Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Nitin Oke
For Safe Hands
Flow of heat
• Net Heat flow is from body with more heat
temperature to body at less heat temperature
• Flow of heat can take place in three ways
– Conduction
– Conviction
– Radiation
Facts about flow-
Heat flow
Micro
Mostwaves Moderate Least
efficient efficient efficient
Radio waves
More about Electromagnetic
spectrum
Properties of heat radiation:
• Heat radiation have properties similar to light
radiation.
• Heat radiation travels in a straight line.
• Heat radiation travel with the velocity of light
equal to 3 x 108 m/s.
• Heat radiation obeys inverse square law i.e. the
intensity at a point is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between the point
and the point source of radiation.
Properties of heat radiation:
• It exhibits the phenomena of reflection,
refraction, interference, diffraction and
polarization.
• Heat radiations can travel through vacuum and
other transparent media.
• Heat radiations do not affect the medium through
which they pass.
• Heat radiation consists mostly of infrared rays,
which are electromagnetic waves whose wavelength
range from 8 x 10 –7m to 4 x 10 –4m.
Facts about Radiation-
• Heat radiation is with wave length ranging
between 10-6m to 10-3m in reality the
wavelength of heat radiation ranges from
8 x 10 –7 m to 4 x 10 –4 m where as the wave
length of visible light ranges from 4 x 10 –7m
to 8 x 10 –7m.
• These waves are invisible to human
• Frequency ranges from 1011Hz to 1014Hz
What means a, r, t
• If Q amount of hest is Q
incident on surface.
• QR is reflected
• QA is absorbed
• QT is transmitted Q
QRA
T
• By law of conservation of
energy Q = QR+ QA+ QT
QA QR QT
a= ,r = ,t =
Q Q Q
Classification based on a, r and t
• If t = 1 then substances are called as
diathermanous.
• Examples of substances which are transparent to
heat radiation are—
– Quartz, glass, Rock salt, dry air, O2 , H2, NaCl,
CCl4, CHCl3
• If t = 0 then substances are called as
athermanous.
• Examples of substances which are transparent to
heat radiation are—
– Water, Wood, C6H6, R-OH, Cu, Iron
Classification based on a, r and t
• If r = 1 then substances are called as perfect
reflector.
• Bright polished surface may be called as perfect reflector.
• If a = 1 then substances are called as perfect black
bodies or perfect absorbers.
• Examples of substances which absorbs heat radiation are—
– Lamp black ( absorbs nearly 96%)
– Platinum black ( absorbs nearly 98%)
– Ferry's black body ( absorbs nearly 100%)
Construction of Ferry's Black body
• A Copper sphere is taken.
• It is covered by another
non conducting concentric
sphere of larger radius.
• The outer sphere is
evacuated.
• An aperture is made to
both spheres and slightly
off the line a conical
elevation is created.
• Inner part of inner sphere
is coated with lamp black,
and conical elevation is
polished surface.
Facts about Radiation-
• To detect these waves Crook’s radiometer or Boy’s
radiometer are used.
• Energy of radiation can be measured by “Bolometer”
• Heat Radiations spectrum was studied graphically by
“Langley” ( Not black body spectrum )
• Spectrum of Black body was studied at different
temperatures by Lummer and Prigsheim
• The black body used was constructed by Fery
• Wien found relation between temperature and maximum
corresponding wavelength.
• Stefan and Boltzman related area under the curve
means total heat and T4
• The graph was explained by Max Plank using Quantum
theory.
Study of graph of radiation
T3
T2
T1
Observations of graph
• When radiations of Black body were studied at
different temperatures by Lummer and
Prigsheim the observations were as follows—
– The graph is different at different temperature
– As temperature increases the graph shifts up
– The graphs maxima shifts backward as temperature
increases.
– The area under the curve, means total energy per
unit area per unit time means emissive power is
proportional to T4 (Stefan’s law)
– The Emax is proportional to T5
– The wavelength corresponding to Emax is inversely
proportional to T. λmax.T = b The value of b is
0.2892 x 10-2mK ( Wien’s displacement law).
Prevost theory of heat exchange
• Every body continuously radiates heat
energy at all temperatures except absolute
zero.
• The amount of radiant energy emitted per
unit time depends only on absolute
temperature of body and NOT on
surrounding temperature.
Heat exchange is as --
Hot Hot
Kirchhoff’s Law of radiation
• The coefficient of absorption is same as coefficient of
emission.
• Theoretical proof of Kirchhoff’s law
Theoretical proof of Kirchhoff’s law
aAEb 1xAE
aAEb = 1.A.E
a =E/Eb = e
Ritchie’s Experiment
Stefan’s Law and its applications
• The radiant energy emitted by perfectly
black body per unit area per unit time is
directly proportional to forth power of
absolute temperature.
• The constant of proportionality is called as
Stefan’s constant and denoted by σ.
• The value of σ is 5.67 x 10-8 J/m2.s.K4 (W/m2K4)
Q
= σT 4
Q = A.t.σ.T 4
A.t
Rate of heat radiation by black body
dQ
= A.σ.T 4
dt
Rate of heat radiation by surounding
dQ 4
= A.σ.T0
dt
Rate of loss of heat radiation by body
dQ
dt
(
= A.σ. T 4 − T04 )
Generalization of Stefan’s Law
• Using Kirchhoff’s law Stefan’s Law can be generalized
as—
• Emissive power: The amount of heat radiation emitted
by a body per unit time per unit area is called as
emissive power of the body.
• If above body is black body then it is left hand side of
Stefan’s law.
• Coefficient of emission or emissivity of a body is ratio
of emissive power of a body and perfectly black body
at same temperature. Denoted by e. e = E/Eb
• As a = e Hence E = a. Eb = a .σ.T4
• For ordinary bodies Stefan’s Law will be
• Q = a(A.t.σ.T4)
Newton’s lawofofcooling
Newton’slaw heat
• The rate of loss of heat by a body is directly
proportional to the excess temperature of the
body over the surrounding.
• Please note that the law was stated quite earlier
than Stefan’s law and Provost's theory.
dQ
dQ dQ dθ
k.(θ
α=(θ − θ−0 )θ0 ) but = m.s.
dt
dt dt dt
dθ
m.s. = K(θ
k(θ − θ0 )
dt
Newton’s law as approximation of Stefan’s Law
4πR t
2
1 1
1 11 1
R S 414.848 x10 1390 4
T=( ) =(
2
) 2
−8
= 5730K
r σ 6.928 x10 8
5.67 x10
Temperature of Sun Using Wien’s Law
• If λ is wavelength of radiation for
which Solar radiation is maximum
( 4900 x 10-10m) then
Using Wien's law λ max .T = 0.002892
0.002892
T= −10
= 5902K
4900 x10
Note the following—
• If two bodies are of surface area A1 and A2
coefficient of absorption a1 and a2 at
temperature T1 and T2 then rate of emission
of heat radiation is –
dQ
dt 1 a1A 1T1
= If they are of same material then a1 = a2
dQ a 2 A 2 T2
dt 2 A T If they are of same material then a1 = a2
= 1 1
A 2T2 and are at same temperature T1 = T2
A 1 r12 If they are of same material then a1 = a2
= = 2
A 2 r2 and are at same temperature T1 = T2 and
spherical in shape.
Note the following—
• If two bodies of mass m1 & m2 ,surface area
A1 & A2 coefficient of absorption a1 and a2 at
temperature T1 & T2 specific heats s1 and s2
and densities ρ1& ρ2 then rate of cooling is –
dθ a1A 1T1
dt 1 m1s1 a1A 1T1m2s2 If they are of same material
= =
dθ a 2 A 2 T2 a 2 A 2T2m1s1 then a1 = a2 and s1 = s2
dt 2 m2s 2
A 1T1m2 In addition if are at same
= temperature T1 = T2 and
A 2T2m1
2 4
spherical
r1 ( πr2 )ρ2
3
A 1m2 3 r
= = = 2
A 2m1 r 2 ( 4 πr 3 )ρ r1
2 1 1
3