Chemistry: Topic 1.

1 Calculations
Calculating No. of Moles:
There are 3 ways to calculate the number of moles (depending on the information given): 1. Moles (of a substance) = given mass in grams/Ar or Mr 2. Moles (in a solution) = concentration x (volume in cm/1000) 3. Moles (of a gas) = volume in cm/24000cm

Empirical Formula
Gives you the moles of each atom and the ratio of moles 1. Divide given percentage/mass by r.a.m 2. Divide each answer by the smallest answer 3. If ratios are not whole numbers, multiply each answer by a small integer Example: A compound contains 39.13% carbon, 52.17% oxygen and 8.70% hydrogen. Calculate the empirical formula. Step 1 (divide by r.a.m) Carbon: 39.13/12 = 3.26 Oxygen: 52.17/16 = 3.25 Hydrogen: 8.70/1 = 8.70 Step 2 (divide by smallest) Carbon: 3.26/3.25 = 1 Oxygen: 3.25/3.25 = 1 Hydrogen: 8.70/3.26 = 2.66 Step 3 (multiply all by small integer) Carbon: 1 x 3 = 3 Oxygen: 1 x 3 = 3 Hydrogen: 2.66 x 3 = 8 .:. Empirical formula is C3H8O3

Molecular Formula
To find the molecular formula we need to use the molecular formula mass and the empirical formula mass. Molecular formula mass = empirical formula mass x an integer

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Example: A hydrocarbon with Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) of 28gmol-1 has the following composition: carbon 85.7% and hydrogen 14.3%. Calculate the hydrocarbons molecular formula. Step 1 (find empirical formula mass) Carbon: 85.7/12 = 7 Hydrogen: 14.3/1 = 14.3 Carbon: 7/7 = 1 Hydrogen: 14.3/7 = 2 .:. Empirical formula = CH2 .:. Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 = 14g Step 2 (multiply empirical formula mass by an integer) So, we know that: Mr = 28gmol-1 Empirical formula mass = 14g So we need to find which integer multiplies 14 to give 28 .:. 2 x 14 = 28 .:. Multiply empirical formula ratios by 2 .:. Molecular formula = C2H4

Gas Calculations
Remember that 1 mole of any gas occupies 24000cm (24dm) at room temperature and pressure. Moles of a gas = volume of gas in cm/24000cm Example: Calculate the number of moles of H2 in 240cm of the gas. Moles = 240/24000 = 10-2 moles Volume of a gas = number of moles x 24000

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Example: What is the volume of 5.6 x 10-2 moles of chlorine molecules? Volume = 0.0056 x 24000 = 134.4cm Example: Calculate the volume of 10g of hydrogen gas. Moles = 10/2 = 5 moles Volume = 5 x 24000 = 120000cm = 120dm Example: Calculate the mass of 1000cm of carbon dioxide. Moles = 1000/24000 = 4.17 x 10 -2 Mass = 0.0417 x 44 = 1.8g

Volumetric Analysis
Calculations involving solutions. Can be measured as moldm-3 or gdm-3 Concentration = moles/volume (in dm) Example: What is the molarity of a solution in moldm-3 of NaOH which contains 4g of NaOH in 250cm of solution? NaOH (Mr) = 40 Moles = 4/40 = 0.1 .:. 0.1/0.25 = 0.4moldm-3

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