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Journal of Archaeological Science (2001) 28, 2943 doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0587, available online at http://www.idealibrary.

com on

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production at the Time of Chav n de Hua ntar
Isabelle C. Druc*
Peabody Museum, Yale University

Richard L. Burger
Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, P.O. Box 208118, New Haven, CT 06520-8118, U.S.A.

Regina Zamojska
De partement de Chimie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada

Pierre Magny
Service de Microscopie E u lectronique, Faculte de Me decine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada (Received 16 July 1999, revised manuscript accepted 16 December 1999)
Ceramics from Anco n and Garagay, two early sites on the central coast of Peru, are analysed to verify the existence of ceramic exchange. The analysis technique are petrography, X-ray uorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). The results are compared to a larger data bank including ceramics from the sites of Chav n de Hua ntar, Pallka, Huaricoto and smaller sites in the Nepen a valley. The analyses yield interesting information on ceramic production, which is mostly local, and unexpected results regarding the lack of compositional similarities between the ceramics analysed from Anco n and Garagay. The results suggest that, although the sites are close to each other, interactions and ceramic exchange should be sought for among communities within the same drainage.  2001 Academic Press Keywords: CERAMIC ANALYSIS, PROVENANCE, CERAMIC PRODUCTION, ARCHAEOLOGY, CENTRAL COAST OF PERU.

nco n and Garagay are two important sites on the central coast of Peru. During the Initial Period and Early Horizon (1800300 ), Anco n was a shing village and a cemetery, while Garagay was a ceremonial centre in the Rimac Valley (Figure 1). Much of the ceramics, bone objects, wood carvings and other artefacts found at Anco n and Garagay are related to the Chav n horizon, a stylistic, iconographic and ideological pan-Andean complex. Chav n de Hua ntar, after which this stylistic horizon has been named, is a major ceremonial centre in the Mosna Valley of the north central Andes. The site is known for its lithic art, carved stelae and beautiful
*Correspondence address: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5240 Social Science Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1393, U.S.A.

ceramics with complex iconography. The importance of Chav n de Hua ntar and Chav n horizon in general is highlighted by the presence of many Chav n elements over a large geographic area, along the coast and in the highlands. Because of the stylistic similarities with Chav n, Anco ns ceramics have been analysed as part of a large inter-regional study with ve other sites: Chav n de Hua ntar, Pallka, Huaricoto and sites PV31312 and PV31-330 in Nepen a (Druc, 1997, 1998). The purpose of the inter-regional study was to verify the existence of ceramic exchange between the sites. These sites have contemporaneous occupations, they are located in dierent regions and they all have local and Chav n-related ceramics. In 1997, ceramic distribution was identied between Chav n de Hua ntar, Huaricoto and Pallka, and
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 2001 Academic Press

03054403/01/010029+05 $35.00/0

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I. C. Druc et al.
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Pacific Ocean N
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Figure 1. Sites mentioned in the text. (1) Anco n, (2) Garagay, (3) El Paraiso, (4) Huacoy, (5) Manchay Bajo, (6) Chav n de Hua ntar, (7) Huaricoto, (8) Pallka, (9) Nepen a PV31-312 & PV31-330.

between Pallka and the Nepen a sites. However, no direct ware exchange between Anco n and the ve other sites studied could be fully ascertained, although the composition of several Chav n sherds suggests a coastal provenance. To pursue this matter further, we decided to focus on samples from the central coastal sites of Anco n on the shoreline north of Chillon, and Garagay, in the nearby Rimac Valley. If Anco n ceramics showed no direct compositional relationships with the highland sites, and if another coastal site is to be sought for the provenance of the non-local ceramics found at Chav n, Garagay could be a candidate. Furthermore, this large ceremonial centre is located close enough to Anco n to presume that interactions, including ceramic exchange, occurred between the two sites. The analysis of 10 Garagay ceramics is a rst attempt to solve this dual problem. Both Garagay and Anco n have long occupations. The later part of the Anco n sequence, from which the samples were taken, is roughly coeval with the Chav n sequence as dened by Burger (1984). This is based on style and on 14C dates (Burger, 1981). Earlier scholars like Carrion Cachot (1948) saw Anco n as a colony of Chav n and most subsequent authors (Matos Mendieta, 1968; Rosas, 1970; Scheele, 1970) have argued for the contemporaneity and tight linkage between Anco n and Chav n de Hua ntar. At the same time, it is important to contrast the nature of the sites,

although most of the fragments analysed from both Anco n and Chav n come from domestic contexts. Ravines et al. (1982) publish a string of 14C dates for Garagay that suggest that the site overlaps with at least the earliest phase at Chav n (i.e. the Urabarru Phase) and part of the Anco n sequence. The style of the ceramics is consistent with this conclusion. Ravines & Isbell (1976) argue for the contemporaneity of the Late Atria at Garagay with Chav ns Old Temple based on iconography. The sites are thus coeval and interrelated. It is worth noting that all of the Garagay sherds come from a single small excavation on the back terrace of the main mound. This context suggests that the materials are refuse from the activities on the mound (a public place) and that they date relatively late in the sequence, since the earlier terrace surfaces are hidden within the mound covered by later renovations. We have found in Lurin and Chav n (Burger, 1987; Burger & Salazar Burger, 1991), however, that there is substantial overlap during the Late Initial Period and Early Horizon between domestic ceramics and those found broken in the public monumental complexes (with the exception of oering contexts, like Ofrendas). Comparisons of Garagay-Chav n and GaragayAnco n, however, failed to reveal compositional similarities, suggesting that none of the ceramics analysed were exchanged between these sites. Nevertheless, the analysis yields interesting information regarding ceramic production and distribution during Chav n times. The results of the analysis are here detailed for Anco n and Garagay. The methods include petrography, X-ray uorescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). The analysis is based on 73 ceramic fragments from Anco n, 10 fragments from Garagay and six soil samples. For Chav n de Hua ntar, Pallka, Huaricoto and Nepen a, the sample numbers are 79, 31, 22, and 32, respectively. The ceramic sample from Anco n comes from excavations by Thomas Patterson in the Anco n Tank Site PV45-2 (Patterson, 1971; Sheele, 1970). The sample consists of dierent ware types and subphases: decorated and undecorated bowls, neckless ollas (cooking pots), jars, bottles and one gurine (Table 1, Figure 2(a)see Druc, 1998, for a complete illustration of the Anco n fragments). The ceramics date to the Late Initial Period and Early Horizon and fall into Pattersons (1971) phases 1 to 6, coeval with the Urabarriu and Janabarriu phases in Chav n de Hua ntar. Sample selection was done so as to be representative of the forms and ware styles found in phases 1 to 4. This collection served as the basis for studies by Harry Scheele (1970) and Richard Burger (1972), and will be published in the near future (Patterson et al., in prep.). The collection is now housed at Yale University under the care of Richard Burger, with whom the selection of the sample was made. The Garagay samples

ay

WH A ER LL DI RA las OR ay LE IL EC Hu IT RD de C. CO K AC BL

on an ar

R. M an ta ro

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production


Table 1. Sample description Anco n (PV45-2-51) A66-A33 coeval with the Urabarriu phase in Chav n de Hua ntar A66a-d reddish-brown ollas A88a undecorated black olla A88b undecorated black bowl A88c red slipped bowl, zoned rocker stamping A30c Chav n bottle, incised A32c black bottle, zoned dashes A33a undecorated black olla A33h undec. black, straight-sided bowl A33i undecorated red bowl A33j bowl, brown slip, zoned rocker stamping A33k grey bowl, grooved A33l black polished bowl, modelling A33n bowl, red slip, zoned dentate A33o bowl, red and brown slip, incised Anco n (PV45-2-51) A1-A4 coeval with the Janabarriu phase in Chav n de Hua ntar A1a thin black bowl, highly polished A1b black bottle neck A2a red bowl A2b black circle-stamped bowl A3g black, impressed bowl A3j grey jar neck A3k grey bottle neck A3m gurine head A4d black, straight-sided bowl, highly polished A4e black bowl, incision and stamped circle-dot Garagay ceramics coeval with the Urabarriu phase in Chav n de Hua ntar

31

G1 diagonal incised bowl rim G2 bowl rim G3 black olla G4 reddish olla G5 black bowl rim G6 reddish olla rim G7 bottle chamber G8 highly polished black chamber G9 black bottle neck fragment G10 grooved fragment of globular vase

(a)
A66a A66b A66c A66d A88a

(b)

G2 G1
A33h A30c A32c A88b

A88c A1b

A33a

A33i

A1a A33j A33n A2a

G3

G4

A33k

A33l

A33o

A3j

A2b A3k

G5
A3m

G6

A4d
0 5 cm

A4e A3g
0 5 cm

G8 G7

G9

3 cm

G10

Figure 2. (a) Ceramics from Anco n and (b) Garagay.

are bowls, ollas and bottle fragments (Figure 2(b), Table 1) from an excavation conducted by Jose Pinilla in sector B of the temple, cut 02 above level 1, below soil (capa) III. This level shows chronological overlap with the Urabarriu phase in Chav n de Hua ntar. The fragments were given to Richard Burger for analysis.

Geological Setting
The geology of the region is important for conrmation of the local character of the ceramic production. Anco n is situated in a bay opening into the Pacic, on a desert coastal stretch between the Chillon and Chancay valleys (Figure 3). The U-shaped

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I. C. Druc et al.

a b c d
Ch an y ca

R.

Ancon Pte Inga Marquez LIMA

.C

hi

llo

R.

Rim

ac

50 km

Figure 3. Geological setting of the Coastal Batholith and volcanic outcrops of the central coast (after Atherton et al., 1985; gure 6.3). (a) Coastal Batholith (Patap gabbrodiorite, Sta Rosa granodiorite), (b) Calipuy volcanic group, (c) Casma lavas and tus, (d) Puente Piedra andesite and basalt.

ceremonial centre of Garagay is located in the lower, right margin of the Rimac valley, 8 km inland and to the north of Lima (Ravines & Isbell, 1976; Burger, 1992). The Chillon, Chancay and Rimac rivers cut across the Coastal Batholith, which is the predominant intrusive rock unit in the Black Cordillera. Outcrops of diorite are found less than 10 km away from Anco n. The surcial geology around Anco n is composed of sedimentary layers of clay, shale, feldspathic sandstone and limestone of the Puente Inga formation intermixed with volcanic layers of andesite and porphyritic basalts of the Puente Piedra formation (Amiel, 1970; INGEMMET, 1982, 1992; Atherton et al., 1985). The andesite fragments are porphyritic (a texture of large and well-formed crystals in a ner groundmassAllaby & Allaby, 1996). Cherts and breccias with granite fragments are also intercalated with the volcanic layers. Puente Inga formation is a member of the larger Puente Piedra formation (INGEMMET, 1992). Both are Late Jurassic and Cretaceous in age. The clays and shales of the Puente Inga formation are highly fossiliferous, composed mostly of ammonites and ammonoids. The shales are composed of 20% quartz and 80% clay (70% is montmorillonite and 30% illiteINGEMMET, 1992). On the site of Puente Inga, close to Anco n (see Figure 3), the clay is illitic, highly fossiliferous, and interbedded with feldspathic sandstone and microvolcanic breccia. The upper member of the Puente Inga formation is composed mainly of sedimentary rocks:

R .L ur in

Garagay

feldspathic and pyroclastic sandstone, mudstone, andesite and some chert. The quaternary sediments are aeolian and marine deposits; no alluvial deposits are found in the Anco n area (Amiel, 1970). South of Anco n, near Marquez, close to Garagay, the shales, limestones and sandstones are intercalated with layers of andesite and tu; lavas with fossil wood may be present (Atherton et al., 1985: 48). The Casma group is made up of volcanic rocks (pillow lavas, tus and hyaloclastites), with some granodiorite clasts appearing in the upper sequence (upper Albian green agglomerate formationAtherton et al., 1985: 49). Inland, the intrusive rocks from the Coastal Batholith near Lima and Anco n are gabbros and diorites of the Patap unit and granodioritestonalites of the Santa Rosa units (Pitcher, 1985: 95, gure 9.2, table 9.1; INGEMMET, map 24i). Enclaves of microdiorite are also reported (Pitcher, 1985: table 9.1). Six soil samples were collected in and around Anco n. Three samples were collected from the site itself (two adobe fragments Pr71 and Pr73 from Miramar, and one sandy soil Pr74 from Las Colinas), two clays were collected from veins close to the shore in lithied clis of the Puente Inga formation (Pr76, Pr77) south of Anco n at Puente Inga, and one is a soil sample from a road cut in the lower Chillon valley at the head of the valley (Pr78). These comparative samples have been analysed chemically and are discussed in the cluster analysis and conclusion sections of the paper. The petrographic analysis of the Puente Inga clays shows a very homogeneous composition and no aplastic inclusions can be seen.

Pacific Ocean

Petrographic Analysis
All thin sections have been analysed under plain and cross-polarized light, reporting the type, size and roundness of the grains, grain alteration, paste colour and compaction, and the presence of voids. The UddenWentworth scale was used for granulometry (Folk, 1965). Roundness was estimated after Mu llers scale (1965 in Stienstra, 1986). The ruban count method was used for quantifying the number of grains per type and size (modal analysis). Percentages are based on 200 to 300 grain counts. Counting was performed on one to three thin sections per petrogroup. The petrogroups were constituted on qualitative ground.

Mineral Composition of the Anco n Ceramics


Petrographic analysis of the 73 thin sections of ceramics from Anco n shows only minor variations in their mineral composition. Four petrographic groups (or petrogroups) and ve subgroups are dierentiated (An-A, An-B, An-C, An-D, and An-B1, -B2, -B3, -B4, -B5). No pottery fragment presents a composition totally dierent from the rest. The petrogroups are

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production


Table 2. Mineral composition and mode of Anco n and Garagay ceramics Petrogroups An-A N =5 An-B N =30 An-C N =18 An-D N =4 Ga-A N =8 Ga-B N =2 INT* d-gd 195% gr, gd 147% gr, gd 116% gr, gd 49% gr, gab 58% d-gd (gab, gr) 256% VOLC and 11% tr-and 202% and 83% SED aren 17% aren, chert sltst, shale 53% aren, chert sltst 274% aren, chert 261% aren, chert 24% MET qzt, sch 25% qzt, sch 4% qzt, sch 07% Minerals 788% 665% Granulo L fs-vcs M fvs-ms L fs-vcs M vfs-cs L vfs-cs M vfs-cs L fs-cs M vfs-ms L fs-cs M vfs-cs L fs-g M vfs-ms Ware types ollas and undec bowls all types

33

368%

bowls bottles, 2 jars bowls, bottle, jar all types ollas

944% 598 72%

*INT, intrusive; VOLC, volcanic; SED, sedimentary; MET, metamorphic; d, diorite; gd, granodiorite; gr, granite; gab, gabbro; and, andesite; tr, trachyte; aren, arenite; sltst, siltstone; qzt, quartzite; sch, schiste; vfs, very ne sand (006250125 mm); fs, ne sand (0126025 mm); ms, medium sand (02605 mm); cs, coarse sand (051 mm); vcs, very coarse sand (12 mm); g, granule (24 mm).

distinguished from each other by paste texture, siltosity of the clay matrix and granulometry, rather than by mineral composition. The exception is petrogroup An-A, characterized by a dioriticgranodioritic temper with large angular rock fragments. The other petrogroups have a mixed composition of sedimentary, volcanic, intrusive, and a few metamorphic fragments. Volcanic and intrusive fragments are found in nearly all the thin sections. The volcanic fragments are porphyritic andesite and a few basalt fragments. The intrusive inclusions come from granite, granodiorite and more mac rocks. The sedimentary fragments are less abundant but more varied (argillite, sandstone, arenite, orthoquartzite, chert, siltstone and shale). Metamorphic rock fragments of quartzite and quartzmica schist are also present. The mineralogy of the paste conforms to the local geology detailed in the previous section. The intrusive rock fragments observed in the ceramic pastes derive from the Coastal Batholith, and dioritic outcrops are found 10 km inland. The andesites, quartz-arenites, cherts and carbonate fragments, and grain weathering are also typical of the coastal environments around Anco n. Aside from the rock fragments, the mineral inclusions are quartz, alkaline feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, pyroxene and a few small olivines. Iron oxides, nodules and opaque minerals are frequent. The mineral inclusions are weathered or recrystallized, and plagioclase is altered into calcite and damourite. Fifteen thin sections, of all ware types, contain recrystallized carbonates, small fragments of spicules (a calcareous or siliceous bodypart of invertebrates, like

sponges) and fossils of marine origin. Six thin sections have fragments of primary calcite, a mineral absent from the ceramic paste of Chav n de Hua ntar, Huaricoto, Pallka, the two Nepen a sites and Garagay. The angularity of the minerals and rock fragments ranges from subangular to rounded, with most of the lithics on the rounded side except for Petrogroup An-A, which has angular fragments. Granulometry ranges from ne sand (0125 mm) to very coarse (up to 2 mm in diameter). The ne-paste petrogroup An-C presents a more homogeneous granulometry. This group is composed of decorated and undecorated bowls and bottles, and two jars. Table 2 summarizes the mineral composition and mode of the Anco n ceramics. The petrographic observations, combining composition, grain angularity, alteration and granulometry, allow for interpreting the ceramic production of Anco n in terms of temper used, paste preparation and production groups. The diversity of the rock fragments and mineral inclusions within the ceramic paste, the roundness of the grains, their alteration, and the presence of carbonates, spicules of natural occurrence in marine sand, and marine fossils, suggest the use of unclassed sand temper collected on the littoral. The exception is petrogroup An-A, with large angular fragments and no coastal sand temper. This composition suggests the addition of crushed rock, probably from the intrusive outcrops inland next to Anco n. A ne and homogeneous granulometry, in a dark, non-silty clay matrix, is characteristic of bottles and some bowls. This was also observed for bottles from Chav n de Hua ntar and

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Pallka. The ne granulometry for bottles attests to the care given to paste preparation and production of this type of ware, probably in accordance with its function. However, the mineral composition of the ne-paste group is the same as for the other petrogroups, suggesting a similar resource area. The mineral variability observed within the same petrogroup indicates that the production was non-specialized and that the potters acquired their clay and temper from sources close to each other. The variability between groups is low, suggesting that the ceramics were produced within the same region around Anco n or in the nearby lower Chillon valley. Dierent ware forms were produced with the same paste, a custom still attested today (Druc, 1996). Finer grinding and preparation was reserved mainly for bottle manufacture. Three ollas and two undecorated bowls have a crushed granodiorite temper. They attest to a dierent technology (crushed rock versus sand temper), resource area and, probably, production place. This is also observed in Garagay and Nepen a.

Mineral Composition of the Garagay Ceramics


The 10 thin sections from Garagay are divided in two petrogroups, GaA and GaB, which have distinct mineralogical compositions. Petrogroup GaA is, in turn, subdivided into two subgroups, GaA1 and GaA2. Subgroup GaA1 is composed of seven ceramics (G1, G2, G3, G5, G8, G9, G10). This group is characterized by volcanosedimentary sand grains with ferromagnesian minerals. G9 and G10 have spherulite quartz grains. The mixed composition, alteration, roundness and presence of micrite grains suggest a coastal origin for the raw materials. The few intrusive fragments in the paste derive from the Coastal Batholith plutonic rocks (e.g. Patap gabbro and Santa Rosa groups). G3 is the archetype of this group: the lithic fragments are predominantly sedimentary (quartz arenite and chert) and volcanic (andesite). Intrusive rock fragments are of mac (gabbro) to intermediary and felsic type (granodiorite and granite with perthitic texture). Micrite grains and microdacite fragments are present. Lithic fragments and minerals are altered. Individual minerals in the matrix are quartz (the majority), alkali feldspar and plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, pyroxene, and some olivine, hematite grains and opaque minerals. The lithic fragments are ne to coarse sand in size. Individual minerals range from very ne sand-size to medium size. There are a few carbonates, which are ne sand sized. Subgroup GaA2 consists of the bottle fragment G7. The composition is volcanosedimentary with some ferromagnesian minerals. In contrast to the ceramics in petrogroup GaA, there is no biotite, hornblende, calcite or carbonate in the matrix. The lithic fragments

are andesite, chert, metamorphosed granite, and there is one basalt fragment. They are of medium to very coarse sand-size, rounded, and very altered. Some sea urchin spicules 1 to 12 mm in length (coarse to very coarse) with internal trachytic texture have been recrystallized with minerals. These recrystallized grains suggest a sand temper from the littoral. Quartz and feldspar are the main individual minerals with accidental very ne, coloured minerals (possibly mica or epidote). Petrogroup GaB consists of only two ceramics, G4 and G6. Both are undecorated ollas with crushed-rock temper. They are composed of medium sand-size to granule-size diorite/granodiorite fragments with plagioclase crystals (multiple albite twinning), hornblende, coarse clino- and orthopyroxene phenocrysts, olivine, and quartz; coarse to very coarse gabbro fragments with pyroxene, olivine and zoned plagioclase inclusions; very coarse sand-size to granule-size microgranite fragments with micrographic quartz, alkaline feldspar, and altered albite with ne white mica inclusions. Individual minerals are altered, angular to subangular, and of very ne to coarse sand-sized. They are the same as those constituting the rock fragments (hornblende, pyroxene, quartz and plagioclase). The individual grains probably come from the same source or result from the preparation of the raw material by crushing. Oxidized biotite and very ne chert fragments are also found in the clay matrix. The matrix is brown in crossed polarized light. Petrogroup GaA is characterized by abundant sedimentary fragments, while GaB has abundant intrusive and quartz fragments, and no volcanic (see Table 2). GaB also has a broader range of sizes (from very ne-sand to granule fragments) and more very ne sand grains in the matrix than GaA. The coarse fractions in GaB are composed of lithic fragments, an indication of rock-temper addition to a silty matrix (Velde & Druc, 1999). The paste composition of four petrogroups from Anco n and Garagay are illustrated in Figure 4. The Garagay ceramics studied by Ravines et al. (1982) are said to contain sand temper and quartz grains, in dierent proportions according to the ceramic categories. This sand temper probably corresponds to the sedimentary component observed in petrogroup GaA, but Ravines descriptions (Ravines et al., 1982) based upon macroscopic observation do not oer enough precision for direct comparison with our analysis.

Intersite Mineralogical Comparison


Compared to the ceramics from Chav n de Hua ntar, Pallka, Huaricoto and Nepen a, the mineral composition of the Anco n ceramics is very dierent. The grains are much more altered and rounded, with a high occurrence of sedimentary and volcanic components.

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production

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gd qz pl fd gd ch pl ch qzt

pl

ol px gd px pl qz qzt gd qz

pl gr

ch gd hn Garagay GaB (G4) qz fd fd qz pl fd dr dr qzt qz fd Garagay GaA (G4) fd

op ch dr ch fd

dr fd qzt

op op Ancn An-A (A30a) Ancn An-B (A32c)

Figure 4. Main ceramic petrogroups from Anco n and Garagay. Drawing after photomicrographs, 80. gr, granite; gd, granodiorite; dr, diorite; qz, quartz; fd, feldspath; pl, plagioclase; hn, hornblende; px, pyroxene; ch, chert; qzt, quartzite; op, opaque mineral.

These ceramics are also less granitic and more calcareous than those from the other sites. For example, the plutonic character of the inclusions is dominant in Pallka and Nepen a ceramics, whereas Huaricoto

sherds are characterized by metamorphic and sedimentary inclusions, and Chav n de Hua ntar ceramics have an extremely varied composition. The sedimentary and volcanic grains in the paste of many

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Table 3. Composition of Anco n ceramics (mean and standard deviation) and soil samples (range) Wgt% Ceramics (N =73) Pr76 Pr77 Pr78 Anco n Soils ppm Ceramics (N =73) Pr76 Pr77 Pr78 Soils SiO2 6691 267 5617 5583 5879 555592 Cr Al2O3 1981 158 3234 3574 2267 1671506 Co SO2 138 07 062 024 04 17308 Cu NaO 089 03 211 044 052 22913 Zn MgO 611 21 403 349 564 77676 Sr P2O5 021 008 054 018 016 027019 Zr CaO 185 06 063 041 207 52531 K2O 174 03 274 263 152 42525 TiO 049 01 059 007 065 08905 MnO 006 00 001 001 012 01801

34

18 77 176 25 3324

32

48 5 34 5 53

31 19 17 61 195193

86

246

72 44 62 127 198186

229 73 179 90 230 333142

133 43 87 85 90 9145

Chav n de Hua ntar sherds are of a dierent type than those of Anco ns. This led to the rejection of several attributions based on chemical similarities. The 10 thin sections from Garagay share paste similarities with the Anco n ceramics (i.e. sedimentary and volcanic grains abraded, weathered and rounded). However, they cannot be classied as having the same temper source. A coastal provenance for the Garagay tempers is suggested, but the marine sand temper in the Anco n ceramics is not found in the Garagay fragments that were analysed. The spicule fragments, biocarbonates and calcite fragments from a littoral marine environment are absent from the Garagay samples, with the exception of the bottle body G7. It is noteworthy, however, that coarse, intrusive rocktemper was used at both sites for the production of coarse, reddish ollas. This type of temper was also found in ollas from Nepen a. Although the diorite granodiorite fragments may pertain to the same formation, it is dicult to say if only one source area was mined for producing this kind of ware. To verify this possibility, detailed geochemical and geochronological studies of local sedimentary sources should be made. In any event, there is certainly a relation between the temper used and the function of the ware, perhaps to enhance heat resistance. The results of the chemical analysis presented in the next section help to reach an inter-regional perspective of the ceramic production at Anco n.

Pb. The concentrations of each were calculated with the program EXACT. The major and minor elements are recomposed by stoichiometric calculation as oxides in weight percent (Wgt%), while the traces are given in elemental concentrations and in parts per million (ppm). Some of these elements were excluded from the statistical analysis, in particular Ni, Se and Pb for Anco n, as a result of irregular detection. Two standards from the Canadian Metallurgical Society (CANMET) were analysed along with each batch to ensure the same analytical conditions were obtained for both the samples and the standards. (See Druc, 1998, for details about acquisition, calibration and normalization of the measures.)

Anco n Ceramic and Soil Compositions


The composition of the Anco n ceramics, Puente Inga clay samples (Pr76, Pr77, Chillon (pr78) and Anco n soils are given in Table 3. In the table, oxides are given in weight percent; traces are in parts per million (ppm). For the three soil samples from Anco n, the compositional range is shown, while the mean and standard deviation are given to illustrate the composition of the 73 Anco n ceramic samples. The dierences in chemical content among the Anco n samples are readily noticeable. The silica content is lower in the two clays, and the aluminium content is much higher than for the other soil samples and the ceramics, while the magnesium, calcium and iron contents are lower. No signicant dierences are observed in the concentrations of the other oxides or of the trace elements, except for Cu and Zn, which are much lower in the clays than in the rest of the samples.

Chemical Composition of the Anco n Ceramics


The XRF instrument used in the analysis of the Anco n and Garagay ceramics is a Kevex 700, an energydispersive device with seven secondary targets and a 16-sample tray. Powder samples of 120 to 300 mg were used in the form of pressed pellets. The major, minor and trace elements measured with Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Zr and

Garagay Ceramic Compositions


The mean and standard deviation of the composition of the Garagay ceramics are given in Table 4. Of the

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production


Table 4. Composition of Garagay ceramics (N =10) Wgt% Mean ppm Mean SiO2 6913 179 P 59076 25716 Al2O3 1633 068 Mn 34232 9401 SO2 016 012 Cr 164 37 NaO 056 026 Co 28 08 MgO 447 026 Cu 415 74 CaO 204 082 Zn 897 76 K2O 194 025 Sr 1448 186 TiO 021 006 Zr 798 79

37

10 Garagay fragments analysed, the red neckless olla fragment G6 is singled out for many elements. In particular, it has low SiO2 (6555%), high CaO (412%) and high Mn (524 ppm). The paste is very coarse with large inclusions that are visible to the naked eye. However, the chemical composition falls within the general prole for Garagay, and its production can be called local. It clusters with the other Garagay samples when several sites are compared, and is attributed to Garagay at 99% probability by discriminant analysis. The two samples G4 and G4b come from the same olla. This olla is coarse, and the duplicate G4b was made to verify internal homogeneity and the representativity of the sampling of coarse vessels. They were analysed in the same batch, under the same conditions. The results of the analysis show their compositions to be similar, with small variations in trace element contents, in particular Se and Pb. However, these two elements show great intrasite variability for all the wares, which may be due to their low presence and inhomogeneous distribution within the samples.

Garagay samples were compared to the Anco n fragments to see if they showed distinct, compositional memberships, suggesting dierent provenances. The Anco nGaragay comparison is presented last, after the description of the Anco n sample.

Cluster Analysis
This preliminary exploration of the Anco n data shows a rather homogeneous prole (Figure 5). In the dendrogram of the cluster analysis performed on the PCA factors, Euclidean distances, centroid method, several small subgroups can be distinguished. They group, however, ceramics with dierent mineral, formal and stylistic types. Although ne and coarse wares may cluster separately, some ceramics of very dissimilar appearance show very similar chemical composition (e.g. the olla A66d and the bottle A30c). These results corroborate the petrographic observations. The granodiorite-tempered ceramics, however, do not cluster tightly together. This suggests a diversity of production places (or potters) using dierent clays but similar temper. Other clustering methods (average and complete linkage) yielded the same grouping tendencies, particularly for the soil samples. Five of six comparative samples show a chemical composition dissimilar from the archaeological ceramics composition. The soil and clay samples are found in a marginal position in the dendrogram. They cluster down below the dendrogram, where ceramic A2b is also found, a black bowl with circle-impressed decoration. The two clays from Puente Inga link latest to the tree. The only soil sample to show compositional similarity with the Anco n ceramics, and with the bottle A1b in particular, is Pr78 from a road cut at the head of the Chillon valley. This may indicate a closer chemical kinship of the soil to the interior land than to the coastal sediments around Anco n. Another sample from further above the Chillon valley, at Santa Rosa, was also collected but excluded from the analysis because of its great compositional dierence. Given the above results, the sampled clays do not seem to correspond to the clay material used in the ceramic production at Anco n. The geological literature

Statistical Analyses
The 73 Anco n samples allowed dierent analyses to be conducted, looking at ware classication, chemical proles and group memberships. A cluster analysis was performed on the PCA factors built from a correlation matrix, following the advice of statistician Bernard Colin (Universite de Sherbrooke). Using the factors as variables (instead of the raw data) allows the correlation between the chemical elements to be taken into account. Group membership was obtained by discriminant analysis. The reference group for each site was constructed after elimination of the outliers. Although they are not natural chemical groups (the groups were pre-set), their homogeneity was corroborated by petrographic analysis. In discriminant analysis, one must also remember that attributions are made by default to the closest available match. This is the case with indirect attributions to Anco n, and is the reason for the need to include other coastal sites in the data set. Garagay is a rst attempt in that direction. The

38

I. C. Druc et al.
AN66a AN66b AN32c AN33l AN4p AN33d AN33l AN33h AN33o AN33i AN33o AN66b AN3b AN4c AN4g AN3k AN3j AN4e AN4k AN3i AN3m AN32a AN33n AN2d AN69b AN30d AN33i AN88c AN33c AN32b AN66a AN30a AN4q AN66d AN30c AN66h AN66i AN66c AN66d AN2a AN66a AN2c AN3d AN3e AN33m AN3c AN3f AN4e AN4f AN4h AN3l AN4d AN3b AN4m AN4n AN4a AN4i AN4b AN4j AN30b AN1b pr78 AN68f AN33g AN33k AN69a AN41 AN33b AN69g AN33a AN1a AN3a AN3g pr71 pr74 pr73 AN2b pr76 pr77

Linear Typology Analysis


Another type of statistical analysis conducted was linear typology analysis (Overall & Klett, 1972), using a program developed by Francis Forest (n.d.). This analysis identies dierent chemical types, ve in the case of Anco n. Three types (Types 2, 3, 4) compare well with either the mineral or the stylistic composition of the ware, while Types 1 and 5 show no archaeological or mineral signicance. Type 2 is rich in Mg and very poor in P; it brings together 14 Urabarriu-coeval wares and one Janabarriu bottle, of which only one is decorated. The majority are ollas and coarse bowls, and there are two bottles. The mineral composition is clearly felsic and volcanic (petrogroups An-B and An-C), which would explain the high Mg content. This type could be linked to the domestic character of the wares, being possibly more resistant to heating, as suggested by the presence of volcanic fragments and the coarse granulometry. Type 3 is characterized by a high content of Mn, Ca, Ti, Fe and P, and low Sr. It groups 16 ceramics of dierent forms but with the same mineral composition. Exceptions are for three sherds, which come from the Urabarriu and Janabarriu levels. Two stylistically atypical bowls and the clay gurine are in this group. Type 4 is very similar in sulphur and very poor in aluminium, magnesium and silica. The ceramics of this type are bottles, bowls (decorated and undecorated) and an olla. All but one (bottle A32C) are coeval with Janabarriu. The high sulphur content could be due to post-depositional contamination, but it may also result from the volcanic component of the local geology, a plausible explanation that needs exploration.

Site Signature
The chemical signature of Anco n, based on multiple discriminant analysis (Forest, n.d.), is characterized by the high content of trace elements (S, Cu, Cr and Sr) and the insignicance of the ferrous-clayey phase. The main chemical characteristics of Anco n are the strong presence of sulphur, which may be linked to the volcanic component in the local geologic environment; the high phosphate content, tentatively explained by the coastal environment of the site; and the calcareous phase, as typied by the presence of sandstone with calcareous cement, calcite and carbonates in the ceramic thin sections.

Figure 5. Classication of the Anco n samples by cluster analysis, centroid method (after Druc, 1998).

describes the Puente Inga clays as being highly fossiliferous. This high fossil presence was not recognized in the ceramic thin sections, which conrms the XRF results. Some spicules and carbonates were indeed found in the ceramic samples, but not in signicant quantity to imply that the pots were made with fossiliferous clay.

Temporal Variation
A time partition in relation to the chemical composition of ceramics from Anco n is observed. Urabarriu sherds are grouped separately from the Janabarriu-coeval ceramics. This fact can tentatively be interpreted as a dierence in the location of workshops or in the acquisition areas for raw materials in

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production

39

relation to time period. Such a time partition was not observed in the petrographic data. This could mean that the trace elements, which are not observable with a petrographic microscope, are responsible for the partition noted in the chemical data. It is possible that some variation in their concentration occurred during the occupation of the site. This classication, and the trace element variation responsible for it, could also be produced by chemical alteration during burial of the sherds. These hypotheses need further analysis in order to be veried.

Local Ceramics
The origin of the Anco n ceramics is local for more than 92% of them, based on discriminant analysis of the chemical data. This conrms the petrographic analysis, which indicates the use of coastal material and littoral sand in the ceramic production. The local geology strengthens the case for this conclusion. The decorated ceramics and the gurine also seem local. This includes several bowls and bottles with complex decoration, and two black bowls with stamped circles of the Janabarriu style. None of the stamped-circle bowls have been attributed to Chav n de Hua ntar (no chemical similarity) except for one ceramic (with only 56% probability). The provenance of the dioritic/granodioritic temper for petrogroup An-A can also be considered local, as diorite outcrops are found close to Anco n. However, the absence of a river or of a nearby fresh-water source is an obstacle for inferring ceramic production directly at the site. Rather, the workshops might have been situated closer to the valley. Thus, the term local, in the case of Anco n, includes the coast and the valley fringe around the site.

weakly attributed to Chav n suggest that these wares are probably from another site with a geochemical environment intermediate between Chav n and Anco n. Their provenance was not revealed by comparison with the Garagay ceramics. While no ceramic found in Anco n could be attributed to another of the sites sampled, the reverse is not true. Four ceramics found in Chav n de Hua ntar show a high probability of coming from the Anco n region. This is the case for a decorated non-Chav n style bowl (3752b, P =98%), an Urabarriu jar (3748b, P =96%) and two bottles (3758B, P =94%; 3765a, P =91%). Twelve other sherds had a low probability of membership to Anco n, and could not therefore be attributed to this site. They suggest, however, an as yet unknown provenance site with a geochemical signature similar to Anco ns. Unfortunately, Garagay cannot be considered as the provenance site for these sherds, as no attribution was made once this site was added to the data bank.

Time Periods of the Ceramic Exchanges


None of the four sherds from Chav n de Hua ntar attributed to Anco n are of the Janabarriu style. The inter-regional relationships with the coast seem limited in this case to the Urabarriu and Chakinani phases. This is not the case for exchanges between Pallka or Huaricoto and Chav n de Hua ntar, which were more prominent during the Chakinani phase and, above all, during the Janabarriu phase. In Chav n, only three out of 18 non-local ceramics are from the Urabarriu phase, suggesting that ceramic interactions were less frequent during that time.

Intersite Comparison
The compositions of the Garagay (N =10) and Anco n (N =73) samples were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) with 14 variables (Si, Al, Mg, Ca, K, S, P, Mn, Ti, Cr, Cu, Sr, Zr and Pb). A logarithmic transformation was performed on the raw data. The rst two principal components express 3075 and 144% of the total variance. The plot of the rst two components shows a clear separation between the Anco n and the Garagay fragments (Figure 6). The coarse olla A33a does not cluster with either one of these groups. This ceramic has many biocarbonates in its paste, and was attributed to Anco n in a prior analysis. A preliminary cluster analysis using average and complete linkage methods yielded the same separation between the ceramics from the two sites. Bottle G9, however, showed weak linkage to Anco n, rather than Garagay. The petrography and the PCA do not support this attribution, but it could suggest a production distinct from the other Garagay samples. The Garagay data (N =10) was added to the existing data for Chav n de Hua ntar (N =79), Pallka (N =31)

Inter-regional Comparison and Ceramic Exchanges


Apart from the reservations expressed in the introduction to the statistic section, interesting results come from the discriminant analysis of chemical data at the inter-regional level, inlcuding Chav n de Hua ntar, Huaricoto, Pallka and the two Nepen a sites. Only three ceramics from Anco n are attributed to another site (i.e. Chav n de Hua ntar), but with provenance probabilities too low to be retained (P =56, 62 and 86%). These three non-local ceramics are an undecorated, very ne black bowl (A1a) and two decorated Janabarriu bowls (A3g and A4e). Three ceramics show a low probability of membership to Anco n (between 79 and 84%). Most of the decorated wares, however, appear to be made in the region. These results conrm the homogeneity of the Anco n ceramics and the local character of the production compared to the other sites. No chemical similarity with the ceramics of Pallka, Nepen a or Huaricoto was observed. The three Anco n ceramics

40

I. C. Druc et al.
2

4 3

Figure 6. Classication of Garagay and Anco n ceramics by PCA, plot of the rst two components. Table 5. Matrix analysis of Anco n and Garagay ceramic samples (Si/Al ratios, means and standard deviations) Id A33h A88a A3k A4d A4e G3 G5 G6 G9 Type bowl olla bot. neck bowl dec. bowl olla bowl olla bot. neck Si/Al 215 138 206 221 223 283 253 206 180 Si 5067 071 5162 274 5119 196 5263 394 5312 103 5916 158 5807 183 4889 085 4602 489 Al 2358 188 2600 158 2503 298 2383 083 2325 077 2102 156 2299 112 2379 149 2551 190 Mg 410 07 238 024 444 112 535 216 343 132 272 041 198 016 282 075 491 287 K 493 04 618 226 45 085 516 097 234 001 396 176 478 045 371 098 447 084 Ca 168 003 223 012 203 123 186 029 34 004 29 094 297 053 392 079 255 038 Ti 120 06 059 010 066 022 076 054 218 254 092 052 086 041 114 007 059 017 Fe 1316 152 1044 120 1165 237 996 249 1066 331 829 061 782 046 1516 086 1561 440

and Anco n (N =73). Fifteen variables were retained for principal component analysis. The Chav n de Hua ntar group is poorly dened due to its high heterogeneous composition. It is a site where mineralogical and chemical composition variation is high, and more than 30% of the ceramics were found to be non-local (Druc, 1998). Pallka and Anco n samples are intermixed, while the Garagay samples cluster together, apart from the other samples, but for one marginal sample. Finally, discriminant analysis was conducted on the whole data

set. No Garagay fragments were attributed to any other site, and the membership probabilities to Chav n, Huaricoto, Pallka, Nepen a or Anco n are all very low or nil.

Clay Matrix Analysis


Five Anco n and four Garagay thin sections have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production


2
G6 CA A4e

41

FE G9

AL

G3 MG G5 SI A3k A33h A4d A88a K

better percentage of the total variance explained (F1=5794, F2=2636). This tentative factorial analysis shows no overlap of clay compositions between the two sites, suggesting the use of dierent clay resource areas for each site, and probably also on the local level. Olla G6 and bottle G9 denitely do not have the same clay material as pots G3 and G5 (see the dierences in Si and Fe contents). Similarly, bowl A4e diers from the other Anco n ceramics by its low K and high Ca contents. A SEM-EDX analysis of local clays around Anco n and Garagay could conrm the presence of dierent production sites.

Factor (2)

Conclusion
1 2

2 2

0 Factor (1)

Figure 7. Matrix analysis. Factor plot of principal component analysis, untransformed data, with classication of the ceramics and projection of the variables used in the analysis.

dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) in order to compare the compositions of the clay matrices. The samples were chosen so as to represent dierent petrogroups and ware types. The analysis was performed on four dierent areas per sample. The areas were free of inclusions, so that only the clay matrix composition could be analysed. Seven elements were measured. Table 6 gives the Si/Al ratio and mean elemental concentrations per sample. The Si/Al ratios give an idea of the type of clay used. Montmorillonite clay ratios range between 258 and 347, illite ratios between 153 and 262, and kaolinite ratios around 1 (Newman, 1987). According to these gures, the ratios measured for the Anco n ceramics suggest the use of illite clays, while the Garagay wares display illitic (G6, G9), montmorillonite (G3) and mixed (G5) clay types. The illite composition of the clay in the Anco n ceramics is in accordance with the local clays, particularly with the Puente Inga formation. The Anco n ceramics have a homogeneous matrix composition; that is, the elemental compositions are similar over the areas analysed. For Garagay, internal homogeneity is great for G3, G5 and G6. In contrast, the bottleneck G9 shows more variability, particularly in Si and Fe concentrations. Olla samples A88a from Anco n and G6 from Garagay were chosen because of their dioritic rock temper. The matrix analysis shows that the clay used for their production is not the same, ruling out a sameprovenance theory. Because of the small size of the data set, the factor plot of principal component analysis of the Anco n Garagay SEM-EDX data (Figure 7) serves mainly to visualize the elemental dierences between the samples. The analysis was performed with six variables (Si, Al, Mg, K, Ca and Fe). Titanium was omitted due to its high standard deviation. Its omission allows for a

The analysis shows that the great majority of ceramic production in Anco n is local, and that ceramics were produced around the site or near the coastal valleys. The potters used littoral sand temper and, for a few cooking pots, rock temper. A specialized preparation of clays is observed for bottles and some bowls, including ner grinding during the raw material preparation. The position of the comparative samples in the Anco n dendrogram of the cluster analysis suggests that the origin of the clay for the production of the majority of the ceramics found in Anco n was not near the site. The rarity and type of fossils in the thin sections (as compared to the rich ammonoid Puente Inga clays described in the literature) suggest that the clay used by the potters who made the ceramics found in Anco n was probably not from Puente Inga outcrops near the site. Clay beds closer to the Chillon valley are more likely to be the source. SEM-EDX studies, comparing the composition of the clay in the ceramic paste and clay samples from the Puente Inga formation as well as secondary clay deposits in the region, would certainly help in answering this question. Some of the temper grains, however, show a distinct marine origin, and the roundness of the grains suggests that the temper could be derived from sand collected on shore. This would suggest that the ceramic production was done either in the littoral zone, using clays from inland sources, or inland near the mouth of or in the Chillon valley, with temper collected on the shore. A few production sites must have also been near diorite or granodioritic outcrops, to account for the presence of these types of inclusions in some of the ceramics from Anco n. The same remark applies to the two Garagay fragments with crushed diorite temper. The other ceramics analysed from Garagay must have been produced inland, near the site, using coastal sand temper. A similar situation probably occurred in the Lurin valley, south of Garagay. Trisha Thormes work (pers. comm., 1999) indicates many local production centres in Lurin during the Initial Period, and the work at Manchay Bajo appears to have located at least one local centre of production (Burger & Salazar Burger, pers. comm.).

42

I. C. Druc et al.

Despite the stylistic diversity in Anco n, non-local ceramics are rare. Their presence is attested by the chemical analyses, which identied six of 73 ceramics with exogenous composition (if the wares with low membership are considered). However, none can be attributed to the other sites sampled with a high level of condence. Inter-regional relations with Chav n de Hua ntar are attested to by the presence of four ceramic fragments found in Chav n de Hua ntar, but produced in the region of Anco n. This indicates a movement towards Chav n from the coast (and not the contrary), a fact that is also observed for Pallka and Huaricoto (Druc, 1998). Finally, no ceramic exchanges between Anco n and Garagay or the coastal valleys of Nepen a, Casma (Pallka), or the Callejo n de Huaylas (Huaricoto) were observed. The lack of ceramic exchange between Anco n and Garagays samples as well as the local character of Anco ns ceramic production suggest that shoreline villages could produce their own pottery, although it was thought that sher folk would have acquired all their ceramics from inland centres. In turn, the ceramics from the ceremonial centre of Garagay were probably produced near the site or in the Rimac valley. Comparative materials and a larger ceramic sample would help conrm this point. The analyses also suggest that none of the ceramics analysed from Garagay could have been made in Chav n de Hua ntar, Huaricoto, Pallka, Nepen a or Anco n. None were exchanged between Garagay and the other sites studied above. This result could have been expected for the comparison between Garagay and the sites of Pallka, Huaricoto and Nepen a, due to their distance from each other and to the sites involved. These sites were probably less prone to contact with the central coast sites. The absence of ceramic exchange between Garagay and Chav n de Hua ntar (no similarities in composition) is a little more surprising, but one must take into account the limited size of the sample. These two sites are important ceremonial centres, and stylistic inuence have occurred between Chav n and Garagay. Although the size of the Garagay sample is small, the chemical and mineralogical signatures observed yield information about the materials expected in ceramic production. Compositional similarities with other productions can thus be explored. The absence of compositional similarity between the ceramics from Garagay and Anco n is consistent with the latest models of Richard Burger (1992) and Patterson et al. (in prep.). It was thought that the people living in the shing village of Anco n would interact with ceremonial centres in the coastal valleys (Patterson, 1971), including Garagay. Anco n would trade marine products with inland sites to obtain agricultural goods. However, Burger (1992) proposes that the centres and social units based around the same irrigation systems would interact preferentially. Similar hypotheses of restricted interactions are proposed for

the acquisition of subsistence goods by Quilter et al. (1991) for the Late Preceramic and Initial Period site of El Paraiso in the Chillon valley, and by Ravines et al. (1982) for Garagay. Thus, interaction was focused locally and within the same drainage, while little exchange is observed between more distant valleys. If this model is correct, prospective studies of ceramics from the ceremonial centre of Huacoy in the Chillon valley should reveal the presence of ceramic exchanges with Anco n. Richard and Lucy Burgers investigations in the Lurin valley show cultural and probably socioeconomic interdependency between coastal and inland communities, and even between lower, middle and high valley units. The location of Garagay in the Rimac valley, and Anco n on the shore between the Chillon and Chancay valleys, would explain the absence of interactions observed through a study of these ceramics.

Acknowledgements
This research was made possible thanks to a grant from the SSHRC (Social Sciences and Human Resources Council of Canada). Our acknowledgement also goes to several people, museums and institutions that provided the ceramic samples and the logistical support to conduct the analysis, in particular, Richard Burger, Jose Pinilla Blenke, Yale University, Universite de Montre al and Universite de Sherbrooke.

References
Allaby, A. & Allaby, M. (Eds) (1996). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amiel, R. W. (1970). Geolog a del a rea de Anco n, zona Piedras Gordas. Boletin Te cnico 1, 5355. Colegio de Ingenieros del Peru. Atherton, M. P., Warden, V. & Sanderson, L. M. (1985). The Mesozoic marginal basin of Central Peru. In (W. S. Pitcher & M. P. Atherton, Eds) Magmatism at a Plate Edge: The Peruvian Andes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 4759. Burger, R. L. (1972). The ceramic sequence of the Early Horizon from Anco n. Unpublished paper presented at the XII Annual Meeting of the Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley. Burger, R. L. (1981). The radiocarbon evidence for the temporal priority of Chav n de Hua ntar. American Antiquity 46(3), 592 602. Burger, R. L. (1984)). The Prehistoric Occupation of Chav n de Hua ntar, Peru. Anthropology 14. Berkeley: University of California Press. Burger, R. L. (1987). The U-shaped pyramid complex, Cardal, Peru. National Geographic Research 3, 363375. Burger, R. L. (1992). Chav n and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson. Burger, R. L. & Salazar Burger, L. (1991). Recent investigations at the Initial Period center of Cardal, Lur n Valley. Journal of Field Archaeology 18, 275296. Carrion Cachot, R. (1948). La cultura Chav n, dos nuevas colonias: Kuntur Wasi y Anco n. Revista del Museo Nacional de Antropolog a Arqueolog a II, 99172.

Anco n and Garagay Ceramic Production


Druc, I. C. (1996). De la etnograf a hacia la arqueolog a: Aportes de entrevistas con ceramistas de Ancash (Peru) para la caracterizacio n de la cera mica prehispa nica. Bulletin de lInstitut Franc ais dE u tudes Andines 25, 1741. Druc, I. C. (1997). Caracte risation et analyse de provenance de la production ce ramique dans laire dinuence Chav n (Andes centrenord): Un aspect des relations interre gionales a ` lHorizon ancien. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universite de Montre al. Druc, I. C. (1998). Ceramic Production and Distribution in the Chav n Sphere of Inuence. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 731. Forest, F. (n.d.). Programmes danalyse discriminante multiple et danalyse typologique line aire. De partement danthropologie, Universite de Montre al. Folk, R. L. (1965). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin: Hemphills. INGEMMET (Instituto Geolo gico Minero y Metalu rgico) (1982). Inventario Nacional de Sustancias no Metalicas. Lima: Ingemmet. INGEMMET. (1992). Geolog a de los cuadrangulos de Lima, Lurin, Chancay y Chosica. Bolet n 43. Lima: Ingemmet. Matos Mendieta, R. (1968). A formative period painted pottery complex of Anco n. American Antiquity 32, 226232. Newman, A. C. D. (Ed.) (1987). Chemistry of clays and clay minerals. Mineralogical society monograph 6. Longman Scientic & Technical. Overall, J. E. & Klett, C. J. (1972). Applied Multivariate Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Patterson, T. C. (1971). Chav n: An interpretation of its spread and inuence. In (E. P. Benson, Ed.) Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Chav n. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp. 2948. Patterson, T. C., Burger, R. L. & Wallace, D. (in prep.). The Archaeology of the Anco n Shellmounds. Pitcher, W. (1985). A multiple and composite batholith. In (W. S. Pitcher & M. P. Atherton, Eds) Magmatism at a Plate Edge: The Peruvian Andes. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Quilter, J., Ojeda, E. B., Pearsall, D. M., Sandweiss, D. H., Jones, J. G. & Wing, E. S. (1991). Subsistence economy of El Para so, an early Peruvian site. Science 251, 277283. Ravines, R. & Isbell, W. (1976). Garagay: Sitio ceremonial temprano en el valle de Lima. Revista del Museo Nacional 46, 253275. Ravines, R., Engelstad, H., Palomino, V. & Sandweiss, D. H. (1982). Materiales arqueolo gicos de Garagay. Revista del Museo Nacional XLVI, 135233. Rosas, H. (1970). La secuencia cultural del periodo Formativo en Anco n. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. Scheele, H. (1970). The Chav n occupation of the central coast of Peru. Ph.D. Dissertation. Harvard University. Stienstra, P. (1986). Systematic macroscopic description of the texture and composition of ancient pottery. Some basic methods. University of Leiden, Department of Pottery Technology. Newsletter 4, 2948. Velde, B. & Druc, I. C. (1999). Archaeological Ceramic Materials. Origin and Utilization. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.

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