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Algebra
:',M6fi'a'f the wo,* in this chapter is presumed knowledge. It ca:n' be used as a revision chapter as necessary.
rres from the syllabus that are covered are: 1,,Offq! .,2iO:fhe solution of
ax2+bx*c:O,a*0
,,
;,,
L:
b2
4ac.
1.1
_ _ -x
Linear equations
0.
xl 4: 3(x+2)-7:x*I :J I7 :4(x2)
.,
* b:0.
You solve an equation by finding the value of any unknowns. Whatever you do to the left-hand side (LHS) of an equation, you must also do to the right-hand side (RHS). For example, the
_ '
equation x - 4 - 7 can be manipulated so that x (the unknown) is the only term on the LHS.
x- 4:7
Add 4 to both sides to obtain
x-4+4:7*4 x*0:11
'. x:11
The solution is x
11.
Algebra
- 7: x*
3.
3x-7:x*3
AddT to both sides to obtain
3-17
10
To get all the :r terms on the LHS, subtract x from both sides.
3x-7:x*3
3(5)-7:8 and 5 * 3:8
So
The solution is x:
5-
x:
5 works.
1)
3(x
5)
lZ.
- 3(x - 5) : tt 4x* 4 - 3x* 15: 17 x*19:17 x-f19-19:IT-19 .'. x: -2 The solution is x: -2.
4(x-t
1)
:
Linear equations may contain fractions. Remove any fractions before proceeding.
x* 5 3x* ll 25
The lowest common multiple of
x* 5 3x* ll
25
/
.-.to(*+s)
\z
:tr("+)
:2(3x + l1)
22
5x* 25:6x*
Algebra
5x-6x:22-25 -x:-3
Alternatively, you could use the technique of cross-
multiplication.
x* 5 3x* II
Remember:
+
22
To cross-multiply 11)
5x* 25 :6xl
bd
multiply:
a:toa
25
aa:lx 1x bd
.'. ad -- bc
x:
3, as before.
Exercise 1A
a)
3x* 2:20
b) 5x
7x:2 e) 6 - x:4 2 a)3x*2:x*8 c)3x* 5:7x-8 e)2-5x:8-3x 3 a)2(x- 3) + 5(x- 1):3 b)3(s - x) - 4(3x- 2):27 c) 2(4x - 1) - 3(x- 2) : I+ d)3(x- 8) + 2(4x- 1):3 e) 6(x+ 4) + 5(2x- l):7 f)3(2x+s)-4(x-3):0
c) t0 +
- 3:32
3x:
19
, d)+ +
4 at-:'35
L'
x* 2 2x*
.3x*I '43
2-x
Algebra
Solve the
equation -
2 :3 x*l 5
10 .'. 10
:3(x* 1) : 3x'l 3
Rearranging gives
3x :7 . - _7 ,. ^ -3
The solution is x:
4.
.-
,''"
;i
;1
"
.,
.li
,"t
a ,',t I
Solve the
equation -
2 : 7 x-ll 5x-4
V-ir/,r i Y + *l
t*\-'
,o
,r
ptl
))
ilr{
You can use the lowest common multiple (LCM) to get rid of numerical fractions before you solve the equation.
Alsebra
iQ + l)
- iQ* -
5)
1.
F**
Y+)
:-l LJ
|x-f*
*,
multiply
- e x\Qx- 5):6 x t
3(x+ 3) - 2(2x
- 5) :6 3x*9-4x*10:6
-x.l-'19:6 .'. x: 13
The solution is
x:
13.
Exercise 1B
Solve the given equations for x.
d)-:_ : 2x- 3
2x-13
6573
3x-l
x-I
b)
x*2
1
-:-
f)
x+
Algebra
5)
- x) :3(6 - x) + z
12 8x-9-5*4x
1.2
less
Linear inequalities
( less than or equal to is written as ( greater than is written as ) greater than or equal to is written as ) than
is written as
3x*7)x-8
a<3b+Z
5x-7y<4
Inequalities can be solved using methods similar to those used for solving equations.
* 2.
3x*77x*2
Subtract 7 from both sides:
y:3x*
7 and
y:x+2andfindthe
3x-x2x-5-x
2x> -5 .'. x> -l
This result tells you that provided inequality will be satisfied.
Algebra
1)
- 3(x + 2) < 3x + r.
4(3x+
1)
3(x + 2)
<3x* I
9x-213x*l
6x(
.'.
3
x<l
x<)
"
< ].
a negative
multiply or divide by
number.
/>5rstrue.
Multiply both
sides
by
1:
-7 > -5
is false.
-7 < -5 is true.
:
When you multiply or divide an inequaliry by a negative number you must reverse the inequality sign.
6
vl
r*)
- 3.
The x terms can be rearranged so that they are all on the RHS and therefore positive.
3x*775x-3 7 + 3>5x- 3x
2x Divide both sides by 2:
.'. r0>
57x
Reading from right to left gives
x(5
_t
Algebra
,c
-|.x> -ro
Multiply both sides by inequality sign:
1,
2x<
10
to
reverse the
x{5
You may be asked to find values of a variable that satisfr two
becomes
{.
Find the set of integers which satisfr simultaneously both of the following inequalities:
tll
l2l
2x
[1]:
- |>4
2x7 5 .'. x>Z
Therefore the integers which satisfr [1] are 3, 4,5,6, .. . Next, simplify ]x + I < 3
lzl:
234567
5,4,3,2,...
Exercise 1C
b)2x-3<5x*9
8) x-t 7 f) 7x-3>2x-l
d) 5x -
Algebra
a)
c)
e)
5(x-3)<6@-a)
3(x-2) -2(4-3x)>5 lx+ 2 <7
b) 6(2x- 1) + s(x+ 1) < 33 d) 3(x + 4) > 6(x+ 2) f) 7(I - rc) + 3(4- 5x) <41
b)
3 a)
c)
*("-
r) >
lG- 4
:)
i@+z)=]("-s) x- 2 2x- 3 , ') qt s) i(6 - x) < IQ- z*) 4x*3>2x*5 b) 5x+ 3)3- x c) 5-2x{3-x d) 3x+ 2>2x- 1 e) 5r - 4> 4x- 3 illG+1)>1
a)
f)'23
il tex-
1)
> *(E - ,)
Find the integers which simultaneously satis$' each of the following pairs of inequalities.
!x<I
5x* l<4(x+2)
2x*llx*1andj(x+5)<2.
6 Show that there
is just one number
le-r)>r
1.3
2-3x<.7-4x
1x<l
Straight-linegraphs
Consider the straight line with gradient rn, passing through the point A(0, c) on the y-axis. Let point P(n D be a general point on the line.
Gradient --
c m: vx-0
:. y- mx*
1O
Algebra
ax'fby*c:0
which is generally used when the gradient is a fraction.
To sketch the graph of a straight line you need only two points
Write down the gradient and y-intercept for each of these straight lines:
y:5x-2 b)2y:l-6x
a)
c) 3x+2y-
8:0 :
5x
a) Comparingy
b) Rearranging2y
- I - 6xinto the form y: 2Y:r-6x 2y : ,6x* | :. y - -3x+| Comparing with 7 : mx* c gives m: -3 and ,:).
-3
and the
0 into the form
mx
lintercept
is
j.
c) Rearranging 3x + 2y - 8 : 2Y : -3x+ 8
y:
mx
cgives
:.y--|x+a
Comparing with y
Algebra
!
11
a)
b)3y+2x-3:0
Y:2x-
c)Zy-x*1:0
a)
cgives the gradient 1. as the of the line as 2 and 7-intercept Therefore one point that the line passes through is (0' - 1). I which gives To find a second point,let
x:
y :2(l) :. y : I
-r
b) Rearranging3y'l 2x
- 3:
0 gives
a" ry -
ZxI3
:'Y--"*+I Comparing y : -?x* I with y : mx* cgives the gradient of the line as -f andthe y-intercept as 1. Therefore one point that the line passes through is (0, 1). To find a second point,let x: 3 which gives I ,:-21111 +t :.y:-l
)
3y+2x-3:0
c) Rearranging2y- x* 1:0gives
2Y
: x- |
i*-i
Comparing y:ix- jwith y: rnx* cgivesthegradientof the line as j and the 7-intercept as -i. Therefore one point that the line passes through is (0, -j). To find a second point,let x: 2 which gives
v :+Q) :. y :z
I
-t
12
Algebra
Exercise 1D
b)y:7x*3 t e)4y:Z-* /
h)
c) 3y:Sx-Z/
f) Zy:4x*
c)2y:4x-5 f) x+2y: I0 /
Write down the equations of each of these straight lines, expressing your answers in the form ax + by + c: 0 where
b)
> 'l LO D{
Algebra
13
Write down the equation of the straight line which through the points A(2,5) and 8(6, I7).
passes
y:
9.
Examples
are: x:
: 9 x:4,y:5 x: 0.25, y:
0,
8.75
You cannot solve the equation uniquely unless you are given
2x* y:
13
\:f):9
l3
x+
y:
9 and 2x
* y:
13 are
: 4, /:5 is the solution of the simultaneous linear equations because it satisfies both equations.
4*5:9
2x4+ 5:8
+
5:
13
\There are two common algebraic methods for solving simultaneous linear equations.
o J{ t
-/
14
Algebra
Elimination
You can eliminate either the x terms or the y terms by adding or subtracting the two equations.
2x* Y :7 2x- Y :5
2x* Y :7
tll
l2j
Alternatively you could add the
2x-Y:5
Subtract [2] from [1]:
)tt :
"l L
:. y :
Substitute 7
tll
- t2l
equations:
4x:
12.
substituteY:
1 into [2].
5x2x*
7Y 3Y
:27
:5
multiply equation
tll
t2)
Il]
t3l t4l
To solve a pair of simultaneous equations you need to find Note that the y terms match up
l5x
116
x and y.
&i
:_
Algebra
15
Substituting x
2(4)+3Y:5
8*3Y:5 3y:-3
v -_J
The solution is x
s(4)-
7(-1):20*7
:ll at
-3
_l
Note that x has been eliminated.
4,
/: -L
Alternatively, you can balance the coefficients of the x terms by multiplying equation It] by 2 and multiplying equation [2] by 5. This gives
10x * l5Y :25
tsl
t6l
:.y:-r
. ^_ i
Substituting y
The solution is
4,
/: - 1, as before.
Substitution
This method involves rearranging one of the equations so that you have either * 7 in terms of rc, in which case you then substitute this expression for 7 into the second equation, or
x in terms of y,in which case you substitute this expression for x into the second equation.
3x*4y-27:0 5x* y - 11 :0
Rearrangin g
tll
l2l
f:ll-5x
Substituting [3] into [1] gives 3x+ 4(11 - 5x) - 27 :O 3x1- 44 -
x :1
16
Algebra
Substituting x
6.
This method involves drawing graphs of the two linear equations and finding the coordinates of their point of intersection. The coordinates of the intersection point give the solution to the pair of equations.
x* y :9 2x* Y :13
Rearrangingx+ y: 9 gives /: -x* 9. One point the line passes through is (0, 9), the 7-intercept. Letting rc: 1 gives a second point as (1,8). Rearranging2x* y: 13 givesy: -2x* 13. One point the lines passes through is (0, 13), the 7-intercept. Letting x: 1 gives a second point as (1, 11).
If you plot these sets of points you get the two straight lines shown.
v
t4.
t2. r0
8
You can use the trace function on your GDC to check the intersection point.
Some GDCs enable you to solve
x'lY=9 2x+y:13
The coordinates of P, where the two lines intersect, satisfr both equations and are therefore the solution to both equations. The point P has coordinates (4, 5), therefore the solution is
X:4,y:5.
Exercise lE
a)2x-3y:7,W3x-y:I 2x* 3y:1 5x* y:7 e) 5x*2y:7 yx-2y:5 2x*Y:2 3x*Y:g i) 3x + 5y: | rt'S* * 4y: I 2x* 3Y: g 7x1- 5Y:2
3xik) 6x -
ilZ**3y:t rtSx-2y:5
y:5
5x-
4y:11
Zx*
y:8
x-
6y:11
Algebra
17
elimination or the substitution method, but show your working clearlY. b) 5x - 4y* I:0 a) 2x* y - I0:0
3x+y-13:0 d) 5x-7y*3:0 3x* 2y * 8:0 f) 2x- 5y* 4:0 3x- 5y * I :0 h) 3r+ 2y- 2:0 x-6y*I:0
Solve each pair of simultaneous equations. Use the substitution method, and in each case illustrate your solution graphically.
b)y:x-4 y:3xd)y:4-x
16
y:2x+10
y:6x*
g)
Z*- 5y:4
3x* 2Y: -13
f) y:2x-10
1.5
Factorisation
ofxand x *
3 is x2
The product
3x.
+ 3xare xand
3.
To factorise an expression, you must find quantities which, when multiplied together, give the original expression.
a)3x2*x
b) 4xy+ 2y
c) 2x2 - xy
You can check that you have factorised correctly by expanding the brackets. For
example,
+ x: x(3x]- l)
b) Two obvious factors are 2 and y, 4ry + 2y: 2y(2x + l) c) There is an obvious factor of rc
Zxz
x(3x*1):3xzlx
- xY:
x(2x
Y)
18
Algebra
Trinomials
A trinomial is a three-termed expression such as ya + 2xy - 3. A special case of trinomials are quadratic expressions ax2 * bx * c, where a, b and c are non-zero constants. You may be able to factorise such expressions by trial and error.
An example of a quadratic trinomial
is x2
+ 2x
* 6.
Factorise xz
+ 5x+
6.
xz+5x*6:(x+?)(x+?)
Therefore look for two numbers whose product is 6 and whose sum is 5. These are 2 and 3 and the factors are
(x+ 2) and
the factors.
(x + 3)
Factorise x2
+ 4x- 21.
In this case look for two numbers whose product is -21 and whose sum is *4. These numbers are *7 and -3. The factors are
(x+7)
and
(x-
3)
1.
Factorise 2x2
- x-
6.
The coefficient of x2 is 2, which can be obtained by multiplying x and 2x. If this expression factorises then Zxz
_ x_
6:
(2x+ ?)(x+ ?)
Therefore look for two numbers whose product is -6 and which fit this arrangement.If you try 3 and -2 and expand, you get the required expression. The factors are (2x
+ 3) and (x -
2)
The other combinations don't give the required result; for example:
(2x-2)(x+3):2x2*4x-6
Algebra
In Example 4 the coefficient of the x2 term is not equal to To factorise 6x2 - x - 2, first look at the quadratic term: 6x2 - x - 2 : (6x + ?)(x + ?) or (2x+ ?)(3x + ?)
1.
19
Now look at the constant term. The constant -2 must have been generated from -2 and I or 2 and - l. Trying the different combinations shows that the factors are: (2x + 1) and (3x - 2)
(a+ b)(a- b) :
of
two squares.
Factorise x2
25.
Notice that the expression is the difference of the two squares xz and 52. Using the identity a2 F (a b)(a b) gives x2
_ 25:
(x
* 5)(x _ 5).
Factorise
9*t - y'
Notice that the expression is the difference of the two squares (3x)2 and72. Using the identity a2 - b2 : (a t b)(a - b) gives
9x2
- ,z : -
Factorise 3xz
l2y2
Notice that neither 3 nor 12 are square numbers. However, there is an obvious factor of 3. Factorising gives
3(x2
4y2)
Notice that the expression x' - 4y, is the difference of the two squares x2 and (2y)2. Using the identity a2 - bz : (a * b)(a - b) gives
x,
- Ayr: (x * zy)(xl2y2
2y). 2y).
:3(x + zy)(x-
20
Algebra
Exercise 1F
1 a) 2x+ 4y
d) 8y
I2x
b)6a+9b e) 2m*6n
c) 5p - t\q
f) 3a-9b
c) 6p2 f) 3d -
d2a*4b-6c 2 a)5f +x
Qa1?-7y g) zbc- 8ba
5p
6ab
- 6ab * 8ac
b) d)
cx
- 2by- 3bx+ 6xy c)*+5x-6 b)*+4x+3 4a)f-3x*2 f)*-4x-12 e)f-x-12 d)f+6x*9 i) *-8x't7 d xz*9x*20 h)f +x-6 j) *-3x-10 l) *+7x*r0 k)f+4x-5 b)2f+3x+r c)3*-5x-2 5 a)2*r-x-6 d) 3*- 10x* 3 e) s* - rIx* 2 f) 5f * 23x-t 12 d z* - r7x* 30 h) 3f * 26x-t 35 i) 7f - t9x- 6 k)4f -5x-6 l) e*+nx+s D aS*4x-3 c) f-81 b)f-e 6 a) *-16 f) 25f -4 e)a*-9 d)f-r44 t) 4* - stf h) 4e - 64* s) 16-e* j) zsf - r6f t) 4* - 36f k) * - t6%/
h)
W
by
1.6
Quadraticequations
with
a
af *
bx
0, is called a
quadratic expression.
bx
a* *
-l
c:
constants with a # 0, is called a quadratic equation. A quadratic equation will have at most two real solutions. The solutions are generally called the roots of the quadratic. There are three types of quadratic equation:
Algebra
21
axz+c=0
tu
Solve the equation
x2
Remember:
GDC
graphic display
calculator
x2
:16
You must include
.'.x:+4
v +- i1.6 ^ - -vr
-4
as a 16.
x:
+ 4.
This equation can also be solved by factorisation using 'the difference of two squares'. That is:
tll
of
two squares:
x2-42:O
Using [1] gives
- 42: (x* a)@+ 4):0 Using the result 'if ab :0 then a: 0 or b : x-4:0 or xl4:0 .'. x :4 or x: -4 The solutions are x: !4,as before.
x2
0' glves I
I
, ., t .' [ / .tf
,.2:
y: x2 - l6as shown. The solutions of the equation x2 - 16: 0 are the x values of
the intersection points of the graph and the x-axis.
-t-.
From the GDC these are x:4 and with the solutions from a). solutions as ,c: 4 and
x:
-4,which
agree
x: -4.
in exact
form.
A1 J J, "*---l
-t
22
Algebra
a) Solve the equation 4xz - 24 -0. b) Sketch the graph of y: 4*z - 24, showing clearlywhere the
curve intersects the axes.
b)
axz+bx=O
This type of quadratic equation can be solved by simple factorisation, where x is a factor.
a) Solve the equation x2 - 7x:0. b) Sketch the graph of y : x2 - 7x, showing clearly where the
curve intersects the axes.
7.
Many quadratic equations of this form can be solved by factorisation methods. However, not all quadratics of this form will factorise. When a quadratic expression will not factorise, the quadratic is said to be irreducible. Other methods are required for solving irreducible quadratics, namely 'completing the square'and the formula method (see pages 26-36).
y=l+5*+6
Algebra
^-'-l
Solve the equation
23
Zf -
tSx
- 24: 0.
f -zx-15:0 (x+3)(x-5) :0 x*3:0 or x-5:O .'. x : -3 or x:5 The solutions are x: -3 and x : 5.
to draw the
graphs of
y:
+ l)(2x -
1)
(x -f 2)2 :
5.
6*-x-l-(f+4x*4):5 5f-5x-5:5 Sf - 5x- 10:0 5(* - x- 2): g 5(x+ 1)(x- 2):0 x*1:0 or x-2:0 .'. x: - I or x:2 The solutions are x: -l and x: 2.
::l
24
Algebra
A piece of wire of length 1 metre is cut into two Parts and each part is bent to form a square. If the total area of the two squares formed is 325 cm2, find the perimeter of each square. Let one of the pieces of wire be of length x cm. Then the other piece is of length (100 x) cm.
il { t i t":
I
t,'
'
(100
x) cm
The square formed from the piece AB has sides of length The area, 41, of this square is given by
t t-'
x1
o' :
/x\/x\ c, (,zJ(;):,ftu---'
The square formed from the piece BC has sides of length /100 - x\
l\4
lcm. ) The area, A2, of this square is given by /100 - x\/100 - x\ (100
(r%-,).*
or: (,
n ,)(, A2:
x)2
x)2
l
.
(r%-)"-
A\ +
325
* So:+' 16
x2
(100
:325
16 gives
16
Multiplying throughout by
x2*(1oo-x)2:5200
+ lo ooo - Zoox* x2:5200 2x2 - 2oox* 48oo: o 2(x2-100x*2400):g
.'.
x:40 or x:60
ln practical problems,
remember to check that the
answers make sense.
40 cm, the square formed from the piece of wire AB has perimeter 40 cm, and the square formed from the piece of wire
If rc:
60 cm, the square formed from the piece of wire AB has perimeter 60 cm, and the square formed from the piece of wire BC has perimeter 40 cm. The perimeters of the squares are 40 cm and 60 cm.
t-t:
l)
/'t-:
lr
,-2.u.."//
Algebra
Exercise 1G
In questions
25
1 a) f -5x* 6:0
-7x*I0:0 - 6x*8:0 :9 l) f :x*12 k) f:4x 2 a)2f -t5x*2:0( c) 2f -3x-5:0' e)af *5x*I:01 g)Z*:10x*F/ i) L6* :9 k) 5l * l3x:6 /
t
c) f e) f g) f
2x:8
j) * + 20:9x l) f - 8:7x
b) 3tr
,.
+r:8 I
:
I
f) 2(5x+ l{)
e+2)2:Zxl-12
d)(x-3)(x-4)+7:(2x* 2xi _ ^\ _
s)(x
The perimeter of a rectangle is 34 cm. Given that the diagon{ is of length 13 cm, and that the width is xcm, derive equation tlx 60 0. Hence find the dimensions of'the rectangle.
the I
A garden is in the shape of a rectangle, 20 metres by 8 metres. Around the outside is a border of uniform width, and in the middle is a square pond. The width of the border is the same as the width of the pond. The size of the area which is not occupied by either border or pond is 124 m2. Letting the width of the borderbe xm, derive the equation 3* - 56x * 36 : 0. Solve this equation to find the value of x.
20m
'-n
26
Algebra
the sleeve,
495 cm3.
uniform thickness, xcm, along and the total volume of metal in the sleeve is
I44x
A strand of wire of length 32 cm is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent to form a rectangle of width xcm and length (x + 2) cm, and the other piece is bent to form a square.
1.7 Completing
the square
25: 52 t -- 1P\z f + tZx* 36: (x+ 6)2 (x+ y)u: [(x + y)tl'
+ Sxinto a perfect You can make the quadratic expression square by adding halfthe coefficient ofthe rterm squared.
That is:
+ Bx*
t6:
G+ a)G+
a)
: (21* 4)2
which is a perfect square.
This process of adding half the coefficient of the called completing the square"
,c
term squared is
-'laa
:
{-':. .
.
EgF:='-:
Algebra
to make In general, if you want t b\"
add
27
f *
l;; \"/
: ("* :)(..:)
:(t*!\ \ 2)
which is a Perfect square.
The process of completing the square is used to express a
quadratic expression
af + bx *
in the form
a(x+
P)z
where p and 4 are constants. First, we will look at those quadratic expressions in which In general,
a:
I.
*+bx+
.\2
(9)'
)
to make
so
** :
bx into a perfect
In the examples which follow, you will see why it is useful to express a quadratic expression in this form.
that
LHS
RHS.
Express x2 + 6x l intheform a(x* Hence solve the equation xz + 6x | answers in exact form.
- :
p)'+
q.
0, leaving your
t-,
x2+6x-t- (*+3)'-G)'-t
0 gives
Vlb.
r.:=;
2a
Algebra
x2
Use the method of completing the square to solve the equation - 3x + I : 0, leaving your answers in exact form.
slightlytox2-3x+3:0,
something interestrng happens. Completing the square gives
f _ 3x*r:[-iY-/-lY *, \ 2/ \ 2l
: / :\' [x-;)
lx-- l--:0 \\/ 2l q
/ 3\' e lx--l--+t \ 21 4
s
n
(,
\ 21
\'0 gives
3\2
z)
3
-3
4
/ :\'
* I:
Y-.'?
v4
lJ
T_a
t.-tl: \ -/
x--:=
/ .r\'
Theequationx2-3x+3:0
has no real roots.
z[iG
una
*:
-E
To use this technique when the coefficient of the x2 term is not I you must factorise the expression, as in the next two examples.
Express 2x2
8x
values of a, p and q.
2x2+
8x*5:z(f+ax+])
:2lQ+z1z-4+,1
Now proceed as before with the expression xz + 4x + l. z(x2 + +x+]):211o.+ zSz (z)'+Zl
: z[@+ 4z - t1
:2(x+Z7z-,
Therefore, a
2,
2 and
q- -3.
m::'.
F: :'
Algebra
)t'
29
tt-
3f *
a(x+
3f
- 20 :
p)2
q.
0, giving
your
tt-
t(* + s*-t):3[(x
3(x+3)'-T:o
3(x + z)'
:+
,^1155
("+i)':#
,5 *l'*::-i-u+
or
x: 1.1 The solutions are x: 1.1 and x:
Exercise lH
,: -1-v+
-6.1
or x:
-6.1 to I d.p.
q.
f +4x*6 c) f- 10x*40
a) e)
tr-5x*9
Use the method of completing the square to express the solutions to each of these quadratic equations in the form a b{i,where aand.b are rational,and nis an integer.
k)f-9x*10:0
l)f-i*-I:o
5-',:i
-.=]
30
Algebra
a) 2x2 *
b) 3xz
- 6x* 2
5x2
d)5+4x-2x2
f)
23
- llx-
Use the method of completing the square to solve each of these quadratic equations, expressing your solutions in the form a + bl n,where a, b and n are rational.
a) 2x2 -
3x- 3:0
c)
18x
* 2l :0
+ 4x -f 7 in the form (x + p)2 + q. Hence show that the equation xz + 4x * 7 : 0 has no real root.
Express xz
Express 5x2 30x 47 in the form a(x+ p)2 + q. Hence show that the equation 5x2 30x 47 0 has no real
root.
7
8
.x- 3 ! 2x* 3
* + ax:
b,
t+:
n^has
no real root.
where a and, bare real numbers, has a unique solution, prove that d -l 4b: 0.
Given that the equation
1.8
Quadratic formula
A root x is a solution of the
equation
The general quadratic equation has the form a* * bx * c: 0, where a, b andc are constants with a * 0.Solving this general equation in terms of a, b and c will give a formula for the roots of any quadratic equation ax2 + bx* c:0:
f(x):
g.
If axz * bx *
then
c:
0, where
a*
0,
formula.
x: -5'r
tlSz
- a*
2a
&.-
ffi:, -:'
.:;,.
Algebra
formula like this: You can Prove the.
Factorising out a in axz
You will not need to learn this
31
bx
* c:
0 gives
o(*,
+ i\ : +!" a al
4(.. *1
.(r#')] :'
,(***f:n t.t-r-t-4ac
bl2 F-4ac
4a2
\" zo)
--r---+n'zo
.
b
-.:
l-
[F-+a,
4a2
--!
..
4-
2a 2a -btYF - 4*
2a
u tlw-+*
as
required.
You can use the quadratic formula to soive any quadratic equation.
an exact form.
+ 2x -
l:
0, giving
your solutions in
In this case
_ -2 x.2{5
4
-l t \5
You could get the same
.'.
x:
22
or x: -
These are the exact solutions and are left in this form.
33
of the quadratic equation axz + bx* c:0' iscalledthe discriminant typ"of roots that a quadratic equation has depends on the
L=F-4ac
6r a
* *
value of the discriminant' and the associated equation has two real In Example 2,
L:48
: - 184 and the associated equation has no 4, A : 0 and the associated equation has a
#,.ibi* e':0
8-,!,4ac
0, the equation has two disliqct,real rootst 0, the equation has one repeatedroot.
8 t 4ac:
The discriminant of a quadratic equation tells you whether the associated graph of the quadratic expression cuts the x-axis at two different points, does not cut the x-axis at all or touches the x-axis 0. at one point. Each case is illustrated,for
a)
,.--
Use the
discriminant to determine which of these quadratic equations has two distinct real roots, equal roots or no real roots.
a)3x2-x*2:o c)4x2-4x*l:o
a) In this
case
b) az -
3x- 28:
a:3,b - - l, c:2.The
discriminant is givenby
w-l t,d
34
Algebra
f
::
b) In this case a:
given by
-3,
s:
is
'1
{
Since A
c) In this
1 1
I
Use your GDC
4, b
-4,
1.
to draw the
I I I
I
2 roots.
no real roots, this means that y is always positive or always negative. The curve never crosses the
chas
If the graph of y
axz
bx
-l
x-axis.
Z* + Zx *
Calculate the discriminant of the quadratic expression 7. Hence show that 2* + 7 is always positive.
lx+
a:
2, b
7 andc
7 gives
The discriminant is
Since
0, the equation Zf + Zx 7 has no real roots. Therefore, y .: Z* 7x 7 is never zero and the graph of y 2* + 7 x -t 7 does not cut the x_axis.
- -7 (
-7.
* :0
Since the coefficient of the.f term is positive, you know that the curve is U-shaped. Therefore, the entire curve lies above the x-axis. Therefore 2f + 7x * 7 is always positive.
Find the values of the constant k given that the equation (5k + t)f - Bkx.+ 3k:0 has a iepeated root.
The equation (5k + r)f - gkrc + 3k : 0 has a repeated root the discriminant of the equation is zero.
if
Algebra
of the equation with Calculating the discriminant
6
35
t'
I
a: sk+ 1,
-9kand
c:3k
gives
t-
L:8-4ac : ?8k)2 -
641&
+ 1)(3k) lzk(sk + I)
4(sk
I
lF
J
.'.A-4lc-rzk Putting A : 0 and factorising gives 4l? * tzk:0 4k(k- 3):0 .'.k-0 or k-3:0 .'.k-0 or k:3
The required values of k ate 0 and 3.
Exercise 1l
formula to solve each of these equations, giving your answers correct to three significant figures.
f :, * 2x- r:0
y'
2 {*'-3x-5:0
*t
Use
b) x2 +
4x*2:o d)vz-7x*4:o
f) x2+ 8x-10:o
*3x-5:o
your GDC to solve each of these equations, giving your answers correct to three significant figures.
b)P-6x-10:o
d)xez-6x*6:o f) x2 + r2x- 2o:
o
formula to solve each of these equations, giving your answers correct to three significant figures.
your GDC to solve each of these equations, giving your answers correct to three significant figures.
a)2x2*x-8:0
c) 3x2'l7x-13:0
e)
b)
6x2*9x-t2:0
35
Algebra
:x
: 4 G) e+ 2)z * 5x: 6
t::,2-x )-: ' (dl ',j'3
4-3x
5
- x
* x
of
use the discriminant to determine the number of real roots each of these quadratic equations.
l'-b,;6x2-5x-3:o
,'9);z*'*6x*3:o 1{|sxz:l-2x
7 8 9
calculate the discriminant of the quadratic 3x2 + 5x * g. Hence show that 3xz + 5x * g ) 0, for all values of r calculate the discriminant of the quadratic 5x2 + 2x * r. + 2x * I ) 0, for all values of x.
0
I
1
a) By completing the square, show that x2 + 3x* 5 ) all values of rc b) Illustrate your answer on your GDC.
show that 2x2
for
1
for
4x
* 5)
(
I
-1
11 12 13 14
13
<
I
1
Find the possible values of the constant a given that the equation ax2 +.(g - a)x* I : 0 has a repeated root.
Given that the equation x2 3bx + (4b+ l) repeated root, find the possible values of the
-l
1
0 has a
b.
constant
I
1
show that there is no real value of the constant c for which the equation
cx2
2):0 r
t :
0
-t
ff;$iQg{e
rndiffer
'--
ll=)-?
equation.
roots of the equation xz ax + (a + 2) by 2, fihd the possible values of the constant c. Hence"st6i"e the possible values of the roots of the
Y, : lua t
-)
."...;.....
ffirll.l
'
Algebra
37
7.g
do Some equations
5x2
14
0.
This equation does not appear to be a quadratic, but writing in the form
it
You can say that the original equation is a 'quadratic equation in x'.
Now replacing Twith x2 gives x2 : -7 or x2 : 2. You can see that f : -7 gives no real solutions. However, xz :2gives x : *\,0..
An equation with no x2 in
2.
- 9{x*
as
20
0.
G. Letting
y:
{*gru"t
y'-9y*20:o
Factorising and solving gives
:. y:4
U-q)(Y-5):o
or y:5
16 or
{x :
25.
+ or
{x :
5.
x:
x:
Exercise 1J
a) xa-I3x2+ 36:0
c) x6-28x3-t27:o e) x- slG+ 6: o
tb)
xn
-2x2 -3:0
d)x6+5x3-24:o
-l 38
Algebra
a)xzll:;
c)
'r8 b)'x'*
d)
7:
x: n{-x- 35
\tx
x'- 6x* - -0
f) x2+3:+ r
5(x+ 3) f + :
6.
Z1z
Solve
(3x-
l)2 +
6(3x- t) -
0.
5 a) Solvef
-ly*10:0. 7(x2
1)
l0 :
t+
0.
;
I
->6 \\ I \)
a)Solvef-sy-14:0.
b) Hence find the solutions to (x3 a) By using the substitution
1)2
5(x3
- l) -
0.
I
I
reducesto2f+p-10:0.
b) Hence solve2xa
I
I
+ x* 2 =
0.
Important features of the graph to note are: * It is U shaped * It has a line of symmetry, which is the y-axis * It has a vertex at (0,0).
You can produce variations in the graph of this simplest quadratic function by translations of the graph of y *2.
If you plot the graph of y: (x - l)(x - 3) you still get a U-shaped graph but the line of symmetry and vertex are different. It is easy to see that when x : 1 and x: 3,then y: 0 and hence the graph intersects the x-axis at x: I and x : 3. The line of symmetry will be x : 2: half-way between the x intercepts,
because the graph is symmetrical.
F,!==
Algebra
To
39
fin{
whet{
x:
the lowest point, the 7-coordinate of the vertex, find (2 r)(2 3) 2, which gives 7 - 1.
y:(x-l)("x-3)
You can check this using your GDC and plotting
y: (x (,,
-<D.
Given that
1Xx
3) directly.
y:
(x
* 2)(x 7.
6) write down:
a) You can see that when x: -2 and rc: 6 the curve intersects the x-axis. The equation of the axis of symmetry is therefore x- 2 (half way between -2 and 6).
Vx- ,:{
i"
t- :t
b) The 7-coordinate of the vertex is forurd_fu,sr:bstiIuEnJ=*2 into the equation of the curve, giving y: (2 + 2)(2 - 6) : -t0
Therefore the vertex has coordinates (2,
I
l,/,, 'J
li I ,'/-f :_-/l
16).
I
I-
You
will usually meet the quadratic function in the more general form y : ax2 * bx * q and be asked to sketch the graph of the function. It is useful to remember these facts: 'f' If a> 0 then the graph is U shaped and the vertex is where the function reaches a minimum value. * If a< 0 then the graph is fl shaped and the vertex is where the function reaches a maximum value.
40
Algebra
-J
y:
axz
bx
c.
- 2x - L5, a) use the GDC to plot the graph of y: xz - 2x Given the quadratic function y x2
15
b)
inthe form (x + p), + q and write down: i) the equation of the axis of symmetry ii) the coordinates of the vertex iii) the minimum value of 7 c) find the coordinates of the x-intercepts.
express y
a) Using the GDC gives the graph shown. b) Completing the square gives
The equation of the axis of symmetry is x : l. ii) The coordinates of the vertex are ( I , - 16) . iii) The graph is U shaped and hence 7 attains a minimum value at the vertex of - 16.
i)
- 2x- 15: (x- l)' - (-l)t : (x- I)2 - t6 Therefore, y: (x - l)' - rc.
x2
tS
Here, p
-1,
1
q: -16 :
(1,
0.
So: x2-2x-15:0
Factorising and solving gives
x: *p:
Axis of symmetry is
Vertex is (-p, q)
16)
5)
:0
x-5
x: -3 or
Express y
: f - 2x-
8 in the
form (x + p), +
4. Hence state:
a) the coordinates of the vertex b) whether / attains a maximum or minimum value, and state
its value
x-intercepts.
*-
2x
- 8:
Zx
:*-
Algebra
Completing the square gives
41
\
I
r
T T
a) The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y - f - Zx - 8 are (1, -9). b) Since the coefficient of * is positive the graph of 7 is U shaped and hence y attains a minimum value. The minimum value occurs at the vertex and from a) you can see its value is -9.
*-
2x
- 8:
0 gives
r
T
(-2,0)
and (4,0).
I
I
:*-
Zx
g.
I
I
tt-
r
T
fI
Express hence:
/: - x2 *
10x
p)2
qand
a) state the coordinates ofthe vertex b) determine the maximum or minimum value of 7. Find the x-intercepts on the graph of y : - x2 + 10x - 2I and
hence sketch the graph.
-x2 +
/: -(x-
5)2
+ 4.
g:i.:r.:i{
42
Algebra
a) The coordinates of the vertex are (5, 4). b) The coefficient of the x2 term is negative, therefore the graph of y is O shaped and y attains a maximum value. This maximum value occurs at the vertex and its value is 4.
The x-intercepts are found by solving the equation - f + 10x - 2I : 0. Factorising and solving gives
-x2+lox-21 :o
The x-intercepts are (3,0) and (7,0). The graph of y : - * + 10x - 21 is shown.
of
l---_-}o-'
A: x(I4- x) : l4x- x2
Express A in the form a(x
_ I4x)
:-[(x-7)2-49] :-(x-7)z+49
+
49.
Use your GDC
Therefore,
A: -(x-
7)2
The maximum value of A is 49 units2, which occurs when x: 7 units. Notice that when x: 7, y: 14 - 7 - 7. In other words, the rectangle is a square when it attains its maximum area.
to sketch the
graph of
y:
14x
x2 and
7.
x:
Algebra 43
Exercise 1K
Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic functions, and label all axis crossings. (x s)(x 9) b) 3)(x+ 3) a)
of completing the square to find the minimum value of 1 and the value of x at which it occurs. a)
c) y: * - tox+ qo e) Y:*+3x+g
Y: * + +x+ 6
b)y:*-6x*13 d)y:i+2x-5
f) y:i-lx+rs
r'i
"'
'!
of completing the square to sketch the graphs of these quadratics, marking the coordinates of the vertex and the x- and y-intercepts on your diagrams.
Use the method
y: f + zx- s c) y: * + 3x+ s
a) e)
Y:f -zx-6
y:2* + rox- 5
y:
of completing the square to find the minimum value of y and the value of x at which it occurs.
Use the method
a)
c) Y:qf +x-7 e) ef + x+ s
Use the method of completing the square to find the maximum value of 7 and the value of x at which it occurs.
Use the method of completing the square to sketch the graphs of these quadratics.
b)
A farmer has 40 m of fencing with which to enclose rectangular pen. Given the pen is xm wide, a) show that its area is (20x - f) m'
44
Algebra
Another farmer also has 40 m of fencing, and he also wishes to enclose a rectangular pen of maximum area, but one side of his pen will consist of part of a wall which is already in place. Given that the two sides of his pen touching the wall each have length x m, find an expression, in terms of rg for the area that he can enclose. Deduce that the maximum area is 200 m2. A third farmer also has 40 m of fencing but he decides to use a right-angled corner of a building, as in the diagram.
Show that the area which he can enclose is given by the expression (40x 3*) m2, and deduce the maximum value
this area.
of
10 When
into the air with an initial s-r its height, h metres, above the point of projection, at a time f seconds after the instant of projection, can be approximated by the formula h: 30t - 5P. Find the maximum height reached by the stone, and the time at which this occurs.
speed of 30 m
\
ti
d
11 A strip of wire of length 28 cm is cut into two pieces. One piece is bent to form a square of side .r cm, and the other piece is bent to form a rectangle of width 3 cm.
.l
F
A
c)
12 It
sides of the rectangle are given by ( I 1 2x) cm. Deduce that the total combined area of the square and the rectangle is 6x 33) cm2. Prove that the minimum total area which can be enclosed
(l -
rl
J
inthiswayis 24cmz.
area inside a triangle, PQR, in which PR : 1 metre, RQ : 2 metres, and PRQ : 90'. The diagram shows an arbitrary rectangle, RSTU, in which TU : xmetres and ST : /metres. is required to
rV
I
I
*tu-a
a) Show that y:2 - 2x. b) Find an expression, in terms of a for the
area of the
I
I
rectangle, and deduce that the rectangle of maximum area which fits inside triangle PQR has area)m2.
13
Show that, in general, for any rectangle drawn inside any right-angled triangle, the area of the rectangle cannot exceed half the area of the triangle.
I
I
T
Algebra
45
"oo 'diff"r"n , of two numerical fractions, each fraction must be .*pr.rr.d in terms of the same denominator, called the lowest common denominator. For example, in calculating
-Lrl 3t6
thelowest common denominator is 6, since 3 is a factor of 6. Therefore,
When the only common factor of the denominators is 1, you can find their product and use the product as the common denominator. For example, in calculating
i+i
the lowest common denominator is 3
x 7 :21'
,+j:;:.-rzr:zl
7 , 3
l0
A numerical fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator is called an improper fraction. For example,3 is un improper fraction which can be written as 11.
An algebraic fraction is called improper if the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator. For example,
*+zx-g
3x*
is an 7
improper fraction because the degree of the numerator is 2 and the degree of the denominator is 1.
L)
+ 6)(x *
6)
7). Therefore:
4 2 x't6 x*7
4(x+ 7) - 2(x+
4x4- 28 2x
For example, x
* x:-2x
(x+6)(x+7)
2x-
12
(x+6)(x+7)
7)
x*6
x-t7 (x+6)(x+7)
46
Algebra
52 r-x*3 x-I
|
1 -J
- 1) to give 7x*I:3(x+3)(x-l)
7x* I:3(x2 + 2x* 3) 7x* I:3xz * 6x- 9
.'.3x2-x-10:0
Factorising and solving gives
\t
Exercise 1L
.32
-r-
x-f
'x-5 x*4 - 2xl G' ' x*2 x-2 .2x-tI 3x -\ _I_ 6) x-2 x*4 2
Showthat
.42
2r
x-3 x*2
2x*5
2x-5
I
LE
L:
Li
l'',
Algebra
47
a'
L.
a
21
Express
.-,
tx +
las
a single
fraction'
l,'
t_
215 x-3'2x*l
4
Given
:-
2x-3
t_
1)
AB2x x-5'x*5
*-25
Summary
'exprsslon
-fi +- 1lP - 4*
2a
G"
48
Algebra
i'
Revision exercise 1
r; a.!
The quadratic equation 4f + 4kx + 9 : 0, k > 0, has exactly one solution for x. Find the value of k.
Show that the equation (k roots for all values of k
o /Bo[2000]
a:
2 3
- l)* * 2x :2f 8x
(k
3)
0 has real
5,
Z:
t.
a:
So x
means'x is an integer'.
@
lBOl2oo2l
tl
a(x
a,h,keZ.
h)2
k,
a) The vertex is at the point (3, 1).Write down the value of ft and of k.
b) The point P(5, 9) is on the graph. Show that
L) Hence show that the equation
as
a:
2.
Y: 2f -
I2x
19.
o 1BOl2003l
The diagram shows part of the graph with equation y -The graph cuts the x-axis at -2 and 3.
+ px +
q.
a)p
b)q
rBoI2001)
y:
ix(6
x).
a) Write down
i)
the coordinates of Q ii) the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph.
o lBO[1ee8]
t*a
Algebra 49
Y
curve shown in the diagram has equation y
: 2 * x - *.
rr
:a
;; i.r=
v: 3
t' .l t,: a:
J-r
a-.'
.lt-.
.a
i:'
a
r:j
:i:
r a. 'I
a
F. |,
;--i'
:a
t t' I
a
b)B
c)c
rBo[lee7)
lI-..',
:s
't a'
a a
t t t
a
a
a
a a
a.
a a a
a a a
a
lJ
a
a
t I t t I
q.
*,
U;
'a
a a
rBo[leee]
.o
''; .;
3:
I 'L t
y:af-fbx*c.
:.
aa
a
a' a.
a a
vi
al
a:
1
:.
a
a a
a
vl
I c I o I c I
negative or zero.
a)a
b)c
c)F- ac
d)b
o /Bol2ooo)
t.
U
E--