MOTIVATION - the aspect of behavior that deals with the understanding of why human beings behave the way

they do - motive comes from the Latin word, movere which means to move - what moves people to start, direct and continue doing tasks TWO KINDS OF MOTIVATION INTRINSIC the source of motivation is within ourselves or internal EXTRINSIC the source of Motivation is based on external factors such as rewards APPROACHES TO MOTIVATION Instinct Approach - anchored on the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exists in both man and animals called instinct Two Primal Instincts - these basic drives exert their influence unconsciously o Sexual Instincts motivate behaviors related to organs o Self-preservation instincts motivate behaviors related to survival Drive-Reduction Approach - involves the concepts of needs and drives by which an organism in need for survival finds itself in a psychological tension and physical arousal that motivate such organism to act to fulfill the need and reduce tension Incentive Approach - human beings are motivated to engage in behaviors that are rewarded and avoid those behaviors that are punished Arousal Approach - involves the recognition of another need the need for stimulation Humanistic Approach - based on the work of Abraham Maslow, it favors a more positive view of human behavior. Maslow proposed that there are several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment The needs at one level must be at least partially satisfied before those at the next level become important motivators of action. When food and safety are difficult to obtain, efforts to satisfy those needs will dominate a persons action while the higher motives will have little significance. Self-actualization, the highest goal of all, represents a sort of an all-encompassing selffulfillment. According to Maslow, the self-actualized individual is attuned to the realities of his or her existence. Maslows theory emphasizes the individuals own role in defining and creating his or her destiny. Maslow considered the following behavior important to attaining self-actualization: 1. Be fully aware and focused in living your life

2. Try something new rather than sticking to secure ways 3. Listen to your feelings in evaluating experiences rather than to the voice of tradition, authority or the majority. 4. Be honest; avoid pretenses or game playing. 5. Be prepared to be unpopular if your views do not coincide with those of the majority. 6. Assume responsibility. 7. Work hard at whatever you decide to do. 8. Identify your defenses and muster courage to give them up.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

TYPES OF MOTIVES OR DRIVES A. The Physiological Motives - referred to as primary, biological and basic needs (air, food, water, sex, sleep, activity and the relief of colon and bladder pressures) 1. The Hunger Drive When one feels hungry, the stomach becomes unusually active and one experiences what is known as the hunger pang. The hunger pangs and contractions of the stomach appear to depend on the chemical composition of the blood. When the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood falls below a certain point, the hunger drive is activated, signaling

one to eat. After eating, the blood sugar level goes up and the hunger drive is turned off. 2. The Thirst Drive It had been observed that when one is thirsty, the mouth and throat feel exceptionally dry and parched. However, recent studies indicate that the thirst drive is regulated by a specific part of the brain, the anterior hypothalamus. If the level of salt in the body increases, the anterior hypothalamus sends thirst messages. 3. The Sex Drive Although it is not essential to individual survival, sex is responsible for the preservation of species. Touch is the most obvious source of sexual arousal. Certain areas of the body, called erogenous zones, are particularly sensitive to touch. 4. The Sleep Drive This need is vitally important to survival and must be satisfied at periodic intervals. Recent studies suggest that the reticular activating system, the thalamus and the brainstem are involved in the regulation of sleep. Sleep takes two forms: 80% of sleep is spent in ordinary or none rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) 20% of sleep is spent in paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep (REM) B. The Social Motives - are highly complex and learned motives acquired in the process of interaction with other human beings in a given culture. As identified by Henry A. Murray: 1. Achievement To accomplish something difficult To rival and surpass others To increase self regard by the successful exercise of talents 2. Affiliation To adhere and remain loyal to a friend To enjoyably cooperate and reciprocate with an allied other 3. Aggression To overcome opposition forcefully To fight and to revenge an injury To attack or injure To oppose or punish another 4. Autonomy To resist coercion and restriction To become free (free to act on impulse) To quit or avoid activities prescribed by domineering authorities 5. Dominance To control ones human environment To influence, persuade or command 6. Exhibition To make an impression To be seen or heard To shock, intrigue amuse, or entice others To excite or fascinate

7. Order To put things in order To achieve organization, arrangement, balance and cleanliness 8. Sex To form erotic relationships To have sexual intercourse 9. Understanding To be interested in theory To formulate, analyze, and generalize To ask or answer general questions