Soap and Detergents

Introduction
1. Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to remove grease and dirt. 2. There are two type of cleansing agents : a) Soaps b) Detergents 3. Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids that contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule. 4. Soaps are cleansing agents made from animal fats or vegetable oil by saponification. The structure of a soap molecule is represented below:

Alkyl sulphonic acid

2. Preparation of sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Step 1: Alkylation

Long chain alkene

Step 2: Sulphonation 5. Detergent is sodium salt for sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon per molecule. The structure of a detergent molecule is represented below:

Step 3: Neutralization

sodium alkyl sulphate

sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate

Preparation of soap
1. Soap is a cleansing agents produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide with animal fats or vegetable oils. This reaction is known as saponification. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of ester using alkali solutions. From the chemist aspect, soaps are sodium salts or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids (with 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule). Fats and vegetable oils are large, naturally occurring ester molecules. When fats or oils are boiled with concentrated alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide, saponification occurs and the ester molecules are broken down into soap and glycerol. Fats/oils + concentrated alkalis soap + glycerol Some examples of soaps are shown below. a) Sodium palmitate, C15H31COONa b) Sodium oleate, C17H33COONa c) Sodium stearate, C17H35COONa Glyceryl tripalmitate are naturally occurring esters commonly found in animal fats and vegetable oils. When the ester is boiled with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, saponification (alkaline hydrolysis) occurs and mixture of sodium palmitate (soap) and glycerol is obtained.

The cleansing of soap and detergent

1. The cleansing action of soap or detergent depends on their chemical bonding and structures. a) The ionic head (negatively charged) is soluble in water (hydrophilic) but insoluble in oily layer. b) The long hydrocarbon tail (neutral) is insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but soluble in oily layer. 2. Oil cannot be washed away from clothing with water because oil (a covalent molecult0 is insoluble in water. 3. Lifting greasy dirt from the surface cloth. When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease. a) The negatively charged head (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergent ions dissolves in water. b) The hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolves in the layer of grease. 4. When the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to be lifted off the surface. This cause by the forces of attraction between the water molecules and the negatively charged heads.

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6. The soap produced can be precipitated by adding common salt (sodium chloride) to the reaction mixture. 7. The sodium chloride added reduced the solubility of soap in water. As a result, precipitation of soap occurs. 8. The properties of soap depend on : a) The type of alkali used for saponification b) The type of animal fats or vegetable oils used. 9. Soaps produced from sodium hydroxide are hard, whereas soaps produced from potassium hydroxide are soft. Preparation of detergents 1. The detergent, sodium alkyl sulphate can be prepared from alcohols with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon atoms in two steps. Steps 1: Sulphonation (Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid)

5. On further agitation during washing, the greasy dirt is lifted from the surface. 6. Emulsifying dirt in water a) Soaps and detergents can act as emulsifying agents to emulsify oils and grease. b) The process of emulsification breaks large drops of grease into smaller droplets that floats in water. The greasy droplets repel on another because they carry the same charge. As a result, the grease is suspended in the solution. c) When the cloth is rinsed with the water, the droplet will be carried away. d) The cleaning process become more efficient in the water containing the soap or detergent solution is stirred.

The effectiveness of soaps and detergents as cleansing agents

Step 2: Neutralisation with sodium hydroxide solution. Advantages of soaps 1. Soaps are effective cleansing agents in soft water that is water does not contain Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions.

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2. Soaps do not cause pollution problems to the environment. This is because soaps are made from chemical found in animals and plants. This means that soaps are biodegradable, that is they can be composed by the action of bacteria. Disadvantages of soaps 1. Soaps are ineffective in hard water, that is, water that contains magnesium and calcium salts. 2. In hard water, soaps will react with Mg2+ and thus, soaps do not lather in hard water. 3. Scum is grey solid that is insoluble in water. It consists of magnesium stearate and calcium stearate. 4. Soaps are not also effective in acidic water, for example rainwater containing dissolves acids. H+ ions from acids will react with soap ions to produce carboxylic acids molecular size that are insoluble in water. 5. Stearic acids and other carboxylic acids do not act as cleansing agents because they exist mainly as molecules and do not anionic hydrophilic ends (head) that dissolves in water. Advantages of detergents 1. Detergents are cleansing agents that are effective in soft water as well as hard water. This is because detergents do not form scum with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions found in hard water. 2. The detergents ions (R O SO3- and R SO3- ) react with Mg+ and Ca2+ ions in hard water. However, the magnesium salts and calcium salts which are formed are soluble in water. Hence, the scum is not formed and the detergents are still active in hard water and lathers easily. 3. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents. This means that the structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties. Nowadays, different types of detergents have been synthesised for specific uses such as shampoos and dish cleaner. 4. Furthermore, detergents are also effective in acidic water because H+ ion is acidic water do not combined with detergents ions. Disadvantages of detergents 1. Most detergents have branched hydrocarbon chains and are nonbiodegradable, that is, they cannot decomposed by bacteria. As a result, nonbiodegradable detergents cause water pollution. 2. Phosphates in detergents act as fertilizers and promote the growth of water plants and algae. When the plants die and decay, they will used up the oxygen dissolves in water. This will decrease the oxygen content in water and kill fishes and other aquatic lives. 3. Detergents produce a lot of foam in water. The layer of foam that covers the water surface will prevents oxygen from dissolving in water. This condition will cause fish and other aquatic life ti die from oxygen starvation. 4. Additives such as sodium hydrochlorite (bleaching agents) releases chlorine gas in water that is acidic. Chlorine gas is highly toxic and kills aquatic life. Additives in detergent Additives Function Whitening agent React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain (sodium perborate) but did not fade the colour of the clothes. Biological enzymes React to substance that in organic properties like (amilase, lipase, blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and protease, selulase) change it to substance that can dissolve in water. Fluorescent agent Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright. (Blancophor) Buildup agent (sodium Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase tripoliphosphate) the pH value Drying agent (sodium Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry sulphate, Sodium condition. silicate) Stabilizers To prevent the formation of foam Perfumes To make clothes smell fresh and clean. To kill all microorganisms that causes disease and Antiseptic substance smell. Thickening agents starch, jelly, gelatin, pectin To thicken the liquid and to prevent the food from becoming liquid. To give colour

Azo compound (yellow, red, brown, black) Tartrazine Dyes Triphenyl compounds (green, blue, hyacinth) Effects of food additives on health Types Effects Sodium nitrite(preservatives) Cancer Sodium benzoate (preservatives) Nerve disrupted and allergy Out of breath, dizzy, giddy, vomit, Monosodium glutamate (flavoring) weak the body. Tatrazine (colouring) Asthma ,rash, hyperactive

Medicine
1. Traditional medicine is derived from natural sources such as plants and animal without being processed chemically Traditional uses medicine To improve the overall health and increasing energy, Ginseng endurance and reducing fatigue Aloe vera Treating itchy skins and burns on the skins Mint Increase body temperature and make it sweating As antibiotic and use to treat injured, asthma, flu and also Garlic decreasing high blood, Treating stomach pain, supplying heat energy to keep body Ginger warm and preventing flu attack Quinine Treating malaria and preventing muscle cramps Cocaine anesthetic 2. Modern medicine is known as chemotherapy. It made in various type like pill, capsule, paste and solution. Modern medicine is classified in 4 categories: Analgesics Relieve pain or sometimes called pain killer Example o Aspirin (acetyl salicylic) - Pain killer, Reduce fever,Treat arthritis (muscle aches), Prevent clotting of blood and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes o Paracetamol / panadol - Pain killer, Reduce fever, Replace aspirin for children o Codeine - Relieve minor to moderate pain, Suppressing cough, Can cause addicted Antibiotic Destroy or prevent the growth of infectious microorganism Example o Penicillin - Treat disease caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis o Streptomycin - treating tuberculosis Psychotherapeutic medicine Stimulants o stimulate(excite) the activity of brain and central nervous system o increasing alertness and physical abilities to prepare for demanding or energetic activities o Exp: Amphetamines, Dextoamphetamine, Femetrazin Antidepressants o increase the brains level of neurotransmitters, thus improving mood and also make a person feel calm and sleepy o Exp: Barbiturate,Tranquilizer Antipsychotic o treating schizophrenia (people lose touch with reality) o Exp: Chlozapin, Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol Hormone and Steroid Hormone is a organic substance that produce by human endocrine gland to control physiology process and homeostasis. Example : Insulin - treating diabetes. Steroid is natural lipid compound. Steroid is divide to steroid anabolic and corticosteroid o Steroid anabolic use to treating AIDS and cancer, Exp: Metandrostenolone (Dianabol), Testosteronpropionat (Testex) o Corticosteroid having anti inflammation characteristics and treating asthma and arthritis rheumatoid (joint illness) Exp: Cortisone,Prednisone

Additive Substances In Food

Food Additives Types Preservatives Example Sodium nitrite, Sodium benzoate, Ethanoic acid, Sulphur dioxide Ascorbic acid, Ascorbile palmitate, Citric acid, Isopropyl citrate Monosodium glutamate, Aspartame, Ester Acacia gum, Function To prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus. To prevent the oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in the air To make food taste better To enable oil and water in the food to mix together properly

Antioxidants Flavoring agents Stabilizers agents