CHAPTER 1 : Physical Quantities & Measurements

Physics is the study of the physical objects and the natural phenomena. It involves the process of doing experiments to observe how the nature is related to the laws and principles. The study of physics ranges from microscopic scale (such as elementary particle), normal scale to the macroscopic scale (such as galactic objects). In order to describe the phenomena quantitatively, the so-called the physical quantity is being introduced, which has to be observed, measured and described by numbers. Physical quantities are quantities that are measurable using instruments or derived from other quantities. Each quantity is represented with a symbol (example : m for mass) and uses a standard size called the unit (example : kg for mass). The SI unit is the international standard unit used all over the world. Scientific notation refers to a way of presenting numbers with a value between 0 to 10 multiplied by ten raised to a certain power. It is important especially to write a too small value (microscopic scale) or even a too big value (macroscopic scale) into a simple form (example : 0.0000123 = -5 9 1.23x10 or 1,230,000,000 = 1.23x10 ). It is also can be represented by using a unit prefix (such as micro, mili, kilo, mega, ). Besides, not all people use the same unit for a certain physical quantity (example : for Malaysian, unit of distant is meter but for American, they use mile). Therefore, skill of unit conversion is very important. Besides, some quantities are coming from the same family (example : length, wide, height, radius, diameter, or work, potential energy, kinetic energy, ). The word family actually refers to the so-called dimension, which defined as the way the quantity is related to the basic quantities. st In addition, dimension also has 3 main uses : 1 , nd to check the homogeneity of an equation. 2 , to construct an equation with the given quantities. rd 3 , to determined the SI unit for certain unknown constants. Physical quantities can be divided into 2 types : basic quantity and derived quantity. There 7 basic quantities cannot be derived from any other quantities. Table below shows all the basic quantities : Physical Quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Electric Current Amount of Substance Luminous Intensity SI unit meter, m kilogram, kg second, s kelvin, K ampere, A mol candela, cd Symbol l m t T I n I

A derived quantity is a quantity that is derived from the combination of several basic quantities by multiplication, division, differentiation or integration. Moreover, each types of can be divided into scalar quantity (has magnitude without direction) and vector quantity (has both magnitude and direction). There are 3 mathematical operations involving 2 or more vector quantities : additional, subtraction, product. Every operation can be solved by using 2 general methods, whether : graphical method (scaled diagram) or mathematical method. For additional and subtraction operations, parallelogram and tip to tail methods (graphical method) or vector resolution and unit vector (mathematical method) can be used. Vector Resolution: Resolved: Ax = A cos Ay = A sin Resultant;

Ax + Ay Ay -1 = tan A x
A=

Unit Vector: A = Ax i + Ay j

Parallelogram Method :

Tip to Tail (polygon) Method :

Additional / Subtraction using Resolved Vector: A+B=

= tan
-1

y x

( x ) + ( y )
2 comp comp
comp comp

The product also can be written as : A B = | A || B | cosAB where AB = angle between A and B Vector product:

AxB =
Additional / Subtraction using Unit Vector: A + B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) + (Bxi + Byj + Bzk) = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k

i Ax Bx

j Ay By

k Az Bz

= (AyBz ByAz)i (AxBz BxAz)j + (AxBy BxAy)k The product also can be written as : A x B = | A || B | sinAB where AB = angle between A and B The direction of the vector product can be determined by two ways : Right Hand Rule or Corkscrew Rule.

A - B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) - (Bxi + Byj + Bzk) = (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay - By)j + (Az - Bz)k
There are 2 types of vector product : scalar product (produces a scalar quantity) and vector product (produces a new vector quantity). Scalar product: A B = (Axi + Ayj + Azk) (Bxi + Byj + Bzk) = (AxBx) + (AyBy) + (AzBz)

CHAPTER 2 : Kinematics of linear Motion

Kinematics refers to the study of motion with respect to space and time without being concerned with the factors that cause the motion.
Average

There are three main parameters related to a motion of an object: i. displacement, s (SI unit : m). -1 ii. velocity, v (SI unit : ms ). -2 iii. acceleration, a (SI unit : ms ). These parameters are all vectors where their direction is defined as follow : o s(positive) located at right / above side. o s(negative) located at left / below side. o v(positive) moving rightwards / upwards. o v(negative) moving leftwards / downwards. o a (accelerating) same sign as v. o a (decelerating) different sign as v. The main difference between displacementdistance, velocity-speed and accelerationdeceleration respectively are as follow: Distance Displacement o The length of the o The change of the path between two position between points. two points.

Instantaneous

Acceleration = the rate of change of the total velocity. v aave = t = the instantaneous rate of change of velocity. v dv a = lim = t 0 t d = the motion in which acceleration is constant with regard to its magnitude (velocity changes uniformly).

Uniform

An object, which is moving in a uniform acceleration can be described graphically as follow: Gradient: ds =v m= d

o It is a scalar quantity.
Speed o The rate of change of distance.

o It is a vector quantity.
Velocity o The rate of change of displacement.
Gradient: dv m= =a d

o It is a scalar quantity.
Acceleration o The rate of the increase of velocity.

o It is a vector quantity.
Deceleration o The rate of the decrease of velocity.

Area under graph: A=

vdt = s

o It is assign as a positive value.

o It is assign as a negative value.

Area under graph: A = adt = v

The main difference between average, instantaneous and uniform velocity and acceleration respectively are as follow: Velocity = the rate of change of the total displacement. s vave = t = the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. s d s v = lim = t 0 t d
= the motion in which velocity is constant with regard to its magnitude.

Average

Instantaneous

Uniform

There are three types of motion where the object is moving in a uniform acceleration: i. linear motion. ii. free fall motion. iii. projectile motion. In a linear motion, a body is generating net acceleration, a (or decelerating) and moving in a horizontal or vertical straight line. Example: vehicle on the road, airplane, rocket, athletes ect.

The motion can be represented quantitatively by the following equations: v = u - gt 2 2 v = u - 2gs 2 s = ut - gt The projectile motion of a body can be considered as having a constant downwards g and an initial velocity u directed upwards at an angle to the horizontal plane. The trajectory (path) of the object is parabolic.

The motion can be represented quantitatively by the following equations: v = u + at 2 2 v = u + 2as 2 s = ut + at In a free fall motion, a body is only experiencing the acceleration due to gravity or a = g. The magnitude of the acceleration is equal to 9.81 -2 m s and always pulled downwards and so that g -2 is assigned as -9.81 m s . Free fall motion can be classified into two types : Falling downwards and Throwing upwards and described as follow: The equations that related to the projectile motion in terms of their components can be expressed as follows: x-component vX = uX sX = uXt Resultant: Displacement: y-component vY = uY gt 2 2 vY = uY - 2gsY 2 sY = uYt - gt

sy 2 2 -1 s = s x + s y with = tan s x Velocity: v=

vy 2 2 v x + v y with = tan-1 v x

CHAPTER 3 : Momentum & Impulse

Dynamic refers to the study on how kinematics be associated with the force. In this topic also, we study how force, momentum and impulse can be related each other.
Momentum, p refers to the product of bodys mass to its velocity. p = mv

It ranges from 0 to 1 and defined as follow: o If e = 1, elastic collision. o If 0 < e < 1, inelastic collision. o If e = 0, perfectly inelastic collision (objects will stick together). Another way to distinguish the type of collision is by calculating the total kinetic energy before and after collision as follow : 2 2 KT(before) = mAuA + mBuB 2 2 KT(after) = mAvA + mBvB

o o
Momentum is categorized as a vector quantity (direction : same as direction of its velocity) with SI -1 unit : kgms . Momentum obeys the conservation principle. The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that : If no external force acts on a closed system (consists of 2 objects), then the total momentum of the system remains constant. According to the principle, if object A collides object B, momentum of both objects respectively before and after collision may vary but the total momentum (additional vector of momentum A and momentum B) just before collision = total momentum right after collision. mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB There are two types of collision: i) Head-on (1D) collision. ii) Oblique (2D) collision. The above type of collisions also can be classified into two more types : i) Elastic collision. ii) Inelastic collision (and perfectly inelastic collision). All types of collisions obey the conservation principle. The elasticity of a collision can be defined quantitatively by using a constant called the coefficient of restitution, e :

If KT(before) = KT(after) elastic collision. If KT(before) < KT(after) inelastic collision.

As a conclusion, the differences and similarity between elastic collision and inelastic collision : Elastic collision Conservation of momentum Conservation of kinetic energy Coefficient of restitution, e Conserved Conserved 1 Inelastic collision Conserved Not Conserved 0e<1

Impulse, J refers to the change in momentum of a particular body during collision. J = dp = m(v u) Impulse is categorized as a vector quantity with SI -1 unit : kgms . Amazingly, the magnitudes of impulse of the colliding as well as collided objects are the same (but opposite direction). The rate of impulse (the ratio of impulse upon contact time during collision) is called the impulsive force and defined as follow : F=

m(v u) t

Impulsive force is also categorized as a vector quantity (direction : same as direction of impulse) -2 with SI unit : Newton (N) or base unit : kgms . Amazingly, the magnitudes of impulsive force of the colliding as well as collided objects are the same (but opposite direction) and defined as follow : o Impulse force (positive) = action force. o Impulse force (negative) = reaction force.

vBuB

A vAu

e=-

( (

) )

CHAPTER 4 : Basic of Forces

st

Force, F refers to a physical quantity which causes changes in the state motion and the shape of an object. Force is also categorized as a vector quantity (direction : depends on the type of force) with SI -2 unit : Newton (N) or base unit : kgms . If an object is exerted by more than one forces, the net value of force is produced and is known as the value of resultant force, FT (and has specific direction). The value (magnitude) and direction of the resultant force can only be determined technically by using a free body diagram (FBD). According to the technique, the resultant force normally is contributed by 4 basic force : weight W, normal R, tension of string T and/or friction f. All these forces initially must be analyzed their respective magnitude and direction before being resolved into their respective x and y components. Finally, the magnitude and direction of the resultant force can be determined through the sum of component forces using the following equation : Fy 2 2 -1 FT = ( Fx ) + Fy with = tan F x

Newtons 1 law also can be related to inertia. It is a physical characteristic, which refers to the reluctance of a body from experiencing any changes of its state of motion. Qualitatively, inertia is directly proportional to the mass of the body (the greater the mass an object, the greater the inertia of the object). Newtons 2 Law : The resultant force which exerts on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body and that change is in the direction of the force.
F= d dm dv (mv ) = +m v dt dt dt
nd

Based on the equation, if the mass of the object unchanged then the equation can be simplified as : F = ma This law is referring to an accelerating system (resultant force on the object is not zero).

Force can be studied based on the three Newtons law which stated as follow: Newton 1 Law: A body remains in its state of rest or of uniform motion (with constant velocity) in a straight line unless acted on by an external net force.
st

Newtons 3 Law : When 2 bodies A and B interact, the force exerted by A on B is equal and opposite to the force exerted by B on A. The force exerted by A on B, FAB is known as applied force, while the force exerted by B on A, FBA is known as reaction force. Quantitatively, they are related quantitatively as follow: FAB = -FBA. This law related to a system in equilibrium (resultant force acting on the object is zero). FT = 0 or specifically Fx = Fy = 0 Both forces have the same magnitude but in the opposite direction. Among the stated basic forces 3 of them are categorized as reaction force : normal R, tension of string T and friction f.

rd

Normal force, R exits due to the contact between an object a surface (direction : perpendicular outwards from the surface). Tension of string, T exists if there is a stretched string (direction : parallel to string and outwards from the attached object). Basically, there is no specific formula for R as well as T since its depend on either the st system is in equilibrium (use 1 Newtons law) nd or the system is accelerating (use 2 Newtons law). In some cases (e.g. : spring balance and buoyancy), R or T is well known as apparent weight of an object.

If s 0, smooth surface. If s 1, rough surface.

When fs achieve its maximum value, then the object will start to move. When the object moves then there is no more fs since the other type of friction force named kinetic friction force fk has taken place (direction : against the direction of motion). Along the motion the magnitude of the kinetic friction is constant and can be determined by the following formula : fk = k R where k = kinetic coefficient of friction. If the object initially at rest before moving on the same rough surface, then k < s and hence fk < fs(max). The nature of both types of friction force can be described graphically as follow :

Besides, friction force, f exists due to the friction between an object and a rough surface. Friction force always against the motion but never cause the motion. There are 2 types of friction force : static friction force, fs and kinetic friction force, fk. Static friction force is a type of force which is preventing an object to move although the object is exerted by an external force (direction : against the tendency of object to move). The magnitude of static friction changes which balances the magnitude of the external force until achieving its limited (maximum) value based on the following formula : fs(max) = s R where s = static coefficient of friction and its value describes the smoothness / roughness level of the surface :

CHAPTER 5 : Work, Energy & Power

The work, W is defined as the scalar product (dot product) of the force vector and the displacement vector. In other word, it is the product of the component of the force, which is parallel to the displacement of the object, times the magnitude of the displacement. Work is categorized as a scalar quantity (no direction) with SI unit : Joule (J) or base unit : 2 -2 kgm s . Basically, work is formulated as follow: W=

Energy, E is defined as the ability to do work. Energy exists in various form such as light, sound, heat, nuclear, and mechanical. All types of energy is categorized as scalar quantities (no direction) with SI unit : Joule (J) or 2 -2 base unit : kgm s . Mechanical energy is the combination of kinetic energy, K and potential energy, U of an object. E=K+U Kinetic energy is energy possessed by an abject due to its motion. It can be defined as: K=

F ds

For work done by constant force, the formula can be written as: W = Fs cos It means that, work is dependant on the force, F the displacement, s as well as the angle between force and displacement, .

1 2 mv 2

Potential energy is energy possessed by an object due to its position from a referred point. It can be grouped into: i) gravitational potential energy: U = mgh ii) spring potential energy: U=

1 2 kx 2

If an object is exerted by more than one force, the net work value is known as total work and be determined by using two methods: i) Algebraic sum of all individual work. WT = W1 + W 2 + + Wn ii) Free body diagram (firstly to determine the resultant force). WT = FT s cos

Energy and work are two quantities of the same dimension (family). They can be related based on the work-energy theorem which states that: the total work, WT done on the body by all forces on it, equals the change in a particular type of energy (such as kinetic energy or potential energy). or W T = K

or

W T = U

Energy obeys the conservation principle. The principle of conservation of energy states that: in a closed system, the total energy of the system is constant. It means that energy cannot be created or be destroyed, but energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from a body to another. Transformation of mechanical energy of a body can be represented as follow : ( K + Ug + Us )before = ( K + Ug + Us )after 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 mu + mgho + kxo = mv + mgh + kx 2 2 2 2

Average power: Pave = W t

Instantaneous power : dW P= =Fv dt where v = instantaneous velocity (not average velocity). The effective work (output work, Wout) is always smaller than the energy delivered (input energy, Ein). The system loses energy to its surroundings normally in the form of heat and sound.

The percentage of efficiency of a machine is represented as follow: Power, P is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of energy used.

=
=

W out x100% W in

Pout x100% Pin

CHAPTER 6 : Circular Motion

Circular motion refers to a type of motion where an object is moving in a circle shaped trajectory with the production of a resultant force named the centripetal force.

i
vi

For uniform circular motion, since the direction of the velocity is changing then a type of acceleration called the centripetal acceleration, ar is be produced. The magnitude of the acceleration is formulated as: v2 ac = r Graphically, the direction of the acceleration is pointing towards the centre of the circle. As a result, based on the Newtons 2 law, since the object with the mass, m is accelerating then the force is therefore produced and as stated before, this force is called the centripetal force and directed also to the centre of the circle. The magnitude of the centripetal force is formulated as: mv 2 Fc = r
nd

vf

There are two physical quantities commonly used to describe circular motion: period and frequency. Period, T is defined as the time taken for an object to make one complete revolution (with SI unit : s). The velocity of an object, which is moving in a circular of radius r and with period T, is formulated as: 2r v= T Frequency, f is defined as the number of revolutions made in 1 second (with SI unit : Hz). Relationship between frequency and period is as follow: f=

1 T
The centripetal force depends on the centripetal acceleration which is depends on the change of the direction of the velocity of an object. However, st based on the Newton 1 law, an object will only change its direction if exerted by the external force. It means that, the centripetal force is contributed by the external force/s (centripetal force actually is a resultant force). Such external forces are as tension of string, T frictional force, f normal reaction force, R gravitational force, Fg and electrostatic force, FE. As a conclusion, an object which is moving in a circular motion can be analysed as follow:

Circular motion can be divided into 2 planes: horizontal and vertical plane. An object moves in horizontal circular motion is independent from the gravitational force. However, an object, which is moving in vertically is constantly influenced by gravitational force.

Horizontal Circular Motion x-component y-component

F
Horizontal Circular Motion Vertical Circular Motion

= FC =

mv 2 r

=0

Vertical Circular Motion x-component y-component

=0

= FC =

mv 2 r

CHAPTER 7 : Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body

The angular acceleration, is defined as the rate -2 of change of angular velocity. Its SI unit is rads -2 (also can be written as s ). The direction depends on either the body is speeding up or slowing down.

A rigid body refers to a solid, which consists of millions of particles and never changes its shape whenever exerted with external forces (the distance between any two particles of the solid does not change). Rotational motion of a rigid body refers to a type of motion where all particles of the body undergo circular motion about an axis of rotation.

There are three main parameters concerning to rotational motion: angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, . The angular displacement, of a body is the angle (measured in radian) through which a point has been rotated about a specified axis. Note that 1 rotation equivalents 360 or 2 rad.
o

The average angular acceleration:

The instantaneous angular acceleration:

d dt

Relationship between parameters of rotational motion and linear motion are as follow: s = r v = r a = r As linear motion, rotational motion is also concerning with kinematics (of uniform acceleration) and formulated as follow: Linear Equations Rotational Equations v = u + at = o + t The angular velocity, is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement. Its SI unit is -1 -1 rads (also can be written as s ). The direction depends on the direction of rotation (use right hand rule). v = u + 2as s = ut + 1 2 at 2
2 2

2 = o2 + 2 = ot +
1 2 t 2

Moment of inertia, I refers to the physical property of a body to resist the any change in its rotational 2 motion. The SI unit is kg m . i) Moment of inertia of a particle is formulated as: 2 I=mr with r = distance between the particle and the axis of rotation. The average angular velocity:

The instantaneous angular velocity:

d dt

ii)

Moment of inertia of a rigid body (uniform shape) depends on it shape and formulated as follow:

Dynamics of rotational motion is described as follow: i) Rotational work, W (with base unit : 2 2 -2 kgm rad s or SI unit : Joule, J): W= ii) Rotational kinetic energy, K (with base unit : 2 2 -2 kgm rad s or SI unit : Joule, J):

K=
Note:

1 2 I 2

IC means the moment of inertia of a rigid body where the axis of rotation is located at the centre of mass.

iii) Moment of inertia of a discrete system (particles or rigid bodies) is formulated as follow:

I=

m r
i =1

If the body is rotating and undergoing linear motion (without slipping) in the same time, the body is actually rolling. Then, the kinetic energy is represented as follow: K = Krotational + Klinear 1 1 or K = I 2 + mv 2 2 2

i i

with m = mass of each particle or rigid body. A body, which is rotating with certain angular acceleration, will produce torque, . Torque refers to a physical quantity which causes an object to rotate. Physically, the greater the magnitude of the torque then the easier the object to be rotated. Torque can be defined as follow :

= r F sin
where r = arm (length between axis of rotation and the point on object where the force exerted).

iii) Rotational work-energy theorem states that: The net rotational work, Wnet done on the body by all forces on it, equals the change in the kinetic energy.

Wnet = K =
1 2 2 I( - o ) 2

= angle between force and arm.

Torque is categorized as a vector quantity (direction : using corkscrew rule) with SI unit : Nm 2 -2 or kgm s . Based on Newtons 2 law, the relationship between torque and angular acceleration is as follow:
nd

iv) Rotational power, P (with base unit : 2 2 -3 kgm rad s or SI unit : Watt, W): P=

= I
The direction of torque also depends on either the body is speeding up or slowing down (the same direction as the angular acceleration).

v)

Angular momentum, L (with SI unit : 2 -1 kgm rads ): L = I The direction is the same as the angular velocity. Angular momentum obeys the conservation principle which states that:: The total angular momentum about any axis for a system that consists of many rigid particles remains constant, unless there is an external torque acts on it.

or (I)total = constant [ (Iii)1 + (Iii)2 + ]initial = [ (Iii)1 + (Iii)2 +

]final

CHAPTER 8 : Gravitation

Gravitation describes the nature of the universe, which ranges macroscopic scale. Some of the investigations include the gravitational force, the gravitational field as well as the satellite motion. Investigation about the gravitational force is based on the law of gravitation, which states that: Two objects of masses m and M attract each other with forces directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centre of gravity. Mathematically: Mm F= G 2 r where G = the universal gravitational constant. -11 2 -2 = 6.67 x10 N m kg

The gravitational field strength is categorized as a vector quantity (direction : towards the centre of -1 -2 mass) with SI unit: Nkg or base unit : ms The gravitational field strength is also known as the gravitational acceleration. The gravitational force is also known as weight, W. As other type of force, gravitational force (or weight) is categorized as a vector quantity (direction : towards the centre of mass) with SI -2 unit: Newton (N) or base unit : kgms . The gravitational field refers to the 3 dimensional region around the centre of a body (or planet) where the gravitational force can be experienced. The gravitational field strength, g is changing depends on the distance from the centre of the body. The strength can be categorized into three region and formulated as follow: i) outside the body surface (r > R). GM g= 2 r mathematically : r = R + h where h = height from surface. ii) on the body surface (r = R). GM g= R2 The relationship between the gravitational acceleration and the gravitational force is: F g= m A satellite refers to a natural or an artificial object (such as moon and man-made satellite), which is orbiting around a large mass (such as Earth) because of the gravitational attraction. In order to orbit in fixed radius without falling down, the satellite must be moving with allowed speed called the orbital speed and formulated as:

v=

GM r

iii) inside the body surface (r < R). 4 g = Gr 3 mathematically : r = R - d where d = depth from surface.

An example of artificial satellite is the synchronous (geostationary) satellite which stays above the same point on the equator of the Earth. It is used as the communication satellite and has special characteristics as follow:

o o o o

it revolves in the same direction as the Earth. it rotates with the same period of rotation as that of the Earth (24 hours). it moves directly above the equator. the centre of a synchronous satellite orbit is at the centre of the Earth.

In order to launch the satellite from the Earth surface, the minimum velocity is required to overcome the gravitational pull to leave the Earth and travels into the space. The velocity is called as the escape velocity and formulated as:

v=

2GM R

CHAPTER 9 : Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Harmonic refers to the periodic motion (any repetitive motion over a certain period of time).
Therefore, Simple harmonic motion (SHM) refers to a form of periodic motion in which a point or body has the following properties: o oscillates along a straight line, o oscillates about a central point (fixed point) in such a way that it ranges an equal distance on either side of the central point, o accelerates towards the central point, o the acceleration always proportional to its distance. The central (or fixed) point is known as the point of equilibrium where the resultant force acts on the body is zero. Examples of system undergoing SHM :simple pendulum, spring oscillation and circular motion. The main parameters concerning SHM are as follow:

Therefore, the kinematics of SHM is described quantitatively as follow:

The displacement of SHM is define as : y = A sin(t) The velocity of SHM with respect to time and displacement respectively are defined as : v = A cos(t)
v = + A2 y 2

The acceleration of SHM with respect to time and displacement respectively are defined as: 2 a = - A sin(t) 2 a=- y

Some relationships are as follow: o rad 180o o = 2f

2 T

Amplitude, A : = The maximum displacement of the object from the fixed point (SI unit : m). Period, T : = Time taken for 1 complete oscillation (SI unit : s).
Formula of T for several system are as follow: a) Circular motion: 2r T= v b) Simple pendulum:
l g

Kinematics of SHM is described graphically as follow:

T = 2

c) Spring oscillation:

m k where k = spring constant.

T = 2

Frequency, f : = The number of complete oscillation for -1 every 1 second (SI unit : Hz or s ).

The description of an object which undergo SHM (circular motion) are as follow:

The mechanical energy of SHM is described quantitatively as follow:

The mechanical energy of SHM is described graphically as follow:

The kinetic energy of SHM with respect to time and displacement respectively are defined as: 1 2 2 2 K= mA cos (t) 2 1 K = m 2 A 2 y 2 2

The potential energy of SHM with respect to time and displacement respectively are defined as: 1 2 2 2 U= mA sin (t) 2
U=

1 m 2 y 2 2

Therefore, the total energy of SHM is define as : E=K+U 1 2 2 E= mA 2 with respect to time / displacement.

CHAPTER 10 : Mechanical Waves

Wave refers to a periodic disturbance in a medium or in space. In a progressive wave, energy is transferred from one place to another by the vibration. Wave can be classified into two types : Mechanical waves & electromagnetic (e.m.) waves which differs as follow :

Acceleration : 2 a = -A sin(t + kx)

Acceleration : a=0

The propagation of wave can be described graphically as follow:

Mechanical waves
Produced by the vibration of the object in the medium. Mechanical waves need medium (gas, liquid or solid) to propagate (unable to propagate in vacuum). Mechanical waves can be divided into 2 types: a) transverse waves. b) longitudinal waves.

Electromagnetic waves
Combination of the electrical and magnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves do not depend on medium (able to propagate even in medium or vacuum). All the electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

Note : o The graph of y vs x is at a fixed time. o It involves several particles along x distance.

Examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves and wave in a string. Waves transport energy (not particles) from one region of the medium to another through the vibration (SHM) of particles around their equilibrium positions.

Note : o The graph of y vs t is related to the vibration of a partcle which transfer energy to the adjacent particle. The propagation can be define as follow : y = A sin(t + kx) where the angular velocity (also known as the angular frequency): 2 = 2f or = T and the wave number: 2 k= Note : + = direction of the propagation where: + move to x. - move to +x. Moreover, the mechanical waves can be grouped into: o transverse waves. o longitudinal waves.

The differences between the motions of the particle and the wave :

Particle
The partical is vibrating Velocity : v = A cos(t + kx)

Wave
The wave is propagating Velocity : v = f

Transverse wave is a wave that propagated by the vibration of the particles which are perpendicular to the direction of the wave (wave in a streched string).

Stationary wave (also known as standing wave) is produced by superposition between 2 coherent (have the same wavelength, frequency & constant phase difference) waves which travel in the opposite directions. It can be defined as : Y = (2A coskx) sint where the amplitude = (2A coskx) or Y = (2A sint) coskx where the amplitude = (2A sint)

Longitudinal wave is a wave that propagated by the vibration of the particles which are parallel to the direction of the wave (sound wave).

When 2 waves are combined, a process called interference is produced according to the superposition principle. The principle of superposition states that : When 2 waves meet, the resultant disturbance (displacement) at the point of meeting is the algebraic sum of the disturbance that could be cancelled by each wave individually if alone in the medium at that time. A node is a point at which the displacement is permanently zero. An antinode is a point at which the displacement is always maximum.

CHAPTER 11 : Sound Wave

Sound (or also known as acoustic wave) is a type of longitudinal mechanical wave which needs a vibrating source and transfer the energy through a medium (air, liquid or solid) to be heard by our ears. Sound wave is propagated by the periodic processes of compressions and rarefactions of air molecules.

1 2 1 + 2 Y = 2Acos t sin 2 2 The beat frequency is defined as : fr = | f2 f1 |

Stationary wave (also known as standing wave) is produced by superposition between 2 coherent waves which travel in the opposite directions. Such examples are: o Standing waves along a stretched string. o Standing waves along a closed and open end air columns. The formations of standing wave along a stretched string are described as follow:

A region of high pressure is produced when there is compressions but it low pressure for rarefactions. The velocity of sound waves is constant but depends on the medium where the wave propagates. It is also be defined as : v = f Interference of sound occurred when two sound waves meet and superposed. As a result, superposition of the two sound waves may produce either beat or standing wave depends on the conditions. Beat is produced when 2 waves travel in the same direction but have a small difference in their frequencies are superpositioned. It is defined as: A The velocity of wave in a stretched string is formulated as follow :

v=

where =

m l
The formations of standing wave in a along an closed pipe are described as follow:

Table below shows the frequency the standing waves corresponding to its note:

Note

Frequency

Harmonics Series

Fundamental

fo =

1 2l

1 overtone nd 2 overtone rd 3 overtone . . th n overtone

st

f1 = 2fo f2 = 3fo f3 = 4fo

. .

fn = (n+1)fo

2 3 4 . . n+1

Table below shows the frequency the standing waves corresponding to its note:

Closed end Note

The mode of vibration in a pipe depends on the types of column either it is: o open pipe ( both ends are open). o closed pipe (one of the end is closed). The formations of standing wave in a along an open pipe are described as follow:

Harmonics Series
1

Frequency
fo =

Fundamental
st

v 4l

1 overtone nd 2 overtone rd 3 overtone . . th n overtone

3 5 7 . . 2n + 1

f1 = 3fo f2 = 5fo f3 = 7fo . . fn = (2n+1)fo

For both closed and opened pipes, the antinodes of the wave are located at very close to the opening where the air molecules can vibrate. Hence, small length is added to the actual length of pipe. The length is called end-correction. Table below shows the frequency the standing waves corresponding to its note:

Open end Note Harmonics Series

1

Frequency
fo =

Fundamental
st

v 2l

1 overtone nd 2 overtone rd 3 overtone . . th n overtone

2 3 4 . . n+1

f1 = 2fo f2 = 3fo f3 = 4fo

. .

fn = (n+1)fo

The intensity of sound wave at a certain point refers to the energy transported per unit time across a unit area (spherical shaped) which is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Doppler effect refers to the change in the frequency of the sound when there is a relative motion between the source of sound and the observer. The apparent frequency, fa is the frequency heard by the observer and calculated by the following general formula:
fa =

or

E At P I= 4 r 2
I=

v m vp f v vs

The energy and power is constant because it produced by the source of sound.

where

v = velocity of sound. vp = velocity of the observer. vs = velocity of the source of sound. f = frequency of sound.

Note :

above sign below sign

moving away. moving towards.

Apparaent frequency heard by the observer is constant but depens on either the relative motion is approaching, pass through or moving away. Intensity is a scalar quantity with SI unit : W m or -1 -3 base unit : kgm s .
-2

Graphically, the magnitude of respective apparent frequency is shown below :

CHAPTER 12 : Mechanical Properties of Matter

Matter is made up of millions of particles called atoms or molecules.

The equation is consistent with Hookes law.

Generally, matter consists of three basic phase: solids, liquids and gases. In solids, atoms cannot move freely unless vibrate at a distance ro between their adjacent atoms where the intermolecular force is balanced. Intermolecular force refers to the short-range force responsible for bonds between atoms. It has a repulsive core and attractive tail.

ro
nd

r r

Based on the Newtons 2 law, force not only cause acceleration, but can also cause changes in shape of a solid. Such changes are called deformation. The effect of forces can be described by the measurable quantities : stress and strain. Stress, refers to the distorting force acting on a unit cross-section area of an object. It defined as : F = A

with SI unit : Nm-2 or base unit : kgm s .

Strain, refers to the extension (elongation) per unit original length of an object when there is a distorting force applied on it.

-1

-2

l lo

There is no unit for strain. For a wire, there are 2 types of stress : Tensile stress & Compressive stress.

Microscopically, based on the graph of F vs r, for values of r close to the equilibrium separation, the graph is a straight line. The equation for this straight line is : F = -kr where r = r ro (known as the change in the separation between atoms). Tensile stress & its strain

Ductile metals such as copper can undergo a great deal of plastic deformation before they break. Elasticity refers to the ability of an object to regain its shape after being distorted. The elasticity of an object is indicated by a constant called the Young modulus, Y. It is defined as: stress, Y= strain, or l F = Y l A o
-2

Compressive stress & its strain The relationship between stress (tensile) and its strain on a wire is described as below:

The unit for Y is the same as the stress, i.e. Nm . Qualitatively, the larger the Young modulus is, the harder it is to stretch the object. Relationship between Youngs Modulus and Hookes law : A k = Y l o Based on the work-energy theorem, the work done is converted into energy (potential energy due to the change in the distance between atoms) and stored in the wire. The stored energy in the wire is called strain energy, U. Graphically, since the external force exerted on the wire is not constant, then : U = Area under the graph F-L or
U=

1 F l 2

where: A = Proportionality limit. B = Elastic limit. C = The yield point. E = Ultimate tensile strength. The ultimate tensile strength of the wire is the stress at which it breaks. Applying external force greater than the elastic limit causes permanent deformation; also called plastic deformation (the wire does not regain its original shape after the force is removed).

strain energy

CHAPTER 13 : Fluid Mechanics

Fluids refer to the matter in state of liquid and gas. For practical reasons, an idealized fluid model is used, which is called the ideal fluid. Hydrostatics is concerned with the observation of the behavior of fluid at rest. Hydrodynamic is concerned with the observation of the behavior of flowing fluid. Density, of a homogenous material is defined as the ratio of its mass per unit volume.

m = V
Density is a scalar quantity with SI unit : kgm . Pressure, p in a fluid is defined as the force per unit area exerted by the fluid on a surface.
p=
-3

When an object is partially or fully immersed in a fluid, there is a force exerted on the object in upwards direction called buoyant force, FB due to the different pressure in liquid.

F A

Pressure is a vector quantity (direction : the same as the direction of the force) with base unit : -2 -2 -2 kgm s or SI unit : Nm or pascal (Pa). -2 1 N m = 1 Pa The hydrostatic pressure (also known as gauge pressure) refers to the pressure exerted by a liquid by virtue of its weight. p = gh where h = the depth of liquid.

The concept of buoyancy obeys the Archimedes principle which states that: A body immersed wholly or partially in a fluid is buoyed up by a force, FB that is equal to the weight, W of the fluid (liquid or gas) displaced. or FB = W(fluid displaced)

If the only force acting on a liquid is the pressure of the Earths atmosphere (its weight), the pressure (named the absolute pressure) inside the liquid equals : p = po + gh where
po = the atmospheric pressure. 5 = 1.013x10 Pa = 1 atm.

Fluid which is undergoing laminar flow (each particle of the fluid follows a smooth and parallel path and the paths never cross each other) is described quantitatively by two equations: equation of continuity and Bernoullis equation.

Hydrostatic pressure obeys the Pascals principle which states that: The external pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to every point within the fluid. p(enclosed fluid) = constant F1 F or = 2 A1 A2

Equation of continuity :

The product of the area and the velocity of the fluid at all points along the pipe is a constant for an incompressible fluid. Av = constant A1v1 = A2v2

F v A y

where

v is called the velocity gradient. y

The greater the viscosity of the fluid, the greater the shear stress, F/A is required to get the layers of the fluid to slide along each other. The SI unit for the coefficient of viscosity is Nsm or poise with relationship : -1 -2 1 poise = 10 Nsm
-2

Bernoullis equation : The sum of pressure, kinetic energy per volume and the gravitational potential energy per unit volume is a constant at all points along a streamline for a laminar flow in a fluid. 1 p + v 2 + gh = constant 2 1 1 p + v 2 + gh = p + v 2 + gh 2 2 1 2

The viscosity leads to the production of a type of frictional force called viscous force, FV. It can be defined by Stokes law which states that: If a sphere of radius r is dropped into a viscous liquid of coefficient of viscosity, and its velocity is vT, the frictional force is defined as follow : Fv = 6rvT The object (sphere) will flow with constant velocity (since the resultant force exerted on it is zero) which named as the terminal velocity, vT. The system is described as follow:

Based on the 1 Newtons law and the Stokes law, the terminal velocity can be determined as: 2r 2 (s f )g vT = 9 Furthermore, while flowing, the fluid flow experiences viscosity. It refers to the i internal friction between the layers of the fluid that move relative to each other, which is a cause of energy losses. In addition, the velocity is described graphically as follow:

st

The coefficient of viscosity, is defined as the frictional force per unit area of a fluid when it is an a region of unit velocity gradient, or :

CHAPTER 14 : Heat

Heat and temperature are closely related concepts in our everyday life, which depends on our sensory perceptions.

Temperature, T is a basic quantity, which shows the senses of the hotness or coldness. Temperature is a scalar quantity. The basic unit for temperature is K. Heat, Q is a type of energy that transfers from an object to another as a result of a difference in temperatures between the system and its surrounding. Heat is a scalar quantity. The unit for heat is the same as other energy, i.e. joule (J).
Heat flows continuously from a body of higher temperature to another body of lower temperature until the temperature of the two bodies is balanced There are several ways where heat can be transferred. One of the way is by : Heat (thermal) conduction.

Description : The temperature falls uniformly from the hot to the cold end. The heat flows per second through any point along the conductor is constant as heat is prevented from escaping from its sides. Non-insulated conductor:

Thermal conductivity through solid refers to the transfer of heat within bodies resulting from a difference in temperature.
It is related to the transfer of kinetic energy of chaotic of molecules during their collisions and is not accompanied by macroscopic flow of matter. The rate of energy transferred is represented as follow: Q kA T =t x

Description : The temperature falls from the hot to the cold end but part of the heat has escaped from the sides to the surrounding. The heat flows per second through any point along the conductor is not constant. If two isolated conductors are joined in series, the rates of heat flow in the bars are the same : Q Q = t 1 t 2

When there is thermal exchange energy, a change in the dimensions and the temperature of the object takes place. The change in the dimensions is called thermal expansion. It can be classified into 3 types : o Linear expansion (1D). o Area expansion (2D). o Volume expansion (3D). The difference between the heat conduction through insulated and non insulated conductor : Insulated conductor: The linear expansion of a material is the increase in length of the material as a result of the increase of its temperature.

It is represented as:

l = loT

The area expansion of a material is the increase in area of the material as a result of the increase of its temperature.

where: = coefficient of linear expansion. = coefficient of area expansion. = coefficient of volume expansion. All of the coefficients have the same unit, i.e. -1 o -1 K or C .

It is represented as:

A = AoT

For isotropic bodies: = 2 and = 3

The volumetric expansion of a material is the increase in volume of the material as a result of the increase of its temperature.

It is represented as: V = VoT

CHAPTER 15 : Kinetic Theory of Gases

Gas is a type of matter, which its particles are separated far apart and move freely into all direction. Ideal gas refers to a system of gas whose particles do not interact with one another except when colliding. The collisions between the particles and the collisions of particles with the wall of the container in which they occupy are regarded as elastic. Investigation on ideal gas involves three main parameters: pressure, volume and temperature (p, V, T). If one of the parameter changes, the other parameters will also change obviously. In order to investigate the relationship between any two rd parameters, the 3 quantity is kept at constant. The ideal gas can be described quantitatively based on three laws: Boyles law, Charles law and the law of pressure.

The law is described graphically as follow:

Boyles law states that: At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. 1 p V where T = constant.
or

p1V1 = p2V2

Pressure law states that: At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. pT where V = constant. p p1 or = 2 T2 T1
The law is described graphically as follow:

The law is described graphically as follow:

Charles law states that: At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. VT where p = constant.
or

Combination of all the equations produce the ideal gas equation, i.e. : pV = (nR)T where nR = constant, n = number of mole, -1 -1 R = molar gas constant = 8.31 Jmol K p iV i pV or = f f Ti Tf

V V1 = 2 T2 T1

One of the basic methods used to describe gases is the kinetic theory. It applies the model of an ideal gas and is based on several assumptions.

Types of molecule Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic

Degree of freedom, f E.g. Translation He O2 CH4 3 3 3 Rotation 0 2 3 Total 3 5 6

o o

The force of attraction between the molecules is negligible. The volume of the molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the gas in the container. Molecules are like perfectly elastic spheres. Collisions between molecules and with the walls are perfectly elastic. The time during a collision is very small when compared to the time between two successive collisions.

The orientations can be described physically as follow:

Such parameters investigated under kinetic theory of ideal gas are root mean square velocity (v rms) and internal energy.

Root mean square velocity (or speed), vrms refers to the effective value of the gas speed of the system since the entire gas molecule move with different speed and continuously changing while undergoing collisions. It can be determined by:

vrms =
or

3kT m 3RT M

vrms =

where M = mass of 1 mole gas (with unit of -1 kgmol ) The internal energy, U of an ideal gas refers to the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its molecules. It depends on the absolute temperature of the gas, T, type of molecule (refers to the number of degree of freedom, f) and the number of atoms, N (or the number of mole) in the molecules. It can be represented as: 1 U = f NkT 2 or
1 U = f nRT 2

Degree of freedom, f refers to the number of independent ways by which a molecule can process energy (number of independent variables required to determine the specific location and spatial orientation of a body).

The concept of internal energy of ideal gas obeys the principle of equipartition of energy which states that: When a certain amount of energy is supplied to a system, each of the possible degrees of freedom will receive an equal share of the total energy supplied.

It means that, the kinetic energy for each degree of freedom is kT. Then, the kinetic energy (internal energy) of a molecule is tabled as follow: Types of molecule Mono-atomic Di-atomic Poly-atomic Degree of freedom, f 3 5 6 Kinetic energy of a molecule

3 kT 2 5 kT K= 2
K= K = 3kT

CHAPTER 16 : Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics refers to the study of the laws governing to the conversion of heat energy from one form to another.
The study of thermodynamics of an ideal gas obeys the first law of thermodynamics which states that: The total energy in a closed system is constant (the heat, Q is distributed into the change of internal energy, U and the energy to do external work, W. or Q = U + W The three quantities are assigned as follow: Positive Negative Heat dissipated from the system Internal energy decreases Work done upon the system

It refers to a process that starts and ends at the same state (point). In a cyclic process, the internal energy totally unchanged.

UT = U1 + U2 +

+ Un = 0

Q U
W

Heat absorbed by the system. Internal energy increases Work done by the system

Isothermal process refers to a thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature. 1 p V where T = constant.
or

Thermodynamics work, W is defined as:

W=

p1V1 = p2V2

pdV
The process is described graphically as follow:

= area under the graph of p vs V. Internal energy, U refers to the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the intermolecular interactions in the system of gas. As discussed in chapter 15, the internal energy is defined as: 1 U = f NkT 2 or
1 U = f nRT 2

An ideal gas undergoes thermodynamic processes. It refers to a transformation from the state of equilibrium described by the parameter (p1,V1,T1) to another state (p2,V2,T2). The processes still obey the first law of thermodynamics. Generally, there are 4 types of the thermodynamics process of ideal gas: o isothermal (Boyles law), T = 0. o isochoric (law of pressure), V = 0.. o isobaric (Charles law), p = 0. o adiabatic, Q = 0 Under all types of stated process, there is a special situation called the cyclic process.

Since the temperature unchanged, then there is no internal energy change (U = 0). Based on the thermodynamic equation : Q = W where

W = nRTln W = nRTln

V2 V1

or

p1 p2

Isochoric process refers to a thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume. pT where V = constant. p p1 or = 2 T2 T1
The process is described graphically as follow: Even though the pressure unchanged, the work is done. Then, based on the thermodynamic equation : Q = U + W where

W = p(V2 V1)

Adiabatic process refers to a thermodynamic process that occurs at constant heat. pV = constant or p1V1 = p2V2
Another related equation : -1 TV = constant -1 -1 or T1V1 = T2V2

Since the volume unchanged, then there is no work is done (W = 0). Based on the thermodynamic equation : Q = U where

U =

f nRT 2
Since there is no heat supplied or dissipated, then based on the thermodynamic equation : U = -W Graphical difference between isothermal and adiabatic processes:

Isobaric process refers to a thermodynamic process that occurs at constant pressure. VT where p = constant.
or

V V1 = 2 T2 T1

The process is described graphically as follow:

TABLES : Special Technique On Solving Problem In Physics

Chapter 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & MEASUREMENTS Chapter 2 KINEMATICS

Technique 1 : Kinematics Problem Solving Step
1

Technique
Drawing a proper diagram.

Explanation
Figure up the situation (draw proper diagram especially the path of the motion). Identify the type of motion (some question involve two or more types of motion combined together). List all the equations related to the type motion. Determine the number of acceleration involved (especially for linear motion). Divide the diagram into divisions corresponding to the number of acceleration.

2 3

Identification of type of motion. Listing equations.

Division of the diagram (if needed).

Marking initial and final point.

For every division, mark the initial point (also known as reference level) and final points based on question. For initial point, draw vectors (represented by arrow) of the initial velocity, u and the acceleration, a (or g). For projectile motion, resolve u into ux and uy. For final point, draw vectors (represented by arrow) of the final velocity, v, the acceleration, a (or g) and the displacement, s. For projectile motion, resolve v into vx and vy, and s into sx and sy Based on the equations list, choose the best equation (refer the question). If the information is not enough, choose other suitable equation and combine with the earlier equation. Use the relationship to solve the question using mathematical skill (some questions have hidden information such as maximum height, range ect.).

Analyzing the initial point.

Analyzing the final point.

Choosing the best equation.

Calculation.

Chapter 3 MOMENTUM & IMPULSE

Technique 1 : Determination of Type of Collision Based on The Conservation of Kinetic Energy Step
1

Technique
Determining total kinetic energy before collision.

Explanation
Total kinetic energy just before collision : 1 1 2 2 K = m A u A + mBuB before 2 2

..(i)

Determining total kinetic energy after collision.

Total kinetic energy right after collision : 1 1 2 2 K after = m A v A + m B v B 2 2 If (i) = (ii), then the collision is elastic. If (i) > (ii), then the collision is inelastic.

..(ii)

Conclusion.

Chapter 4 BASIC OF FORCES

Technique 1 : Free Body Diagram
In order to determine the resultant force, FT of a system of external forces (applied and reaction forces) acting on an object, a technique called Free Body Diagram (FBD) can be used.

Step
1

Technique
Sketching physical diagram.

Explanation
Sketch a diagram of isolated system involving the object (which is acted by external forces) and the surface (or stretched string/s).

Identifying and drawing external forces.

Identify and draw all the external forces (including applied and reaction forces) acting on the object. Make sure : - the direction of all forces is correct and labeled. - the number of forces is correct. - the tip of all forces is concentrated at the same point (called the origin point).

Drawing x and y axes.

Draw x and y axes from the origin. x-axis is normally drawn parallel to the surface (the floor where the object placed). y-axis must be perpendicular to the x-axis.

Determination of resolved angles.

Determine the resolved angle (angle between forces and x-axis) of all the external foces. Resolve all the external forces into x-axis (called x-components) as well as y-axis (called y-components) and substitute into the following table :

Resolution of external forces into components.

Force F . .

x-components
Fx = + Fcos = . . Fx =

y-components
Fy = + Fsin = . . Fx =

Determining Fx and Fy

Determine Fx by adding all forces in x-components. Determine Fx by adding all forces in x-components. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force, FT by using the following mathematical formula : FT =

Calculating the magnitude of the resultant force, FT.

( F ) + ( F )
2 x y

..N

Calculating the direction of the resultant force, FT.

Calculate the direction of the resultant force, FT (in terms of resolved angle, within correctly quadrant)) by using the following mathematical formula : Fy -1 o = tan Fx = . (quandrant n)

where n = I (if Fx is +ve and Fy is +ve) n = II (if Fx is -ve and Fy is +ve) n = III (if Fx is -ve and Fy is -ve) n = IV (if Fx is +ve and Fy is -ve)

Chapter 5 WORK, ENERGY & POWER

Technique 1 : Determining Net Work, Wnet by Using Indivdual Work Step
1

Technique
Sketching physical diagram.

Explanation
Sketch a diagram of isolated system involving the object (which is acted by external forces). Identify and draw all the external forces (including applied and reaction forces) acting on the object. Make sure : - the direction of all forces is correct and labeled. - the number of forces is correct. - the tip of all forces is concentrated at the same point (called the origin point). Draw the displacement (arrow) traveled by the object. Make sure the direction of the displacement is correct and labeled. Draw and determine the angle between force and displacement for every forces. Calculate the work done by every force by using the following equation : Wi = Fi s cosi Since, work is a scalar quantity, calculate the net work produced due to all forces acting on the object by using the following algebraic formula : Wnet = W1 + W2 + W3 + + Wn

Identifying and drawing external forces.

Pointing the vector of displacement, s Determining the angle of forces-displacement, i Calculating individual work.

Calculating the net work, Wnet.

Technique 2 : Determining Net Work, Wnet by Resultant Force, FT by Using a Free Body Diagram Step
1

Technique
Determining resultant force by using Free Body Diagram

Explanation
By using the technique of Free Body Diagram, determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant force.

Pointing the vector of resultant force, FT

Draw the resultant force (arrow) produced on the object. Make sure the direction of the resultant force is correct and labeled.

Pointing the vector of displacement, s

Draw the displacement (arrow) traveled by the object. Make sure : - the direction of the displacement is correct and labeled. - the tip of displacement is at the same point with the tip of the resultant force. Draw and determine the angle, between the resultant force and the displacement.

Determining the angle of force-displacement,

Calculating the net work, Wnet.

Calculate the net work done by using the following equation:

Wnet = FT s cos

Chapter 6 CIRCULAR MOTION

Technique 1 : Uniform Circular Motion Problem Solving Step
1

Technique
Drawing diagram.

Explanation
Draw proper diagram especially the path of the circular motion). Identify and draw all the external forces (including applied and reaction forces) acting on the object. Make sure : - the direction of all forces is correct and labeled. - the number of forces is correct. - the tip of all forces is concentrated at the same point (called the origin point). Resolve all the external forces into x-axis (called xcomponents) as well as y-axis (called y-components) Draw the centripetal force, Fc which is always pointing to the centre of the circular path. Identify whether the circular motion is horizontally or vertically. Use the correct condition to relate the centripetal force with the all the external forces of the same axis. Assign the external forces as : positive if the direction is the same as the direction of the centripetal force. negative if the direction is opposite to the direction of the centripetal force.

Identifying and drawing external forces.

Resolving external forces into components.

Drawing centripetal force.

Identifying the type of motion.

Calculation.

Chapter 7 ROTATIONAL MOTION OF A RIGID BODY

Technique 1 : Determining Total Torque of a Rigid Body Step
1

Technique
Sketching physical diagram.

Explanation
Sketch a diagram of isolated system involving the object (which is acted by external forces) and the surface (or stretched string/s). Identify and draw all the external forces (including applied and reaction forces) acting on the object. Make sure : - the direction of all forces is correct and labeled. - the number of forces is correct. Note : Force, F maybe in the form of weight, W, tension of string, T, normal force, R, frictional force, f etc. Mark the location of the axis of rotation of the body (normally given by the question). All external forces which are concentrated at the axis of rotation can be neglected because they do not producing torque (r = 0). Draw vector ri of all the other external forces (pointing from the axis of rotation to the tip of the force). Draw and determine the angle, i between ri and Fi for every external force. Calculate the magnitude of torque I of all the external forces by using the following equation :

Identifying and drawing external forces.

3 4

Marking axis of rotation. Neglecting non-contributing forces. Drawing ri vectors. Determining angle, i between ri and Fi.

Calculating the external torque, i separately.

i = ri Fi sini
Determine the direction of rotation for every external torque. A rule called pencil-finger rule (Zahidi, 2008) can be used as follow : 1. Hold one end of a pencil and place it at the axis of rotation. 2. Align the pencil parallel to r. 3. Push the other end of the pencil by your finger at the same direction as external force, F. 4. Determine the direction of rotation of the pencil. Remember : Torque following anti-clock wise is assigned as +ve. Torque following clock wise is assigned as -ve. Match and sum the external torques using the following table :

Assigning the external torque.

Determining (clockwise) and (anti-clockwise)

(clockwise) . . = .

(anti-clockwise) . = .

10

Determining the total (resultant) torque, T

Calculate the total torque, T by using the following equation: T = (anti-clockwise) - (clockwise) Note : If T is +ve the body rotates following anti-clockwise (direction of T is outwards). If T is -ve the body rotates following clockwise (direction of T is outwards). If T = 0 the body does not rotate.

Technique 2 : Determining The Unknown External Torque of a Body in Static Step

1

Technique
Sketching physical diagram.

Explanation
Sketch a diagram of isolated system involving the object (which is acted by external forces) and the surface (or stretched string/s). Identify and draw all the external forces (including applied and reaction forces) acting on the object. Make sure : - the direction of all forces is correct and labeled. - the number of forces is correct. Note : Force, F maybe in the form of weight, W, tension of string, T, normal force, R, frictional force, f etc. Since the body does not rotate, then any point can be chosen on the body as the location of axis of rotation. Hint : The best point to locate the axis of rotation is at the point where the greatest number of external force is concentrated (in order to minimize the number of torque). Draw vector ri of all the other external forces (pointing from the axis of rotation to the tip of the force). Draw and determine the angle, i between ri and Fi for every external force. Calculate the magnitude of torque I of all the external forces (including the unknown torque) by using the following equation :

Identifying and drawing external forces.

Marking axis of rotation.

Drawing ri vectors. Determining angle, i between ri and Fi. Calculating the external torque, i separately.

i = ri Fi sini
Determine the direction of rotation for every external torque (including the unknown torque). A rule called pencil-finger rule (Zahidi, 2008) can be used as follow : 5. Hold one end of a pencil and place it at the axis of rotation. 6. Align the pencil parallel to r. 7. Push the other end of the pencil by your finger at the same direction as external force, F. 8. Determine the direction of rotation of the pencil. Remember : Torque following anti-clock wise is assigned as +ve. Torque following clock wise is assigned as -ve. Note : Now the direction of rotation and the direction of torque of the unknown torque can be determined. Match and sum the external torques (including the unknown torque) using the following table : (clockwise) . . = . (anti-clockwise) . = .

Assigning the external torque.

Determining (clockwise) and (anti-clockwise)

Determining the unknown torque.

Since the body is in static, then the total torque, T = 0. It can also be written as : (anti-clockwise) = (clockwise) Hence, the magnitude of the unknown torque can be determined.

Chapter 13 FLUID MECHANICS

Technique 1 : The Way to Analyze a Floated or Immersed Body in Water

Step 1

Technique Sketching physical diagram and identifying the situation of object.

Explanation Sketch a diagram of isolated system including water and the object. Identify either the object is : fully immersed V(water displaced) = Vobject. partially immersed V(water displaced) = Vobject (immersed) Draw the vector (arrow) of the weight, Wo of the object. The direction of Wo is downward. It can formulated as follow : Wo = mog ; where mo = oVo = (oVo)g If any, draw the vector (arrow) of other external forces, Fext (such as tension of string, T ect.). Make sure the direction is correct. Draw the vector (arrow) of the buoyant force, FB produced by water upon the object. The direction of FB is upward. Based on the Archimedes principle : FB = W(water displaced) = mwg ; where mw = w V(water displaced) = (w V(water displaced) )g st Since the object is static, then by using Newtons 1 Law :
F = 0 or Wo FB + Fext = 0 Based on the above equation (step 5), substitute all related equations and values given to solve the problem.

Drawing vector Wo

Drawing vector of other external forces (if any)

Drawing vector FB.

5 6

Analyzing all the forces acting on the object. Problem solving.

Technique 2 : The Way to Analyze an Object (Spherical in Shape) Floated or Falling (with Terminal Velocity) in a Viscous Liquid

Step

Technique Referring technique 1 (step 1 4).

Explanation Repeat step 1 4 based on technique 1 discussed before except : FB = W(liquid displaced) = mLg ; where mL = L V(liquid displaced) = (L V(liquid displaced) )g Draw the vector (arrow) of the viscous force, FV produced due to the friction by liquid upon the object. Since the object is static or falling downward, then the direction of FV is upward. Based on the Stokes law : FV = 6rvT

Drawing vector FV

Analyzing all the forces acting on the object.

By using Newtons 1 Law : or

F = 0 Wo FB FV + Fext = 0

st

Problem solving.

Based on the above equation (step 3), substitute all related equations and values given to solve the problem.

ATTACHMENT 1 : List of Physical Formula (Semester 1)

CHAPTER 1 : Physical Quantities & Measurements

Resolved Vector : Ax = A cos Ay = A sin Resultant Vector :

Projectile Motion : vx = ux sx = uxt vy = uy - gt 2 2 vy = uy 2gsy 2 sy = uyt - gt

| A x |2 + | A y |2 Ay -1 = tan A x
|A|=

CHAPTER 3 : Momentum & Impulse

Momentum : p = mv Head-on (1D) Collision : mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB Oblique (2D) Collision : mAuAx + mBuBx = mAvAx + mBvBx mAuAy + mBuBy = mAvAy + mBvBy Coefficient of Restitution :
e=-

Vector Additional : A + B = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k Vector Subtraction : A - B = (Ax - Bx)i + (Ay - By)j + (Az - Bz)k Scalar (Dot) Product : A B = (AxBx) + (AyBy) + (AzBz) A B = | A || B | cos Vector (Cross) Product :
AxB=

(v B v A ) (uB u A )

i Ax Bx

j Ay By

k Az Bz

Impulse : J = m(v u) Impulsive Force :

F=

= (AyBz ByAz)i (AxBz BxAz)j + (AxBy BxAy)k A x B = | A || B | sin

m( v u) t

CHAPTER 4 Basic of Forces CHAPTER 2 : Kinematics of Linear Motion

Velocity :
v=

Newtons 1 Law : FT = 0 Newton 2

nd

st

ds = Gradient of Graph s vs t dt
dv = Gradient of Graph v vs t dt

Law :

F=
nd

Acceleration :
a=

d dm dv (mv ) = +m v dt d t dt

Newton 2 Law (constant mass) : F = ma Newton 3 Law : Faction = -Freaction Static Frictional Force (max) : fs(max) = sR Kinetic Frictional Force : fk = kR
rd

Displacement : s = Area under Graph v vs t Linear Motion : v = u + at 2 2 v = u + 2as 2 s = ut + at Free Fall Motion : v = u - gt 2 2 v = u - 2gs 2 s = ut - gt

CHAPTER 5 : Work, Energy & Power

Work (constant force) : W = Fs cos Total Work : WT = W1 + W 2 + W 3 + WT = FT s Mechanical Energy : E=K+U Kinetic Energy :
K=

CHAPTER 7: Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body

Relationship linear-rotational parameters : s=r v=r a=r

+ Wn

Relationship angular velocity-Frequency : = 2f Kinematics of Rotation : = o + t 2 = o2 + 2

1 2 mv 2

= ot +

1 2 t 2

Gravitational Potential Energy : U = mgh Spring Potential Energy :

Moment of Inertia (a particle) : 2 I=mr Moment of Inertia (discrete system) :

I=

1 2 U= kx 2
Work-Energy Theorem : W = K = U Power :
P=

m r
i=1

i i

Magnitude of Torque : = r F sin Relationship Torque-Angular Acceleration : = I Rotational Work (constant torque) : W = Rotational Kinetic Energy :
K=

dW = Fv dt

CHAPTER 6: Circular Motion

Relationship Period-Frequency :
f=

1 T 2r T
v2 r vvvv
2

1 2 I 2

Velocity of Uniform CM :
v=

Rotational Power : P= Rolling Kinetic Energy :

K=

Centripetal Acceleration :
ar =

1 2 1 I + mv 2 2 2

Angular Momentum : L = I

Centripetal Force :
Fr =

m r

Horizontal Circular Motion : Fx = Fr and Fy = 0 Vertical Circular Motion : Fx = 0 and Fy = Fr

CHAPTER 8: Gravitation
Gravitational Force :

CHAPTER 10 : Mechanical Waves

Displacement : y = A sin(t + kx) Wave Number :
k=

Mm F= G 2 r
Gravitational Acceleration :
g= G

M r2

Orbital Speed :
v=

Wave Velocity : v = f Stationary Wave : Y = (2A coskx) sin(t)

GM r

Escape Velocity :
v=

2GM R

CHAPTER 11 : Sound Wave

Beat Frequency : f r = | f2 f1 | Sound Velocity (string) :
v=
2 2

CHAPTER 9: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Kinematics of SHM : x = A sin(t)
v = A cos(t) or v = + A x 2 2 a = - A sin(t) or a = - x

Fundamental Node (string) :

fo =

SHM Kinetic Energy :

1 2l

1 m A22 cos2(t) 2 1 2 2 2 K = m A x 2
K=

Overtone Node (string) : fn = (n+1)fo Fundamental Node (open tube) :

fo =

SHM Potential Energy :

1 m A22 sin2(t) 2 1 2 2 U = m x 2
U=

v 2l

Overtone Node (open tube) : fn = (n+1)fo Fundamental Node (closed tube) :

fo =

SHM Mechanical Energy :

1 2 2 E= mA 2
Period (spring) :
T = 2

v 4l

Overtone Node (closed tube) : fn = (2n+1)fo

m k

Sound Intensity :
I=

Period (simple pendulum) :

T = 2

P 4 r 2

l g

Doppler Effect :
fa =

v m vp vv s

f o

CHAPTER 12: Mechanical Properties

Hookes Law : F = -kr Stress :

CHAPTER 14 : Heat
Thermal Conductivity :

kAT Q = x t
Conductors in Series :

=
Strain : =

F A
l lo

Q Q = t 1 t 2
CHAPTER 15 : Kinetic Theory of Gases
Boyles Law (at constant temperature) : p1V1 = p2V2 Charles Law (at constant pressure) :

Youngs Modulus :

stress, Y= strain,
Strain Energy :
U=

1 k ( l )2 2

V V1 = 2 T1 T2
Law of Pressure (at constant volume) :

CHAPTER 13: Fluid Mechanics

Density :

p p1 = 2 T1 T2
Ideal Gas Equation :
pV = (nR)T

m = V
Pressure :
p=

or

p V p1V1 = 2 2 T1 T2

F A

Root mean square (r.m.s.) Velocity :

vrms =

3RT or vrms = M

3kT m

Gauge Pressure : p = gh Absolute Pressure : p = po + gh Pascals Principle :

Internal Energy :
U = f

1 1 NkT or U = f nRT 2 2

F1 F = 2 A2 A1
Archimedes Principle : FB = W(fluid displaced) Equation of Continuity : A 1 v1 = A 2 v2 Bernoullis Principle :

CHAPTER 16 : Thermodynamics
Ideal Gas Equation :
pV = (nR)T

or

p 1 V1 p V = 2 2 T1 T2

Adiabatic equation : p1V1 = p2V2 -1 -1 T1V1 = T2V2 Work :

W = nRT ln

1 1 p + v 2 + gh = p + v 2 + gh 2 2 1 2
Stokes Law : F = 6rvT Terminal Velocity :
vT =

V2 V1

isothermal. isobaric. adiabatic.

W = p(V2 V1)

1 (T1 T2 ) W= 1
1 Law of Thermodynamics : Q = U + W
st

2r 2 ( s f )g 9

ATTACHMENT 2 : Important Physical Concepts (Semester 1)

CHAPTER 1 : Physical Quantities & Measurements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is physical quantity? What is scientific notation? What is unit prefix? What is the difference between basic quantity and derived quantity? State all the basic quantities with their respective symbol and unit. What is the difference between scalar quantity and vector quantity? A vector can be represented graphically as an arrow. Explain this statement. State the formula to resolve a vector to its component (axes). State the formula of the magnitude and the direction of a resultant vector from its resolved vector. 10. 11. What is unit vector? State two methods can be used to determine the additional and subtraction of two vectors graphically? State the formula of additional / subtraction of two vectors by means of unit vector. What is the difference between scalar product and vector product? State the formula of scalar and vector product. State and explain two ways to determine the direction of vector product. What is the difference between resolved angle and angle between two vectors?

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

CHAPTER 2 : Kinematics of Linear Motion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is kinematics? What is the difference between distance and displacement? What is the difference between speed and velocity? What is the difference between acceleration and deceleration? What is the difference between uniform velocity, average velocity and instantaneous velocity? What is the difference between uniform acceleration, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration? Sketch a graph of displacement vs time, velocity vs time and acceleration vs time to describe motion of uniformly acceleration. Express the equations regarding to linear motion. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. What is the difference and the similarity between linear motion and free fall motion. State two types of free fall motion. Express the equations regarding to free fall motion. What is the difference and the similarity between free fall motion and projectile motion. Express the equations regarding to projectile motion. Explain +/- sign respectively for displacement, velocity and acceleration in linear motion. Explain +/- sign respectively for displacement, velocity and acceleration in free fall motion. Explain +/- sign respectively for displacement, velocity and acceleration in projectile motion.

7.

8.

CHAPTER 3 : Momentum & Impulse

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is momentum? State the formula of momentum. State the unit and the direction of momentum? State the principle of conservation of momentum. What is the coefficient of restitution and state its formula and range. State two differences and a similarity between elastic collision and inelastic collision. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is impulse? State the formula and unit of impulse. State the relationship between impulse and impulsive force. What conclusion can be made about the magnitude of impulsive force for colliding and collided objects?

CHAPTER 4 : Basic of Forces

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is force? What is SI unit and base unit for force? State four basic forces with their symbol, direction and condition. State the difference between external force and resultant force? st State 1 Newtons law and its general formula. What is inertia and state its factor? nd State 2 Newtons law and its general formula. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. State three difference between mass and weight. State the relationship between mass and weight. rd State 3 Newtons law. State formula of maximum static friction force and kinetic friction force. What is coefficient of friction and state its range and meaning. What is the difference between static friction force and kinetic friction force?

CHAPTER 5 : Work, Energy & Power

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is work? State the formula, SI unit and base unit of work. Explain briefly two ways to calculate total work. What is energy? State the SI unit and base unit of energy. Beside mechanical energy, state 3 other examples of energy. What is mechanical energy? What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy? State two types of potential energy and their respective formula. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. State the principle of conservation of energy. State work-energy theorem. What is power? State the SI unit and base unit for power. State the difference between average power and instantaneous power. State the formula of mechanical efficiency. Why normally the output power is always less than the input power? Where does the power lost?

CHAPTER 6 : Circular Motion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What circular motion refers to? What is meant by period and frequency in a circular motion? State their respective unit. What is the relationship between period and frequency in a circular motion? State the formula of the velocity of circular motion in terms of period and frequency respectively. What is centripetal acceleration? State the formula of the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration. Where is the direction of centripetal acceleration? 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. What is the SI and base unit of centripetal acceleration? What is centripetal force? State the formula of the magnitude of the centripetal force. Where is the direction of centripetal force? What is the SI and base unit of centripetal force? Does the centripetal force refer to resultant force or external force? Give your reason. State the conditions for respective horizontal and vertical circular motion.

CHAPTER 7 : Rotational Motion of a Rigid Body

1. 2. 3. 4. What is rigid body? What is angular displacement, ? What is the unit of angular displacement? What is the difference between the average angular velocity and instantaneous angular velocity, ? What is the unit of the angular velocity? What is the rule used to determine the direction of the angular velocity? What is the difference between the average angular acceleration and instantaneous angular acceleration, ? Explain briefly how to determine the direction of angular acceleration. What moment of inertia refers to? State the general formula of moment of inertia and state its unit. Express the formula of moment of inertia of a rigid body in the shape of ring, disc, solid cylinder, rod, solid sphere and hollow sphere. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Why does the moment of inertia of disc and solid cylinder the same? Predict the formula of moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder. What is the relationship between moment of inertia and torque? State the formula of rotational work and its unit. State the formula of rotational kinetic energy and its unit. State the formula of rotational power and its unit. What rolling motion refers to? State the formula and unit of kinetic energy of rolling motion. What is angular momentum? State the formula and unit for angular momentum. State the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

CHAPTER 8 : Gravitation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. State the Newtons law of gravitation. State the formula of gravitational attractive force and its unit. Where is the direction of the gravitational attractive force? What is the gravitational field strength? State the formula of gravitational field strength and its unit. Where is the direction of the gravitational field strength? What is another terms refers to the gravitational field strength? State the formula of the gravitational field strength on the earth surface. 9. 10. 11. State the formula of the gravitational field strength above the earth surface. State the formula of the gravitational field strength below the earth surface. Sketch a graph of g versus r covering the surface, the altitude and depth from the earth surface. What is the difference between orbital speed and escape speed? State the formula of orbital speed and its unit. State the relationship between orbital speed and the period of a satellite. State the formula of escape speed and its unit.

12. 13. 14. 15.

CHAPTER 9 : Simple Harmonic Motion

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is simple harmonic motion (SHM)? What is amplitude, period and frequency of SHM. State each unit. State the formula of displacement of SHM. State the relationship between angular velocity and period and frequency respectively. State the formula of velocity, v of SHM in terms of time, t and displacement, x. Sketch graph of v vs t and v vs x. State the formula of acceleration, a of SHM in terms of time, t and displacement, x. Sketch graph of a vs t and a vs x. State the formula of kinetic energy, K of SHM in terms of time, t and displacement, x. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. State the formula of potential energy, U of SHM in terms of time, t and displacement, x. State the formula of total energy, E of SHM in terms of time, t and displacement, x. Sketch a graph K vs t, U vs t and E vs t in the same axis. Sketch a graph K vs x, U vs x and E vs x in the same axis. State 2 examples of system of SHM. State the formula of period, T for mass attached to a horizontal spring. State the formula of period, T for a simple pendulum.

CHAPTER 10 : Mechanical Waves

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is wave? What is the difference between transverse wave and longitudinal wave. Give example of transverse wave and longitudinal wave. State three difference between the propagation of wave and oscillation of particle. State general equation of progressive waves. State the relationship between wave number, k and wavelength, . 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. State the SI unit for wave number. What is wavelength and state its unit. What is meant by coherent? State the principle of superposition. Explain briefly the occurrence of constructive interference and destructive interference. State the formula of stationary wave. State 2 differences and 2 similarities between stationary wave and progressive wave.

CHAPTER 11 : Sound Wave

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Explain briefly how beat is produced. State the formula of beat frequency and its unit. State the formula of velocity of sound wave in a stretched string. What is fundamental frequency of sound wave? State the formula of fundamental frequency of sound wave in a stretched string and its unit. th State the general formula of n overtone frequency of sound wave in a stretched string. Sketch the formation of standing wave in a stretched string in fundamental frequency and overtone frequencies. State the formula of fundamental frequency of sound wave in a closed end as well as an open end pipes and its unit. 9. State the general formula of n overtone frequency of sound wave in a closed end as well as an open end pipes and its unit. Sketch the formation of standing wave in a closed end as well as an open end pipes in fundamental frequency and overtone frequencies. Explain briefly the formation of end correction in air column. What is sound intensity and state its formula and unit. What is Doppler Effect and state its general formula? Sketch an appropriate graph to describe the relationship between apparent frequency and distance of travel.
th

10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

8.

CHAPTER 12 : Mechanical Properties of Matter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is meant by deformation? What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation. What is stress and state its formula and unit. What is strain and state its formula and unit. Sketch the graph of stress-strain. 6. 7. 8. What is the relationship between stress and strain? What is Youngs modulus? Explain briefly how to determine the strain energy from the graph of force-elongation.

CHAPTER 13 : Fluid Mechanics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. State the general formula of pressure and its SI and base unit. State the formula of hydrostatic pressure. State the formula of absolute hydrostatic pressure. State the Pascals principle. State the formula related to the Pascals principle. State the Archimedes principle. State the formula related to the Archimedes principle. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. State the equation of continuity. State the Bernoullis equation. What is viscosity? What is the coefficient of viscosity? State its unit. State the Stokes law. What is terminal velocity? State its unit. State the formula of terminal velocity.

CHAPTER 14 : Heat
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the difference between temperature and heat? State the unit of temperature and heat. State the direction of flow of heat transfer. What is meant by heat conductivity and state its formula. Sketch a graph of temperature, T vs distance, x to differentiate heat conduction between insulated and non-insulated conductor. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is the difference between insulated and non-insulated conductor joined in series. State the formula of linear thermal expansion and state the unit. State the formula of area thermal expansion and state the unit. State the formula of volumetric thermal expansion and state the unit. State the relationship between the coefficients of expansion for isometric bodies.

CHAPTER 15 : Kinetic Theory of Matter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. State Boyles law and sketch an appropriate graph to describe the law. State Charles law and sketch an appropriate graph to describe the law. State the law of pressure and sketch an appropriate graph to describe the law. State the ideal gas formula. State the formula of kinetic energy of gas in terms of respective R and k. 6. 7. State the formula of r.m.s. velocity of gas in terms of respective R and k. What is the degree of freedom and state the value respectively for mono-atomic, di-atomic and poly-atomic molecules. State the principle of equipartition of energy. What is internal energy of an ideal gas and state the formula respectively in terms of k and R.

8. 9.

CHAPTER 16 : Thermodynamics
1. 2. 3. What is thermodynamics? State the general formula for thermodynamics work and its unit. What is the difference between thermodynamics work done by the system and thermodynamics done upon the system? st State the 1 law of thermodynamics. What do the + / - signs mean respectively for Q, U and W. What is internal energy and state its unit. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. What is cyclic process? State 4 types of thermodynamics process and their constant. State the formula of thermodynamics work for each of the process. What law related to each of the thermodynamics process? What is the difference and similarity between isothermal and adiabatic process.

4. 5. 6.