ation is e,hibited b& carbon in the follo%ing substance':

sp" h&bridi5ation sp2 h&bridi5ation sp h&bridi5ation ANS: * 6. (hat t&7e of h&bridi5ation is e,hibited b& the nitrogen atom in the follo%ing substance and ho% man& lone 7airs are 7resent on the nitrogen':

sp" h&bridi5ation and 1 lone 7air sp2 h&bridi5ation and l lone 7air sp h&bridi5ation and 1 lone 7air sp" h&bridi5ation and 2 lone 7airs

Structure and Bonding

sp2 h&bridi5ation and 2 lone 7airs sp h&bridi5ation and 2 lone 7airs ANS: A -. ?f all the missing bonds in the follo%ing structure are sigma bonds to h&drogen atoms. ho% man& h&drogen atoms are missing from this structure' Atoms other than carbon are labeled.

16 12 1# None of these is the correct number. ANS: 2

16