3 M -

C.P. No. 1385

PROCUREMENT EXECUTIVE, MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CURRENT PAPERS

The Performance Centrifugal

of a 6.5 Pressure Compressor Impeller

Ratio

having a

Radially-Vaned

M. G. Jones IVationalGas TurbineEstablishment, Farnborough, Hants.

LONDON:

HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICE 1977 f2.50 net

C.P. No. 1385* September 1976

THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 PRESSURE RATIO CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELLER - by M-G. Jones

SUMMARY The aerodynamic design and experimental compressor designed for a pressure are described, a transonic, to-total ratio ratio performance of a centrifugal speed of 68 impeller and total-

of 6.5 and a specific of a radially-vaned

The compressor consisted vaned radial diffuser.

At design speed a peak overall

isentropic of 5.9, rising

efficiency

of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. that high vanein and a

to 0.79 at a pressure of the impeller was partly

A theoretical

analysis

channel flow suggests responsible

to-vane aerodynamic loading performance. detailed The impeller

for the shortfall diffuser

was also tested pressure walls.

with a vaneless

analysis

is made of static and vaned diffuser

measurements on the impeller Several recommendations are

shroud and vaneless made regarding

the design and testing

of centrifugal

compressors.

*Replaces NGTE R 342 - ARC.37 043.

-2CONTENTS

Report

342

Page 1.0 2.0 Introduction Compressor 2.1 2.2 3.0 design

3 4 4 6
test facility

Impeller Diffuser experimental

Compressor 3.1 3.2

Test rig Instrumentation 3.2.1 3.2.2 Aerodynamic Mechanical instrumentation instrumentation - Design impeller with vaneless

6 6 7 7
8 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 17 18

4.0

Overall 4.1 4.2

performance Builds diffuser I and II

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.0

Detailed 5.1

Build III Build IV Build V Build VI Build VII collector Choice of static

impeller with vaneless diffuser - Design - Design compressor stage Modified impeller with vaneless diffuser Modified compressor stage _ _ . compressor stage with redesigned - Modified impeller pressure exit station

measurements

5.2 5.3 6.0

Appendix Appendix References Table Table Table Table Table Table Table I II III IV V VI VII A B

Impeller shroud Vaneless diffuser Vaned diffuser Definitions Derivation of performance parameters

Conclusions

of Mach numbers

20 21 24 25 26 27 28
29

Main

design

parameters

Summary Build Build Build Build III

of builds derived parameters parameters parameters parameters and predicted efficiencies Figures test

V derived VI derived VII derived of

Comparison

30 31
l-23

Illustrations

-31.0 Introduction The requirement in the past decade or so for small

Report 342 gas turbine

engines for advanced helicopter propulsion and for other aeronautical applications such as auxiliary power units has renewed interest in the centrifugal compressor which gave way to the axial machine for larger aircraft powerplants during the 'fifties. The centrifugal's advantages of simplicity, ruggedness, stability of operation and possible greater efficiency at high pressure ratios in small sizes are now widely recognised. A programme of centrifugal compressor research was therefore initiated at the National Gas Turbine Establishment (NGTE) in 1971. It can be shown by means of simple cycle calculations with a turbine entry temperature consistent with uncooled blades, an important factor in reducing cost and complexity in small engines, and assuming best current component efficiencies, that minimum specific fuel consumption is obtained at an overall cycle pressure ratio of at least 8. At the present time, the highest overall compression efficiency for such pressure ratios would be obtained not from a single centrifugal compressor stage but from a combination of a centrifugal stage preceded by one or more axial stages, in which case the greater the proportion of the compression done by the axial stages the A common arrangement, being a higher the optimum overall pressure ratio. convenient compromise between complexity and efficiency, is to use a single in which case the cycle calculations give axial stage ahead of a centrifugal, an optimum overall pressure ratio of about 9. Assuming a pressure ratio from the axial stage of around 1.4, that for the centrifugal becomes about 6.5. The other major parameter defining the duty of a centrifugal compressor is specific speed which is a function of impeller rotational speed, mass flow and work input. At least two slightly different formulae for specific speed exist and the one which will be used in this Report is due to Balje/l. Various attempts have been made to correlate centrifugal compressor efficiency with specific speed and to define an optimumvaluefor the latter. However, examination of a number of engine designs shows that, for a given pressure ratio, the specific speed of the centrifugal compressor is limited by turbine blade stressing considerations to a value below any such aerodynamic optimum. This limiting specific speed is lower for a centrifugal compressor forming part of an axial-centrifugal compressor combination provides the whole compression of the cycle. than for one which

-4This ance of 6.5 evaluation Report of describes a centrifugal speed of 68, the aerodynamic compressor these compressor design having values and experimental an overall the

Report

342

performratio

pressure design to

and a specific to the

rendering

relevant C139A, stacked 2.0

an axial-centrifugal design used a single-sided

system. alloy

Referred impeller

as compressor radially-

aluminium radial

with

vanes

and a transonic design duty for the

vaned

diffuser.

Compressor The design

compressor ratio efficiency

was as follows: 6.5 0.8 1.814 kg/s rev/min

Overall Overall Mass flow Rotational Specific A list of the of all the main is

pressure isentropic

speed speed design shown parameters is

40,000 68 given in in

Table 1.

I and

the

layout

compressor 2.1 Initially,

diagrammatically

Figure

Impeller a one-dimensional of the impeller specification contours were were given to flow such analysis as tip was laid made up of the vanes that was used diameter. down for circular to provide Based the arcs on this the data impeller.

overall

dimensions

an empirical The hub necessary at the inlet

geometrical wall

complete and the a camber stacked in that it

and shroud twist

and form shroud radius of

by specifying the vanes were

line

and prescribing camber line of

radially. straight and finally halfway vanes for

The form the became through was specified having in the the

the

was relatively the to vane, the

simple followed

was arc

leadingedgeregion straight impeller by the simple

by a circular rotation

and parallel flow path.

axis

of

approximately thickness of the

The circumferential line contours in the

straight line of

meridional main vanes,

plane. were

Intervanes, also included Having for the

same camber portion a complete

and thickness the impeller.

as the

radial

formulated it

and detailed to take the surface surface for this the

geometrical design a stage Throughflow analysed.

specification further and 2 in vane

impeller, the the internal flow the surface. tip but of in shape

was decided aerodynamics

assess which exercise camber impeller from impeller

using stream stream

Matrix is

technique For this of at not the

a meridional of This it the mean

design the

was taken slip

to be that

implies

no allowance that

or deviation would in

was considered using the

assumption

detract an of the

the

value design.

throughflow for the flow

analysis blockage

as an aid due to the

selecting

To allow

presence

-5vanes, the ratio the thickness of vane throughflow for blockage task of thickness analysis created the stream to vane is the surface pitch. modelling annulus was taken The most of wall of the

Report to be proportional difficult flow problem losses layers. account and For of viscous the

342 to in

applying allowance the present

by the

boundary taking

a simple

approach local for

was adopted polytropic layer the

effects flow field

by assuming with

a constant

efficiency blockage.

throughout

no allowance analysis hub

boundary provides These suction

The throughflow velocity the relative along the velocities of for

distribution

of relative represent surfaces layer To provide some mean of and so along for

and shroud. on the vane of

velocities

and pressure and boundary design. axial

provide the vane

a measure surfaces the flow along theory should design model the Smith not

the

rate

diffusion the impeller for free

growth

assessing

a means Smith3 linearly boundary

judging a simple distance layer ratio

of blade in profile concluded exceed 1.5. study. is which

profiles the

turbomachines, velocity decreased two-dimensional separation, a similar that it the flow velocity model

examined with

stream

boundary. that, to

By applying avoid flow came to it

the

velocity in a

Dallenbach4 Whilst highly

conclusion the flow

centrifugal a centrifugal absence for the

compressor compressor relevant impeller

was appreciated

within in the

three-dimensional, to assess the simple

was decided, distributions of Dallenbach

of more current

information, design using

and

Smith. The result specification in of to that the the the limiting impeller for relative value geometry of the of the applying impeller velocity of about were throughflow was to ratio 1.5. for analysis show that the Following the this to the initial empirical

geometry of 3.5 analysis the final in

was unacceptable was far four design Figure final on two is much hub two and in excess modifications specifi2 which

shroud

made before

reaching

cation. compares impeller accounts. reduced shroud should the

The value the hub

throughflow wall

analysis for is

can be seen the initial

and shroud

velocities design velocity a smaller of the

and

geometries. Firstly, and, velocities provide secondly, in improved

The final the adverse there the region flow is

considered gradient difference for

to be superior the between These and shroud the

impeller within

outlet. the impeller

factors to

conditions

at entry

diffuser. The final geometrical I. above specification The method for the of initial for the impeller the is geometry except that given is in very final

Figures similar

3 and 4 and Table to that described

defining design

the

-6shroud camber radial wall surface stacking contour is is defined defined in by a "supercircle" Figure 4 in the terms of or Lam'e oval. a camber line

Report The vane for which to

342 the be

criterion

has allowed to radius.

circumferentiai

co-ordinate

non-dimensionalised 2.2 A vaned designed and diffuser radius than at impeller the on the vane vane tip Diffuser radial

according

diffuser of

having a short with

a straight vaneless a transonic

channel space

centre-line the impeller

was tip The greater was be imposed and weight. to the by

principle leading leading radius

between

edge edge

approach chosen

Mach number, cent edge would area equal

was therefore radius of the at the

as 5 per trailing which frontal distance

and the

vane

selected in

as being engine

representative application walls were of each throat flow

limiting

value of

an actual front of

by considerations separated employed. channel increasing at of throat region were by an axial

Parallel tip giving angle width the of

and rear the impeller walls lo of with account aspect outlet at the the the

The diffusion a "trumpet" towards diffuser the shape the

was achieved with channel

side

an included outlet. zero Based

only

on an estimate was specified Taking a throat and of the channel

conditions surface required in the angle and area diffuser point

approach, vanes.

incidence

suction of the ratio included width

area of

and of the

the

desirability of vanes values by by

of

channel channel

unity,

number

selected These

to give were

suitable chosen

length/throat to the the static assumed appropriate chosen pressure region

ratio. performance being

reference Runstadler', of maximum within that the

map presented determined consistent

operating recovery of "no

by considerations with in remaining Figure 3 of

coefficient appreciable

stall"

defined

reference. The initial diffuser 5 and the design main was designated parameters facility Al. are A single given in channel Table I. is

shown 3.0

in

Figure

design test

Compressor 3.1 Test

experimental rig layout of the

A schematic compressor impeller on the was driven

test turbine

rig

is through

given

in

Figure step-up

6.

The The a flange

by an air being

a 2/l drive

gearbox. of

was "overhung", back face. ball aerodynamic and passed

bolted shaft ran

to in

the

shaft

by means

The drive bearings axial axially

two preloaded, a balance Air entered

squeeze-filmed, piston the venturi to remove from into a

angular-contact most of the

and also thrust through

carried load.

compressor nozzle

atmosphere

a flow-measuring

-7plenum eye. having throttle turned an orifice 9o", the 3.2 chamber After from which the the convergent the inlet flow duct entered led into the

Report impeller collector duct, diffused followed turn

342

leaving

compressor, outlet of the into After turbine

a scroll-type divergent

a single valve. by a 90' plate flow

tangential Downstream cascade flowmeter. the

connected, valve, the

by a short flow

to and by through

was further section and another

elbow

a flow-straightening further exhaust expansion stream.

joined

Instrumentation and test rig were of fitted the with comprehensive performance monitoring instrumentof the the

The compressor ation impeller mechanical to permit

a detailed In of the

evaluation addition, compressor

aerodynamic for

and diffuser. integrity 3.2.1 Before describing in addition and vaned by running pressure

instrumentation was incorporated.

Aerodynamic the to

instrumentation instrumentation of the overall of the it is necessary stage to

aerodynamic the

explain of the

that, impeller

measurement the

performance was

diffuser, it in

performance with

impeller.alone diffuser. chamber, of the the in

investigated Static impeller and vaned tappings space complete and D). where, on both vaned selected have vaned tappings pressures Air constantan at diffuser four inlet

conjunction were

a vaneless in the plenum

tappings casing, the

situated front

the

and shroud and in inlet

on the outlet casing. the main

and rear Figure

walls

vaneless of by

diffusers in the

duct.

7 shows the limitations

locations imposed fairly planes diffuser radii

and shroud

Within objective

and other sets Figure basically, walls diffuser. to have at of

instrumentation, tappings 8 shows eight were used. Two, the radial Figure in

was to have positions in the (radial vaneless

two circumferential location planes of tappings tappings the with

at various of

repeated in were others to the a

9 shows

arrangement opposite, tappings Since the

tappings channels

approximately set throat of

diametrically centre-line only. the

a complete channel

and eight front

tappings diffuser

and exit of space

wall only

of those

was the in measured

same as that the vaneless on mercury was measured at the entry collector were to

vaneless used

diffuser, on that wall.

occurring were

were

All

or water using the

manometers. stagnation, half-shield (in At the each plenum of these type chromel-

temperature thermocouples exit and in

compressor duct.

chamber), three

outlet

stations

thermocouples

used.

-8-

Report of an "N/fimeter". disc, a light for variation speed of driven whose of This through frequency compressor is a

342

Rotational stroboscopic meter adjusted temperature. a magnetic ated Venner in the digital Air located being back-up also being diameter mass from the device

speed in

was which shaft,

set

by means

a marked is viewed to

rotating under allow

a tachocan be inlet of

turbine

by a calibrated The actual pick-up sensing

capacitor compressor the

rotational frequency

was measured a toothed wheel

by means incorporon a

passing

gearbox-to-compressor counter. flow of was measured the plenum tappings for in tappings this the

connecting

shaft

and was displayed

by a venturi chamber, at inlet

nozzle

to

BS 1042 6, at

specification pressures throat. plate, pressures a A

upstream measured and

as shown and eight

in Figure tappings

static the

by four cross-check situated by four

instrument outlet duct

was provided (see Figure

by an orifice 6), and four static half

to BS 1042, measured

one diameter by a single instrumentation monitor strain

upstream upstream

downstream 3.2.2 In order to

and temperature Mechanical continuously of eight

thermocouple.

possible gauges were

vibrational attached the

stresses to the inducer such unit

in inducers

the

impeller of two,

vanes

a total

approximately to be the from bullet the

diametrically region strain l), likely gauges to

opposite, to were experience fed,

vanes, the via

being stresses. enclosed in

considered The the signals intake

highest ring

a slip

(Figure check mounted

an ultra-violet vibration with levels perpendicular edge, greater on orbital transducers upstream on the

galvanometer of the axes rear 2 to of of rig

recorder. was kept intake impeller were impeller was axes hub. The by means flange casing

A continuous of just accelerometers upstream of turbine

on the inpairs

on the the

the

impeller casing.

leading Velocities A check displacement

and on the considered provided reading maximum by from

than

3 cm/s the

to be excessive. two the inductive slip radius devices shroud the ring

motion

on perpendicular of the impeller

drive of orbit

extension was 50 to in

allowable Several

75 urn. the rig were to measure situated and maintain in a loop to the too a number of copper of

were clearance.

incorporated Cut wire casing. surface the

impeller positions wire

vane in

probes These

impeller from the

shroud casing if

incorporate equal test circuit Actual

projecting clearance cut to the

by a distance during

required small, the air the

minimum wire supply is

so that, thus

clearance an electrical off.

becomes and minimum

through driving

breaking

causing

turbine

to be shut

clearance

-9occurring the casing during which vane vane tips each were had test was recorded after back whilst casing by soft metal plugs amount each test

Report projecting by which speed, the

342 from

removed cut were them

running measured.

and the At

impeller of the tip the

readings at

clearance position

taken on the

running (about

using 6 per

two Fenlow cent These less than

probes impeller the by

same radial radius) of but

separated rotor has

circumferentially to be determined to be driven a capacitor towards connected

by 90'.

enable the

clearance which known 4.0

a moving probe

by measuring the to rotor the

amount reaching discharges.

a moving clearance Overall Seven

before probe

the

at which performance builds tests rev/min. where 101.32 are of the

compressor conducted The performance been

were at

tested, a range of

as summarised speeds quoted to the up to in the

in the

Table design following

II.

For

most of

builds, 40,000 have, of parameters 4.1 These

were

speed sections

parameters corrected

appropriate, kN/m2 given I and II of the pressure

standard

inlet Definitions

conditions of the

and 288.15 A. impeller with checks, contact

K temperature.

in Appendix - Design impeller

Builds builds

with

vaneless

diffuser diffuser were of the

design

a vaneless notably the

devoted impeller casing

to mechanical shroud at It the is

and instrumentation to prevent

adjustment vane tips

clearance higher speeds. for losses for the

between

and shroud

desirable to reduce

the

clearance to flow

at

design

speed

to be as small Some allowance

as is has the

practicable to be made, surge condition

due

recirculation. reduction on the of about in

however,

possible extra running

temporary loads

clearance

at

due to design for the

imposed

compressor

components

and a minimum appropriate the shroud of

point present

clearance

400 urn was considered for the first build, on

compressor.

Accordingly, to whole I) it give length

casing

inner

contour

was designed the

a static of the that

clearance impeller the speed

assembly shroud. near the

approximately running tip the

400 urn along impeller (Build with

Upon impeller

was found rotational

clearance due, For by 150 pm

was reducing of the

increasing under region collector,

probably, Build II

to "dishing" the static the whole

impeller in this

centrifugal was therefore shroud drive

loading. increased casing shaft to running situation

clearance of the

by shimming assembly static design it

diffuser, to however,

and intake casing. allow the and This

axially clearance speed

upstream still

relative proved, whilst

the

impeller

to be insufficient the that required this

to be reached until Build III,

retaining below,

clearance was achieved.

was not

described

- 10 4.2 This measurement of the impeller impeller the Build build of III the - Design compressor with this impeller with first vaneless of the diffuser with was the associated flow build

Report

342

performance

and was concerned only. with impeller in the For

an evaluation the

characteristics consisted of Builds of the I

purpose diffuser.

compressor Based clearance

design and II, axially

vaneless static

on the at

outcome by speed

of

shroud the

clearance running tip. performance of radius in

was increased

a further

100 pm

resulting

required the

design

approximately Figure pressure rather this to

400 urn near 10 shows the taken actual will

impeller

impeller at

characteristic mm in 124.46 Section, at diffuser from ratio the design the for the mm.

based vaneless

on static diffuser for used III

measurements than at the

a radius tip

133.35 of

impeller be given efficiency

The reasons

choice calculate the

of station the values impeller of test

a later

The temperature exit. test each speed Table speed. was about to that,

was that

gives at the

a number point that design to the

of parameters the maximum

derived pressure flow at kg/s.

measurements

nearest It

can be seen below in the where is the

maximum of It

7 per to

cent

flow throat,

1.814

This be noted,

was thought however, become valve. This also

be due at the the

choking speeds, flow

inducer the

should

lower maximum therefore results

flow by Table

characteristic choking III diffuser for of these build. the

does

not

vertical, Flow applies

determined in

throttle speeds.

range

is

not of 4.3 Whilst

given

to the

a later Build the the

vaneless

IV - Design vaneless diffuser

compressor build to be below the stage

stage described the above showed it the was flow

capacity considered consisting that 6 per the cent 4.4 At performance complete compressor impeller 5.08 hence with

of

design

impeller to evaluate

design

target, of the

desirable of the

performance Al vaned

compressor It was found

design flow at

impeller design in

and the speed the

diffuser. reduced

maximum

was further diffuser. with

by approximately

indicating Build this point

choking V - Modified in the

impeller

vaneless it

diffuser was clear III, the from and of design the by 11, tested and the the

experimental of the it impeller

programme alone,

characteristics stage, stage first, order choking vaneless Build in the to IV, order leading increase flow.

Build to modify

that

was necessary the of throat impeller, in Build design the vanes area,

to pass edges the The as used

mass were

flow. cut

Considering back in axially Figure

mm in the the

as indicated thus III. modified,

mass diffuser

was then

- 11 The full characteristic characteristic gives to flow target. 4.5 Having impeller order that the Build achieved next the step VI - Modified an acceptable in the compressor maximum stage mass flow for the mass the vaned flow. philosophy for the the at the values lines for for of the the in Figure 12 show the of 133.35 Build resulting mm radius III, The Figure success that impeller used 10, of the in

&port performance deriving IV

3;

same station design salient from impeller

the

and Table the

other

parameters. Figure 12 which increased

modification mass

impeller design

can be seen speed

shows

maximum the design

was significantly

and exceeded

modified diffuser This in A2, for original the resulting a slightly overall in this in fact

programme should pass

was to modify the design

complete the design throat

stage of area to the that

necessitated having diffuser design diameter reduced lower

an entirely compared described

new vaned to Al. in

diffuser,

designated

increased

The design Section the 2.2

was identical but, of owing the to

requirement had to

to use remain the

same collector, same as for Al, hence,

A2 diffuser length/throat recovery 13 shows

channel pressure Figure

width as predicted

and area

ratio

and, 5.

by Reference performance

the

overall of the

characteristic impeller from measured the values at design build about (Figure cent

for

the based and

compressor on diffuser channel exit

stage, exit

consisting total pressure area. that the

modified

and A2 diffuser, static of other pressure

calculated Table the vaneless

geometrical showed than the in for

V gives flow

parameters. was about implying flow than The

The characteristic 4 per that, Al, most the cent less

maximum diffuser

speed 12),

although increase

A2 diffuser diffuser of at the

was passing throat area

12 per been

more

had not

quite was the

sufficient. considerably build, change of revealed dynamic therefore, passing the the the a to

notable flow

feature range

characteristic, speed range compared to

however, the

reduced although vaned pressure

each in

vaneless due to

diffuser the

some reduction diffuser. Efforts at

was to be expected this the to vaned over led to

to understand exit from

an analysis which the average would, those

static

measurements variation Figure 14.

diffuser twice channels that restricting

circumferential as shown widely lower flow in

amounting Individual and it

head, pass

diffuser

differing flows range. were It

mass flows causing

was presumed surge the at thus scroll-type diffuser its

premature that

compressor was causing the

was concluded of static diffuser

collector exit, either

non-uniformity proximity to the

pressure vanes

by its area

close was not

or because

cross-sectional

- 12 correctly positions. pressure suggesting 4.6 The final and A2 vaned collector experienced the original edges matched It occurred that to the inlet from flow Figure of the conditions 14 that collector more at the all circumferential rise tongue cause. with the redesigned modified in

Report sudden scroll likely stage static

342

may be seen in the

region matching - Modified of the the

position,

incorrect Build VII collector build

was the compressor

compressor flow the

incorporated into of

impeller scroll-type exit from vane 12 mm doubled designed the was

diffuser

with

discharging non-uniformity

a redesigned flow

intended in Build

to eliminate VI.

at diffuser changes diffuser

The new collector the entry radial

featured distance

two major between from the

design. and the

Firstly, scroll the whilst scroll

trailing to 59 mm. everywhere to inlet remain

was increased

approximately than

Secondly, so that, constant head 0.1. head in would the

cross-sectional velocity no attempt The design inefficiency in

area within

was more it

tangential

was still to preserve

circumferentially, by area matching. the

was made scroll by

dynamic

exit such

Mach number rapid dumping it

approximately of dynamic

Although

caused an actual compressor

be undesirable of of build total the this

engine whose

application, overall

was

unimportant was measured

case

research

performance

upstream

collector. incorporated pressure edges in additional probes six positioned instrumentation just downstream equispaced total performance pressure is shown in in the of axial

The compressor form the rakes of eighteen vane three Kiel

diffuser of

trailing

circumferentially more the reliable

each. for the

The object purposes for based of

was to give obtaining builds Kiel that probe

pressure charactermeasurements Figure from 15.

measurements, istic, and In the fact, than

overall from static

those

derived

previous on the was found close method on the

characteristic for pressures the are work this build, was in use of also

readings characteristic that

it very this shown

the

derived thus

static vindicating

agreement in earlier

with builds.

presented, Total-to-static

efficiencies in published pessimistic that all the

characteristic since they

as these represent to the

are

often the most

used

by other

organisations diffusion lost, whereas Study

assumption dynamic

regarding head is

subsequent the of

vaned

diffuser,

total-to-total a number that, in of actual

efficiency engine between Figures of 75

assumes applications

complete of cent

pressure centrifugal of the

recovery. compressors dynamic in head flow

shows is recovered. is

practice,

and 90 per 15,

Comparing

13 and the

a considerable

increase

range

evident

as a result

redesigned shown in collector Figure 14. overall speed pressure fell giving a uniform

13 static pressure at diffuser

Report exit as

342

The maximum efficiency 6.5 and 0.8 value, in at design

ratio

and total-to-total short parameter in design in of the

isentropic design close values to its of

considerably input shortfall the high the Introduction. this the might testing

respectively. however, efficiency. to have speed of been referred Reference By the throughflow

The work so that In the

was very ratio

design to that

pressure efficiency view It result of the of

corresponded may be

retrospect,

considered of the of specific correlation 2 to

unrealistically to in

the

non-optimisation from drop

can be estimated in an efficiency compressor

6 that time that

3 points. the

had been enablto be defined

completed, ing made. as:

analysis

method aerodynamic

had been loading loading

further in the

developed, impeller being

an estimation The result

of vane-to-vane is shown in

Figure

16,

the

parameter

where

Ap is impeller Y p M is is is

the

static passage,

pressure

difference

from

vane

to vane

across

an

the the the

ratio mean

of

specific surface surface at of about the

heats, static relative 40 per intervanes. for and this loading was avoidance cent pressure, and

stream

mean stream in loading the start

Mach number. meridional Reference of suction exceeded responsible the design distance 7 suggests surface at for value the the of on each the boundary shroud. remain0.8 and

The sudden surface limiting layer It ing the is

drop

due to of

value separation likely 3 points

loading

parameter 0.7

to be about that this high

was clearly largely between

seems 2 to

difference

in

efficiency

measured 4.7 It is

0.746. Choice widely impeller impeller of impeller that exit the station unmixed a total flow at the exit leading static the from to a a

accepted is

centrifugal meaningful indicated more that in what

complex

and that cannot

pressure from the tip the of

efficiency

be derived at

pressures Of downstream however, is in

by

conventional use is

tappings a static

located

impeller. far then,

potential the flow the

pressure to from have such

measurement mixed out.

sufficiently The problem pressure

can be considered total pressure

deriving

a static

measurement,

assumptions

to make

concerning,

firstly,

blockage

due to wall

boundary

- 14 layers impeller blockage were made. basis at the VII in and, tests secondly, described vortex flow in flow direction. this from for Report the the In analysing the very the simple tip to impeller on static mm are results assumptions the required (Build pressure shown at of

Report the of

342

zero

and free

impeller modified based 124.46

station V) derived measure12

The characteristics at actual 133.35 mm radius tip

on this ments

and that radius of at or for

impeller the is flow

in Figure speed. for

and Table Also the test given point

compares the table of

efficiencies the overall using it is tip. diffuser of the

a common flow compressor the final stage Build

design efficiency, VII.

same conditions was also program at and in

and speed,

The selected performance in effect,

simulated in the which impeller at vaned VII.

a loss-modelling assumed that

compressor occurs, the

prediction instantaneously after also mixing given

mixing-out

The difference exit the predicted test tip In test It test the 4.6). at

between by the

efficiency is shows

that

program figures

Table

Comparison between

and predicted and overall fact, efficiency is reasonable the

a much greater for the test

difference results (0.100

impeller to 0.055). by the exit. since the

efficiencies predicted difference to take at having basis is the therefore, on the it close the been of the

compared equated to diffuser

difference 0.051, overall diffuser obtained would to the from

is much more 133.35

closely

mm radius

efficiency exit station

as a common datum are thought methods impeller "mixed-out" on the for at 133.35

total

pressures

to be reliable, (see Section

same values On this mm radius avoiding there does,

by two appear predicted of too that

independent the test

efficiency efficiency. prediction the

133.35 Whilst

impeller much reliance

placing appear basis 5.0

program, impeller

to be justification of measurements Detailed 5.1 At the static Impeller design

presenting mm radius. measurements

characteristics

pressure shroud speed

of 40,000 on the modified the

rev/min impeller impeller

measurements shroud tested at with

were two mass the

made of flows.

the The

static results diffuser (Build results tip the than

pressure are

distribution for the

shown

vaneless collector that the the impeller with the

(Build VII) for is in the the

V) and with Figures vaned case

A2 vaned

diffuser It greater

and redesigned will be seen scatter This results to the is in near

17 and 18 respectively. diffuser with al8 the of build vaneless the exhibit diffuser. attributed into the

accordance and of

analysis which diffuser

by Dean et showed pressure

experimental

of Welliver extension channels.

Acurio' vaned

similar field

scatter, upstream

impeller

- 15 Shown predictions tropic Agreement Build the VII, tip. superimposed from efficiency is but the in generally the Marsh the on the experimental program2 from for results using the the the are local theoretical values

Report

342

throughflow impeller

of polyresults.

estimated especially underestimate

experimental vaned static diffuser pressure

quite theory

good, to

tends in this of

near factors. incorrect. tip, in

The comparison the the assumed existence value

region

may be confused efficiency separated flow

by several

Firstly, Secondly,

polytropic of

may be locally near the

of

a region

impeller (listed

as has been Reference different full reading different channel of

demonstrated lo), from would the flow.

experimentally probably result which it static time-average hypothesised filling surface, when check for the the is in is shown

by a number a time-averaged for in a mean

of workers pressure surface 11 that

somewhat based the on indicated

prediction Thirdly,

stream

Reference

a conventional from the true

pressure of

tapping a fluctuating consists

can be significantly pressure. of an isentropic and then separating

The flow throughflow from impeller tip. In the jet, blade loss

model initially suction is

by Dean8 the leaving the jet impeller

passage

a stationary and wake mix of diffuser the impeller at this

wake. downstream

The overall of the impeller

realised to made

an attempt were efficiency by additional distance.

validity

model, Build

several
V with

throughflow
a local

calculations polytropic simulated meridional it is difficult the

vaneless within

of unity vane Figure

and with about of this the does

the

wake region cent Whilst region, in the

thickness 19 shows

starting the results

75 per analysis.

to draw of the

any real wake zone, is the

conclusions unknown, assumption the

regarding analysis of isentropic

separated show that, flow is

since assumed

extent

pre-separation

inappropriate. 5.2 For detailed diffuser tappings position obtained mean of the Vaneless Build V, diffuser consisting were made of of the the modified static impeller pressure speed and vaneless on the vaneless the pressure diffuser,

measurements walls being at

two points at Figure Figure readings, of from the

on the various 8. 20,

design

characteristic, of radial of value radius. program derived from

disposed in in

combinations The radial where each walls,

and circumferential static is pressure simply Also referred the the are in

as shown is the shown several

distribution test for result that

on both

shown to

theoretical 4.7

results starting

performance tip

prediction conditions

Section

impeller

measured

- 16 static would iate, starting test pressure suggest the results at that the the which actual theory, impeller conditions the prediction tip. former a closer against were tip at radius 133.35 program Whilst exhibit of 124.46 mm, would Although

Report Section mm radius calculates there is be more

342 4.7

appropr-

way in at the and

losses broad

necessitates between

impeller the

agreement

considerable of the

scatter individual for

amongst readings. the two wall.

themselves Figure radial It

and this these

prompted plotted

examination circumferential more than two

21 shows locations

position tappings are in

at which that the

there pressures

on either close

may be seen

on the distribution

two walls

agreement, plotted. There a the

enabling is, very trough diffuser the vaned

a mean circumferential a marked pattern about build diffuser exit of the VI the 13' in 270' used circumferential for is the Build both less original VI, in

to be justifiably of pressure radii radius. which, of in static Figure somewhat of the the

however, similar at

variation flows and for at of the

which except This when

follows that

mass

both larger

pronounced design caused Section the 4.5 in is felt the 21.

vaneless in

collector

employed at

variation and shown

pressure 14.

diffuser shape for

described pressure in Figure For axis

Although to

the that

distribution 14, it

Figure that

21 is the cause of

different distortion

Build

was tongue distortion is

probably at about

same. on the

comparison, of Figure

position A very

collector stationary 12 and tended

similar by Eckardt

phenomenon the with clear. collector.

a vaneless As in radius the in

diffuser present the

was observed case, the

attributed

to

distortion the

to decrease this is not

increasing

diffuser

although

reason

for

Because meaningless given weighted for there radial specified shape pressure 152.40 varies calculated of the radius, to

of take

this

circumferential average of is in their of

pressure the

variation, from positions. and this for

it all

is

clearly at a

a simple

readings

tappings An area-

irrespective

circumferential more 21 but significant not directly stations. are available

mean pressure two radii at most, above Figure shown only

probably Figure

can be calculated radii for where every as in mean mm and ratio

other However,

are,

two

circumferential mm, readings

station in the to

133.35 21, of

for of of

a common angle, the similarity

135'.

Furthermore, the very

because ratio

circumferential that at 135' does It

distributions, not has change therefore it is

area-weighted the that radii, 133.35 this

much between been known assumed at two

mm radial linearly for

stations. with all radius others.

and, Hence

since the

can be pressure at

area-weighted

mean static

- 17 each points If, radius from 1.499 and, the kg/s, for for radius at the has been largest flow, derived radius, this and each curve is shown set is of in Figure 22. lies to Apart from

Report the curve. tip

342

results

on a smooth the impeller

each mass of 124.46 resulting

extrapolated ratio

mm, impeller value of

pressure static

and efficiency These 6.84 are, for

can be derived a mass flow of and an values 133.35 of this the the shown static as the from the flow. therefore an pressures areawith true choice. lie mm 0.819 of

pressure. ratio of

an impeller a mass of flow of

pressure 1.731 kg/s,

and an efficiency ratio of that based 6.37 these on the

a pressure

efficiency almost radius impeller

0.788. on the which conditions these

Reference design

to Figure speed

12 shows

exactly results tip Using

characteristic been 4.7), chosen thus

has already (Section tip

as representative further justifying point, estimate are

impeller

conditions has again diffuser 22. These

as a starting been and used the to

performance pressures lines

prediction throughout "viscid" points made with in

program the vaneless

results

labelled

on Figure increasing the program and so,

can be seen

to diverge at the higher

experimental The assumptions appeared inviscid below weighted theoretical knowledge axial Possibly valid, different of the but of the

radius regarding moving Even It would

, particularly boundary to this, seem, cannot to the opposite however, therefore, be validly insufficiently or to

layer

growth

to be pessimistic calculation experimental mean of the

extreme, gave that static the

was performed. values. measured This

pressures

compared detailed the

predictions. the

may be due pressure evident such from

circumferential which was not type

variation

existence walls.

of

an

variation

measurements

at the

some other the radii experimental

of mean, of that in the this Figure

as mass flow-weighted pressure result a change in

would distributions a vertical in gradient

be more at movement as

similarity suggests curves

circumferential would merely

22 and not

required. 5.3 For tappings opposite tappings Build two 62.5 Figure VII channels the Vaned diffuser vaned on the in diffuser, centre-lines 9. speed in A2, sets of two of static pressure diametrically from final the and these

redesigned positioned

were

approximately obtained for Agreement channels are omitted at the

channels at of

as shown

Figure design

The measurements characteristic 23. other but

two points the is

on the

compressor good

are

shown from agree

Figure

between the from throat

and readings stations also clarity.

eight closely

mm downstream 23 for the

sake

of

The performance diffuser Reference obtain been Build resulting throat edge, is also vane and the analysis 5 to starting assumed V (Figure that will estimate conditions the 12) impeller still for edge applies static stations and theoretical fairly position, and rapid greater results accurately the flow changes scatter in prediction cater the for

18 already diffuser, used using coefficient. at based presence at the in of the impeller on 133.35 a vaned in the the

Repoi-r vaneless data of to it

X2

program a vaned

pressure for the

recovery calculation

In order tip,

has for The edge,

characteristic in the

mm radius diffuser. leading the trailing

predictions trailing experimental

pressure are

diffuser 23. well.

vane At

shown

Figure agree

pressures for is the higher

Throat case.

pressure At the in the

predicted edge space

mass flow through are

leading

passing

a shock occurring results therefore

system in two

semi-vaneless dimensions. ancy 6.0 compared

of pressure of this

The rather to predicted

experimental region is

and discrepnot unexpected.

Conclusions The aerodynamic design of and experimental evaluation impeller performance the design and of a centrifugal vaned shortachieved, of

compressor diffuser comings and in

consisting have in the been

a radially-vaned The test in that

a transonic,

described. process,

has highlighted performance Accordingly, and testing was not

design

the

experimental

measurement

techniques. the design

a number of centrifugal

recommendations compressors. (i> of

can be made regarding

The vane-to-vane as possible to be aimed 7 is

aerodynamic through for, the the

loading, impeller. value

Ap/ypM2,

should to 0.7

be kept the level

as uniform loading

As a guide of With about the

maximum

suggested method, of the

by Reference these

considered would for are

to be useful.

NGTE design application

requirements analysis2 preparation

be satisfied which the

by a rigorous impeller

throughflow and data convergence (ii) must at (iii) impeller improved compressor.

geometrical enabling

specification much quicker

now computer-based, design. the diffuser

on a suitable flow from

When the be of exit from Static large the

discharges to avoid

into

a collector, of surge. in the an flow

this

enough diffuser

cross-section causing should space of

non-uniformity

premature

compressor at many a basis in this stations for part

pressures

be measured to give flow

tip/vaneless understanding

region the

developing of the

complex

- 19 (iv) likely tip, These Conventional static of pressure pressure tappings with tappings types are time, giving in regions such

Report where as the a true in there impeller timeReference

342 is

to be a variation should be replaced

by special several

averaged

reading, may need

of which

suggested pressure the

11.

to be complemented at selected stations

by dynamic to

measuring actual form of

instrumentation the time variation.

indicate

The design compressor impeller better having vanes efficiency

recommendations the same duty back at the

have as the tip

been

followed

in in

the this

design Report

of but

a second with

one described the aim of

swept

with

achieving

significantly

and flow

range.

- 20 APPENDIX A Definitions Corrected = Corrected = speed Measured mass flow mass flow x measured inlet in K 101.32 total pressure speed x 288.15 temperature of performance parameters

Report

342

J measured

inlet

in

Measured

in kN/mL

measured ratio

inlet

temperature 288.15

Impeller =

pressure Total 133.35 pressure =

pressure (derived from mm radius in vaneless inlet total ratio

measured diffuser pressure

static) at (see Section

4.7)

Overall

Total pressure (derived from measured measured directly) at diffuser exit inlet total pressure isentropic Inlet temperature x outlet inlet total total

static

or

Total-to-total efficiency =

pressure pressure rise

-1

measured Total-to-static efficiency = Inlet isentropic temperature x (

temperature

outlet inlet

static pressure total pressure rise

measured Work input

=

temperature

parameter Work total input pressure to impeller (impeller ratio measured exit measured static static) or at tip based on temperature blade speed)L rise

Diffuser =

Total pressure (derived from measured directly) at diffuser total pressure (derived from impeller tip static pressure coefficient

Diffuser recovery = Flow range =

Diffuser throat

exit total

static pressure

pressure - throat

- throat static

static pressure

pressure

Choking

flow choking

- surge flow

flow

- 21 APPENDIX Derivation The derivations the are absolute given in of the at to VI will relative impeller are first B

Report

342

of Mach numbers Mach number tip shown in and diffuser this Appendix at the exit in eye shroud for the which form and values of flow

Mach numbers Tables III

charts. A D M N P

The symbols flow

used area

be defined:

diameter Mach number rotational pressure mass flow speed

Q
T AT u V P Subscripts abs ax r rel
S

temperature temperature vane air rise velocity

circumferential velocity

density

absolute axial radial relative static total whirl subscripts should be self-explanatory.

t
W

The remaining

- 22 Eye shroud relative Mach number

Report

342

t eye

shr

t plenum I I

plenum I

s plenum I

plenum

'"1

't

eye,shr

't

plenum

eye shr

M abs eye I s eye shr

shr

v sonic

eye

shr

III
N abs eye shr shr 7

veye

v rel
M rel I eye

ey,e shr

shr

- 23 Impeller tip absolute Mach number

Report

342

('t:p

1 ul

1 Tt

prnum1

Tt ;i'

=iTt

diff

exit)

- -------1 I I I i

tip I 1

impeller 1

/\ I 'abs. tip

P &

s tip

Ps Irip

tip

M ' abs tip

Diffuser

exit

absolute

Mach number

t diff

exit

diff

exit

s diff

exit

I
abs diff

diff

exit

exit

- 24 REFERENCES No. 0. Author(s) E. Balje' Title, etc.

Report

342

A study on design criteria and matching turbomachines. Part B - Compressor and pump performance matching of turbo-components ASME Paper No. 60-WA-231, 1961 A digital computer program for the flow fluid mechanics in an arbitrary turbomachine using a matrix method. NGTE Report No. R282, 1966 and ARC R&M 3509, 1967

of and

H. Marsh

through-

D. J.

L.

Smith

Turbulent boundary layer theory and its application to blade profile design. ARC CP868, 1966 The aerodynamic design and performance of centrifugal and mixed flow compressors. Society of Automotive Engineers, Technical Progress Series, Vol. 3, 1961 Pressure recovery performance of channel, single-plane divergence at high Mach numbers. USAAVLABS Technical Report 69-56, Study of a lightweight gas turbine for high USSAAVLABS Technical straightdiffusers 1969

F. Dallenbach

P. W. Runstadler

C. F, McDonald

integral regenerative performance. Report 70-39, 1970

D. P. Morris R. E. Kenny

High pressure ratio centrifugal compressors for small gas turbine engines. AGARD Conference Proceedings 31 Helicopter Propulsion Systems, June 1968 Fluid mechanics analysis of high-pressureratio centrifugal compressor data. USAAVLABS Technical Report 69-76, 1970 Element design and development of centrifugal compressors. USAAVLABS Technical Report 67-30, The centrifugal compressor. Gas Turbine International March-April and May-June,
small

R. C. Dean D. D. Wright P. W. Runstadler A. J. D. Welliver Acurio

1967

10

R. C. Dean

1973

11

H. Weyer R. Schodl

Development and testing of techniques for oscillating pressure measurements especially suitable for experimental work in turbomachinery. Trans ASME Journal of Basic Engineering, December 1971 Private communication from DFVLR

12

D. Eckardt

- 25 TABLE I Main design parameters

Report

342

Mass flow Overall Overall Impeller Pressure Isentropic Rotational Specific Number Number Eye hub of of ratio efficiency speed speed full vanes pressure isentropic ratio efficiency

1.814 6.5 0.8

kg/s

7.76 0.9 40,000 rev/min 68 17 17 60.96 134.62 Mach number 0.966 38.1' 60.0' 0.8' 248.92 5.08 mm mm m/s mm mm

intervanes

diameter diameter relative angle angle

Eye shroud Eye shroud

Eye hub vane Eye Eye Tip Tip Tip Tip Work Diffuser Diameter Axial shroud shroud diameter width vane speed

vane

incidence

521.4 1.316 0.942 Original -Al design 261.37 5.08 1.18

absolute input

Mach number parameter

Redesigned -A2 mm mm

at vane width

leading

edge

Approach Number Throat Channel Area ratio of

Mach number vanes 7.01 width 9.00 2.10 at vane trailing edge

41 mm 8.18 7.63 1.83 354.00 mm mm

width length/throat

Diameter

- 26 TABLE II Summarv of builds

Report

342

build No.

Impeller

Diffuser

Collector

Purpose

Design with static shroud clearance of 400 nm approximately

Vaneless

Design

Mechanical and instrumentation checks, mainly establishment of required impeller shroud clearance

II

Design with static shroud clearance increased by 150 urn axially

Vaneless

Design

III

Design with static shroud clearance further increased by 100 urn axially

Vaneless

Design

Performance of design

evaluation impeller

IV

As Build

III

Design vaned,

Design Al

Performance of design stage

evaluation compressor

Modified; i.e. design with leading edge of vanes cut back axially by 5.08 mm

Vaneless

Design

Performance of modified

evaluation impeller

VI

As Build

Redesigned vaned, A2

Design

Performance of modified stage

evaluation compressor

VII

As Build

A2

Redesigned

Performance of modified stage with collector

evaluation compressor redesigned

TABLE III Build III derived parameters

Corrected Corrected Impeller Impeller efficiency Eye shroud Tip Work Flow absolute input range

speed mass pressure

rev/min flow kg/s ratio isentropic

20,000 0.541 1.831 0.877

25,000 0.643 2.454 0.861

29,000 0.884 3.187 0.866

32,000 1.096 3.952 0.865

34,000 1.281 4.505 0.853

36,000 1.380 5.197 0.851

38,000 1.471 6.148 0.843

40,000 1.498 6.841 0.826

total-to-total

relative

Mach number*

0.429 0.691 0.916

0.536 0.830 0.925

0.632 0.943 0.918

0.710 1.035 0.924

0.767 1.095 0.927

0.815 1.139 0.926 22.3

0.865 1.197 0.949 18.3

0.908 1.217 0.940 17.2

Mach number* parameter per cent

* Derivation

given

in

Appendix

TABLE IV Build V derived

--

parameters

Corrected Corrected Impeller Impeller efficiency Eye shroud Tip Work Flow absolute input range

speed mass pressure

rev/min flow kg/s ratio i sentrop

1C

20,000 0.582 1.762 0.858

25,000 0.659 2.371 0.844

32,000 1.033 3.845 0.847

36,000 1.364 5.148 0.840

38,000 1.449 5.943 0.835

40,000 1.499 6.905 0.820

total-to-total

relative

Mach number

0.435 0.672 0.873

0.538 0.816 0.903

0.704 1.018 0.921

0.814 1.136 0.932 24.8

0.861 1.177 0.936 21.8

0.890 1.227 0.953 20.9

Mach number parameter per cent

- 29 TABLE V Build VI derived parameters

Report

342

Corrected Corrected Overall Overall efficiency Eye Tip

speed

rev/min kg/s

32,000 1.124 3.290 isentropic 0.751

36,000 1.422 4.259 0.740

38,000 1.597 4.961 0.745

40,000 1.755 5.2826: 0.699

mass flow pressure total-to-total ratio

shroud absolute

relative

Mach number

0.713 1.013 0.355 0.905

0.821 1.146 0.365 0.927 0.800 0.487

0.881 1.242 0.360 0.934 0.860 0.516

0.940 1.308 0.384 0.942 0.804 0.447

Mach number Mach number**

Diffuser Work Diffuser Diffuser coefficient+ Flow range input

exit

parameter total static pressure pressure ratio recovery

0.792 0.500

per

cent

11.9

6.3

4.1 maximum

3.2

* pressure ** derivation t assumes

ratio significantly below given in Appendix B blockage of 0.1 at throat

TABLE VI

Build VII

derived

parameters

Corrected Corrected Overall Overall efficiency Overall isentropic Eye Tip

speed

rev/min kg/s

20,000 0.552 1.724 isentropic 0.799

25,000 0.678 2.273 0.790

32,000 1.036 3.511 0.785

36,000 1.327 4.580 0.776

38,000 1.470 5.219 0.764

40,000 1.600 5.913 0.746

mass flow pressure total-to-total ratio

total-to-static efficiency relative Mach number

0.696

0.728

0.739

0.733

0.725

0.712

shroud absolute

0.432 0.684 0.289 0.903

0.539 0.824 0.282 0.913 0.898 0.570

0.705 1.008 0.302 0.918 0.824 0.609

0.810 1.116 0.312 0.924 0.817 0.610

0.864 1.178 0.311 0.934 0.832 0.626

0.919 1.224 0.306 0.945 0.783 0.658

Mach number Mach number

Diffuser Work input Diffuser Diffuser recovery Flow range

exit

parameter total pressure ratio

0.921 0.475

static pressure coefficient+ per cent

22.2

19.0

16.2

14.0

12.2

t assumes

blockage

of 0.1

at

throat

31 -

Report

342

TABLE VII Comparison of test and predicted efficiencies

Build

Station

Isentropic (total-to-total) efficiency at 40,000 rev/min and 1.7 kg/s

Efficiency

difference

Test

Predicted

V Modified impeller with vaneless diffuser

Impeller (124.46

tip mm radius)

0.843 0.049

Vaneless diffuser (133.35 mm radius)

0.794 0.051

0.055

VII Modified impeller with vaned diffuser

Compressor overall (Vaned diffuser exit)

0.743

Bas 416021587483

k5 10177

TPQ3

COLLECTOR

SCALE : HALF

FULL SIZE

VANED DIFFUSER VANELESS SPACE SUPPORT STRUTS INTERVANE

BULLET

HOUSING SLIP RING UNIT ----_-_

FIG.1

LAYOUT OF COMPRESSOR

- - -

INITIAL ( EMPIRICAL FINAL

) GEOMETRY

( DESIGN ) GEOMETRY

80 20 40 60 PERCENTAGE MERIDIONAL DISTANCE

100

FIG. 2 PREDICTED RELATIVE VELOCITY

DISTRIBUTIONS

110

100

114.3mm

RAD

90

2x7

60

50

40

IH
RADIUS

SHROUD = 124.46-57-15

PROFILE AXIAL

DEFINED DISTANCE 58.42

BY:-

1 1
2e708263 60

,,35;3,8

10

20

30 LO AXIAL DISTANCE

50 mm

70

FIG. 3

IMPELLER MERIDIONAL AND VANE THICKNESS

SHAPE

CIRCUMFERENTIAL DISTANCE RADIUS

0 0

. 4

. h)

. w

e-

in

.,

w ow

f? f-9

rr+---I------

.---/I

--

--I

I I I I I I I

M 1 NOMENCLATURE OF RADIAL PLANES TAPP INGS CONTAINING

.-.-.-. .-

SCALE:

FULL

SIZE

FIG.7

LOCATION

OF STATIC TAPPINGS

IN IMPELLER

INLET

AND SHROUD

CASING

-FRONT
/

WALL I
\

WALL

ALL TAPPINGS ON BOTH WALLS EXCEPT WHERE INDICATED LOOKING DOWNSTREAM

FIG. 8 LOCATION OF STATIC TAPPINGS I YANELESS DIFFUSER

IN

ALL TAPPINGS ON REAR WALL EXCEPT WHERE INDICATED LOOKING DOWNSTREAM

FIG 9 LOCATION OF STATIC TAPPINGS IN A2 VANED DIFFUSER

IMPELLER

PRESSURE RATIO

Th)

a-

ul

Q,

I 0 m 9 4

I 0 ai,

1 0 Lb

IMPELLER

TOTAL -TO -TOTAL ISEN. EFFY.

C,

DEVELOPMENT OF SHROUD SECTION APPROXIMATELY TO SCALE

0 /

\ \ \ \\ \

5.08 mm

AXIAL Dt RECTION

FIG.11 CUT-RACK OF IMPELLER

VANE LEADING EDGES

-e+ -*-

133.35mm RADIUS 1IN VANELESS DIFFUSER) 124.46 mm RADIUS (IMPELLER TIP 1

b 38 36

1 0.4

I 0.6

I 0.8

I 1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

CORRECTED MASS FLOW kg/s

FIG. 12 BUILD

P IMPELLER

CHARACTERISTIC

0.4
.

0.6

O-8

1.0 MASS

l-2 FLOW

1*L kg/s

l-6

l-8

CORRECTED

FIG. 13 BUILD XI OVERALL

CHARACTERISTIC

..

BUILD Yn
iOOO0 rov/min l-758 kg/s n I 0 n Y

POSITION OF TONGUE OF COLLECTOR SCROLL

" "

I I I I I I

l3U&I 40000 rov/rriin l-755 kg/s

10
D~Fwsm EL+JNEL NUI~BER

30

41

FIG. 14 VARIATION

OF STATIC

PRESSURE

AT DIFFUSER

EXIT

+ - *-

TOTAL-TO-TOTAL TOTAL-TO-STATIC

EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY 3ES.PT

DES. 1 @ 6

, 20 Q.6

I 0,8

I I I l-4 l-2 1-o CORRECTED MASS FLOW kg/s

I l-6

l-8

FIG. 15 BUILD XII OVERALL

CHARACTERISTIC

VANE-TO0

0 lu I

VANE LOADING 0 0 rc a, I 1

PARAMETER 0
W

CORRECTED kz 1.499 1,731 FLow

TEST RESULTS

THROUGHFLOW C3kXtiTsATON

0 X

---

40000

ret / min

0 0

X
0 /

20 PERCENTAGE

40

60

80

100

DISTANCE ALONG SHROUD

FIG.17

BUILD P IMPELLER SHROUD STATIC PRESSURES

CORRECTED MASS FLOW kg/s 1.600 1,758

TEST RESULTS
0

THROUGHFLOW CXssLTsATIO N

X lGOOO0 rev / min

-v-

PERCENTAGE

DISTANCE ALONG SHROUD

FIG. 18 BUILDIZll IMPELLER SHROUD STATIC PRESSURES

1.499

kg/

s /

WAKE BLOCKAGE ZERO PER CENT

40000

rev / min

PER CENT

20 40 60 PERCENTAGE DISTANCE ALONG

80 SHROUD

100

FIG. 19 BUILD P IMPELLER SHROUD STATIC PRESSURES FOR JET/WAKE MODEL

h) t5

.
X\

h) & \

w 6

w ttJ

STATIC PRESSURE INLET TOTAL PRESSURE w w (t3 ch G Q,

* 0

? lu

?& I

CI a, I

1.

;B
X

b ;

P E
0

3 a. 3

; )

I I -

--0 X 40000 4.2

1.499 kg/s 11731 kg/s FRONT WALL REAR WALL rev / min

3.8

3.6

\ 6---v/ \\ /P
0 0 X 0 A / \

/ //

L.

---

3.4

\l!/ /

3.2

100 ANGLE FROM HORIZONTAL

300 IN DIRECTION OF ROTATION

200

FIG. 21 BUILD P VANELESS DIFFUSER CIRCUMFERENTIAL STATIC PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS I

CORRECTED MASS FLOW kg/s 1.499 l-731

TEST RESULTS
h -SC--

THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS 0 X

40080 4.2

rev / m in

130

140 RADIUS mm

150

160

FIG.22 BUILD P VANELESS DIFFUSER AREA-WEIGHTED MEAN STATIC PRESSURES

Produced In England by Her Majestys Stationery Office, Reprography
Bas 41602/587483 KS lo/77 TPQ3 Centre, Basfidon

t4G

TRACED AVP/H&M

3/76

TURBO. MECH

117714
STATIC PRESSURE NLET TOTAL PRESSURE

#(

3 P
4

x
XX

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______---------------------------------------.

ARC CP No. 1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THEPEEU?ORMANCEOFA6.5 PRESSURRRATIOClWI'RIFUGAL COMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANE3 IMPELLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 PRESSURERATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELIZR The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 509, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the

ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 pREssurn RATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANE32 IMPFLLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller vaned radial diffuser. At design and a transonic, speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the -"_-. ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 pREssuRE RATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficient.:; of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the --

impel:Ler channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testlnq of centrifugal compressors.

impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors.

Impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane . aerodynamzc loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors.

impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors,

.___

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_________________________I______--_---__-___-_---~-__--_------_____-------~~~-~~------.

a\

,I

.,

.,

.I

C.P. No. 1385

OCbown copyrighr 1977 HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICE Government Bookshops 49 High Holborn, London WClV 6HB 13a Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3AR 4 1 The Hayes, Cardiff CFl 1 JW Brazennose Street, Manchester M60 8AS Southey House, Wiie Street, Bristol BSl 2BQ 258 Broad Street, Birmingham Bl 2HE 80 Chichester Street, Belfast BT1 4JY Government publications are also available through booksellers

C.P. No. 1385

ISBN 0 I1 471131 3