YUSUF MULLAN

Table of Contents

Table of Contents
A EXPRESSIVENESS OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE 3-2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I " THE SCIENCE OF #$%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 "!" &EFINITION' PURPOSE AN& SUB(ECT )ATTER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2 "!2 )APPING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2 "!3 THE SENTENCE **+,-. /0 1 2.34567!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 2 GRA))ATICAL STATES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 2!" INTRO&UCTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!8 2!2 REFLECTION OF GRA))ATICAL STATES 9 :;2<=!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "" 2!3 STATELESSNESS 9 >?@. VS! :2A.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "2 3 PROCESS OF REFLECTION 9 BCADE F GC6HE :;2<=!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "I 3!" THE 2JK OF VERBS THAT ARE :2A.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "I 3!2 TLPES OF M !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "8 3!3 ESSENTIAL NOTE ON GC?N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2J 3!O THE 2JK OF GC6HE THAT ARE >?@.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2" 3.4.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS .......................................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS .......................................................................................... 2! 3.4.3 "E#ONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS $% '&................................................................................. 2( 3.4.4 VER)AL NOUNS *+, -.......................................................................................................... 2. 3.4./ A"VER)S O0 TI#E OR PLA1E 234 - ................................................................................ 35 3.4.! 6OR"S "ENOTIN7 SOUN"S OR NOISES 8 -.................................................................. 35 3.4.9 NU#)ERS 11:1. >= <; ? @.............................................................................................................. 35 3.4.( 6OR"S "ENOTIN7 VA7UENESS 8A>;............................................................................................ 31 A EXPRESSIVENESS OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE 3-2

The Science of

1 The Science of
1.1 Definition, Purpose and Subject Matter

is the science of classical Arabic which deals with how to identify the gra atical !ositioning of the three !arts of s!eech" '() &#$% and *+,
by recogni-ing the changes which occ.r at their end/ 0n addition to this& it disc.sses how to connect the !arts of s!eech with one another and eaningf.l sentences/ a1e

The !.r!ose of

is to g.ard one fro

a1ing errors when artic.lating and the 2ario.s sciences ost i !ortant/

.nderstanding the lang.age of the Arabs/ Fro associated with the Arabic lang.age&

is by far the

All disc.ssions in

are centered .!on words& !hrases& and sentences/

1.2 Mapping the Arabic Language

The

ost basic .tterance which co es o.t of the h. an beings

o.th is

ter ed 34567/ 0f it has no established

eaning& it is 1nown as 3'8 9 :; < 7 eaning& it is called 3

= eaningless>& whereas if it does con2ey established

?;@ 9 co.ld be either one word& ter ed A+ < 9 5; F + =single> also 1nown as 3B8CD7 =word> or a gro.! of words" ED < 9 ;
eaningf.l>/ =co !o.nd>/ The gro.! of words can be lin1ed together so as to res.lt in a co !lete sentence" co O

?;@ 9 7=

F +; =beneficial GHDIBC8JIKL5; ED F +; =nonN binationIsentence>& or it ay constit.te a !hrase" KL5; +LM ED

The Science of

beneficial co bination>/

:
The Arabic 3word7 =B8CD> is di2ided into three ty!es"

'() &#$% and *+,/

Stated otherwise& e2ery word in the Arabic dictionary falls into one of these three categories/ Unli1e Pnglish which has eight !arts of s!eech& in Arabic there are only three/ This inconsistency will beco e clear only after !recise definitions are gi2en to the three ty!esQ

: is the 3B8CD7 that gi2es a f.ll inde!endent eaning in itself and is not lin1ed to ti e& e/g/ 'JS = an>& TLU =ho.se>/ The category is broader
R/ than 3no.n7 in that it also incl.des three others fro the eight Pnglish !arts of s!eech& na ely !rono.ns& adVecti2es and ad2erbs/

: is the 3B8CD7 that gi2es a f.ll inde!endent also lin1ed to ti e& e/g/ E 9 9 W9 D =wrote>& + 9 =hel!s>/ < YZ < X
O/ as the 32erb7 in Pnglish/

eaning in itself and is This is e[actly the sa e

\/

: is the 3B8CD7 which has no inde!endent

eaning of its own i/e/ can

only be .nderstood after co.!ling either a no.n or a 2erb to it& e/g/

]) =in>&

^C_ =on>& ` =and>/

articles/

This category incl.des !re!ositions& conV.nctions& and

1.3 The Sentence (

/
\

The Science of

A sentence is a gro.! of words that con2eys to the !oint of satisfaction either infor ation or desire e/g/ =Ta1e the boo1>& of two ty!esQ

]Y i dkl < S% ]U jS 9 =My lordm

9 ' b Zc < J ' < + F 6a =The

ni2e

an is tall>&

f < i 6a d 4e 9 gWh

e s.stenance>/ 0t is !ri arily

B 9 B b j Zi+9 oe b C8J < Q is the pC8J < wherein the !ossibility of tr.th and falsehood e[istsQ e/g/ B b 9 Cikg_ T i g, # < Yo i 6a =The girl is intelligent>& + < q C9(8 < 6a =The teacher is b @
R/ !resent>/ O/

b L B Fr i gs% B b C8J < Q is the pC8J <

whose

eaning does not s.!!ort the

!ossibility of tr.th and falsehood e/g/

9 9 KY_ # i 't =vo yo. ha2e a !enw>& b 9 C9k u

yg86a f+ 9 x% =vrin1 the waterm>/

A sentence& essentially& is the con2eyance in words of a s!ecific lin1age ade between two 3ideas7" one !ri ary& the other descri!ti2e within the ind of the s!ea1er/ Now if the two ideas also e[ist in the o.tside world and what the s!ea1er is saying corres!onds to the o.ter reality& it is ter ed tr.e/ 0f it does not corres!ond it is called false/ For instance the sentence

i g b KZl 9 b#r

b KZl 9 > is slee!ing> in which the idea of slee!ing has been lin1ed affir ati2ely to b KZl 9 can be 2erified by V.dging it with the reality/ zhen loo1ing towards what e[ists in the world& if we see b KZl 9 is act.ally slee!ing& it wo.ld ean the
affir ation is correct& and hence the state ent is tr.e/ {therwise& it wo.ld be false/ 0n a

BL Fr i gs% B b C8J <

no s.ch e[ternal reality e[ists/ 0t is the words of

the s!ea1er which for the first ti e are bringing the two ideas together/

ygs% literally

eans to originate/ Now we see clearly why sentences s.ch ands do not s.!!ort tr.th and falsehood"

as |.estions and co

confir ation and nonNconfir ation to e[ternal reality can not occ.r d.e to }

The Science of

there being no s.ch reality/

~ee!ing in

ind the abo2e e[!lanation& PPY !ossible sentence can be

easily classified into either

B Fr i gs%& incl.ding sentences abo.t 9 or BL b j Zi+9 oe

which we 1now with absol.te certit.de that they are tr.e& s.ch as 3Allah created the hea2ens7& or li1ewise with certit.de we 1now their falsehood& s.ch as 3The s1y is below .s7/ oth these and si ilar state ents are witho.t do.bt confir

B 9 sentences& for they ha2e e[ternal realities to which they either b j Zi+9 oe
or not confir / 0t is the e[istence of this reality =or nonNe[istence>

which deter ines whether the sentence will be classified

B Fr i gs%/ 9 or BL b j Zi+9 oe

:
: /:

ze said e2ery sentence is essentially ade .! of two !arts" a !ri ary one ind of the s!ea1er/

and a descri!ti2e one/ First they lin1 together in the Then they are con2eyed thro.gh the edi.

of words/ This lin1age which

res.lts in a sentence is ter ed 3AgY$%7/ The !ri ary !art or s.bVect of the

i L6% sentence is called 3p

KY 9 ; < 7 and the descri!ti2e !art or !redicate is 1nown as 3KY 9 ; < 7/ To ill.strate& consider a boy =b K9 69`> and the idea of la-iness = 9 >/ There are se2eral ways these two ideas can be lin1ed together/ b D '
So e will res.lt in sentences while others will for only !hrasesQ

9 6a < K9 696a& the la-y boyQ a descri!ti2e !hrase < Hh < O/ i K9 696a ' 9 9 D& the boy7s la-inessQ a !ossessi2e !hrase 9 < K9 696a& The boy is la-yQ a f.ll sentence =BL \/ < HD j 8$% BC8J NAgY$%>/ 9 }/ < K9 696a ' i 9 D& The boy beca e la-yQ also a f.ll sentence = BC8J NAgY$% BL j C()>/
R/

The Science of

9 0n the third e[a !le < HD

the

p i L6% KY 9 ; < i/e/ the !ri 9 is the !redicate and it a!!ears second/ adVecti2e> < HD
0n the fo.rth e[a !le < K9 696a

< K9 696a the < K9 696a3 #$%7 which a!!ears first is ary !art of the sentence/ The #$% =in this case

9 ' i 9 D again it7s the < K9 696a Q #$% which is being tal1ed 3abo.t7& so it is the pL6% KY 9 ; < / {nly here it does not a!!ear 9 first& b.t second/ The '() =2erb> ' i 9 D& a!!earing first& is the descri!ti2e !art and therefore the KY 9 ; < /
ze see there is no consistent order in which they !redicate do not ean first and second/ They .st a!!ear/ S.bVect and

ean !ri ary and descri!ti2e/

zhen the sentence co !rises of V.st two words& as in both the abo2e e[a !les& identifying the two is still relati2ely easy/ owe2er& li1e in all lang.ages& sentences in Arabic are not restricted to V.st two words/ They can be 2ery long/ a2ing sentences which are between ten and say twenty words long is |.ite nor al in Arabic/ 0t is in s.ch co !le[ sentences that the !rocess of identifying the s.bVect& = ade .! of .lti!le !hrases> fro the

!redicate =also co !o.nd> beco es so ewhat diffic.lt/ A great !ortion of

is de2oted to !arsing and analy-ing sentences in order to deter

s.bVect fro

ine the

the !redicate& for e2en the basic translation of a sentence

de!ends entirely on it/ 0t is for this reason great scholars li1e 0bn ~hald.n say #t < g5W 9 6a

9 % < 6 ' F 6a g:8 9t/ < Y

=The

ost i !ortant of the

sciences associated with the Arabic lang.age is co to hi .nication can e[ist>/

&for witho.t it no

p 9 < 6 which is 1nowledge of 2ocab.lary& according

is the least i !ortant as!ect of Arabic/

The Science of

To

a1e recognition of the

pL6% KY 9 ; 9 ; < and KY <

so ewhat easier the

scholars of

f.rther classify the sentence into two categories based on

the first word in the sentenceQ

:
b r i gk < K9 696a :
Q the sentence which begins with an #$% e/g/ # =The boy is standing>/ The two !arts are 1nown as aKW 9 =s.bVect 9 o; 9 e < and +o
R/ and !redicate>/

:
i g, E :
Q the sentence which begins with a '() e/g/ b K; 9 9t9 =a id went>/ The two !arts are 1nown as '() and '_g) =2erb and
O/ s.bVect>/

T ! T"# $%&'( #) ' !

:
!* +'!+,!:

p i L6% KY 9 ; 9 o; F 8$% str.ct.re& is called aKW < & when it a!!ears in an pL < / zith rare e[ce!tion& it will be first in the sentence/ The KY 9 ; < in this ty!e of sentence is called +o 9 / 9 e
The T ! T"# $%&'( #) ' !

:
!* +'!+,!:

The

pL6% KY 9 ; F C() sentence& it is called '_g) or < & when it a!!ears in the pL KY 9 ; <

s.bVect of the 2erb !receding it/ Unli1e in Pnglish& the 2erb ALWAYS !recedes the s.bVect in Arabic/ Therefore& in this ty!e of sentence the

pL6% i/e/ the '_g) will always co e after the descri!ti2e !art or !redicate/ The !redicate =KY 9 ; < > is 1nown si !ly as '()/ These ideas are s. ari-ed
below in Table RNA/

9 8J BC <

9 8J BC <

The Science of

BL8 i $% BCD E; F G@ H E; F G@ H

aKWo; +oe

'() '_g)

BLC i () i

Table "-A -

-./

nra

atical States

2 Grammatical States

2.1 !ntroduction

. an beings e[!erience e otional states based on interaction with one another/ eo!le a1e .s ha!!y& angry& and sad etc/ These states are then

reflected on o.r faces by o.r facial e[!ressions i/e/ s iles& frowns etc/ Arabic words beha2e in a si ilar fashion/ They enter gra beca.se of interaction with s.rro.nding words/ These 3gra atical states atical states7

are then reflected on the last letter of the word/ Unli1e h. an e otions& gra atical states in Arabic are V.st fo.rQ

01 N the no inati2e case/ 2 N the acc.sati2e case/ N the geniti2e case/ 34 N the V.ssi2e case/
ze see this in the Pnglish lang.age to a 2ery restricted degree in !rono.ns/ Ta1e for e[a !le the three 2ariations of the third !erson he& hi asc.line !rono.n"

and his or for the fe inine" she& her and her& for the second !erson e and y/

asc.line" yo.& yo. and yo.r and for the first !erson" 0&

The reason why the sa e words is to reflect gra

eaning is being con2eyed .sing three different

atical state/ zhen the !rono.n is intended to be .st .se

s.bVect of the 2erb& 3he7 or 3she7 is .sed/ Li1ewise for obVect& one

3hi 7 or 3her7/ 0n the Pnglish lang.age this disc.ssion is restricted to

nra

atical States

!rono.ns/ For no.ns& regardless of how the no.n is .sed& there will be no difference in the way the no.n is !rono.nced/ 0n Arabic this !rocess is e[tended to ALL no.ns/

nra

atical States

2.2 "ef#ection of $ra%%atica# States &

The na e gi2en to this !rocess is by which gra

567
Therefore&

567/

fa+_% is the !rocess

atical states are reflected on the last letter of words by

change in 2owelling or lettering& either e[!licitly or ass. ed/ The need for this occ.rs beca.se in Arabic& we ha2e no other way of deter ining whether a gi2en no.n is being ade the s.bVect of the 2erb or

the obVect& or whether it is in the !ossessi2e case/ There is no r.le in Arabic which states the s.bVect AS to co e before the obVect/ A 2erb followed by two no.ns can ha2e any of the following three !ossibilitiesQ

R/ The first is s.bVect and second is obVect/ O/ ice 2ersa/ \/ The two no.ns together for a !ossessi2e !hrase

For instance& if the 2erb and

f 9 + 9 =hit> is followed by the two no.ns K9 69` =boy> 9 @

e>& the sentence can ha2e three !ossible eaningsQ

KZ dl 9 =a !erson7s na

R/ A boy hit aid/ O/ aid hit a boy/ \/ aid7s boy hit =So eone else>m

0t is a!!arent fro

the abo2e that so e sort of syste

of reflection is

needed to deter ine the intended str.ct.re while e[cl.ding the other two/

RR

nra

atical States

0n Arabic this is done by gi2ing the last letter a distinct 2owelling or lettering/R

efore

o2ing f.rther it is i !ortant to 1now which of the three !arts of

s!eech e[!erience these states and reflection !rocess& and which do not/ This is i !ortant beca.se e2ery word will ha2e so e sort of ending incl.ding stateNless words/ There is a s.bNset of words that do not enter gra states and hence there endings ha2e no gra li1en the atical ay

atical significance/ {ne

to a 3stoic7 !erson who re ains e otionless/ zhen confronted

with this stateNless ty!e of word& one sho.ld be f.lly aware of its stateNless nat.re and not ass. e gra atical eaning fro the ending/

2.3 State#essness &

8/9' s. 5

Now& ret.rning bac1 to o.r disc.ssion& we said it is i !ortant to .nderstand fro the o.tset which of the !arts of s!eech e[!erience 3 fa+_%7 =i/e/ are atical

f+(;> and which don7t =i/e/ are ]Yo;>& so that false gra
ass. !tions

ay be effecti2ely a2oided/ =efer to the !re2io.s section/>

ecall that the !.r!ose of gra

fa+_% was to deter

ine between 2ario.s

atical .sages& s.ch as s.bVect& obVect& and !ossessi2e case& by way of

last letter reflection/ A si !le !ondering on the three definitions gi2en abo2e will re2eal that only

#$%s ha2e the ca!acity of e2er beco

ing

s.bVect& obVect& or being .sed in the !ossessi2e case/ To ill.strate f.rther& let7s try
1

a1ing a

'() =i/e/ 2erb> the s.bVect of another 2erb and see how it

SII AJJIKLMN A OPQ R LMSTUSSMPK PO VPW XIRKMKYS RQI TPKZI[IL MK \VI AQR]MT ^RKYURYI_ WM\V QIOIQIKTI \P I]K `VR^LUK RKL \VI PQPJVI\ aJ]UVb.

RO

nra

atical States

so.nds& while contrasting it to when a no.n is |.ic1m noing was |.ic1" reason why 3went7 did not

ade s.bVect/ zent was

eaning the act of going was |.ic1/ ri arily& the a1e sense and 3going7 did is beca.se 3went7 has beco ing s.bVect& whereas going is an act the abo2e e[!lanation and e[a !le it ade s.bVect& obVect etc/& and the sa e

a tense in it& !re2enting it fro with no tense/ 0n any case& fro

beco es clear that 2erbs can not be

goes for !articles/ So when these two categories will never become subjects, objects etc., they have no need for reflection. They should be state-less

]Yo;! in their entirety.

Therefore& the logical di2ision sho.ld

ha2e been as followsQ R/ O/ \/

:.Q all f+(;/ ;.Q all ]Yo;/ <Q all ]Yo;/

ad the di2ision been li1e this& things wo.ld ha2e been easy and the disc.ssion wo.ld ha2e ended/ Unfort.nately& the e[isting reality is a bit different fro R/ O/ this/ The reality is as followsQ

<Q All ]Yo;/ =the way they7re s.!!osed to be> ]Yo; Q;.= the way they7re s.!!osed to be>& O f+(;/
This O needs to be acco.nted for/

\/

f+(; Q:.= the way they7re s.!!osed to be>& O ]Yo;/

This O also needs to be e[!lained/

0t is this 2ery e[!lanation which will be the foc.s of the rest of this disc.ssion& pC6a ygx %/ The scholars of ty!es& na elyQ

*+ =Arabic Mor!hology> ha2e classified the '() into }

R\

nra

atical States

R/

8=. &the !ast tense 2erb e/g/ E 9 9 W9 D =wrote>/

conV.gation and alter its ending/

This category is

]Yo;

in its entirety i/e/ No go2erning agent will e2er enter .!on a !astNtense

O/

>1.? &the !resent and f.t.re tense 2erb e/g/ + 9 =hel!s& or will < YZ < X
hel!>or one ay refer to the first as 3!erfect7 i/e/ occ.rred and the eaning ongoing& either !resently in the second as 3i !erfect7&

!rocess of occ.rring or will begin at a f.t.re ti e/ \/ }/ To

&i !erati2e or co and 2erb e/g/ f d i+x% =vrin1m> 8@ &negati2e co and or !rohibition e/g/ f 9 =von7t drin1> d i+s
ore easily e[!lain the O of 2erbs that do enter gra atical states

and therefore are

f+(;& we need to

odify this classification slightly/ This anner

will be done by e[a ining the last two 2erbs in a so ewhat detailed in the ne[t cha!ter/

R}

rocess of eflection

Process of Reflection ;. < :. 567 ecall fro the disc.ssion of the } ty!es of '() in the !re2io.s section& that the ]@g; =the !ast tense 2erb> is ]Yo; in its entirety i/e/ no go2erning agent will e2er enter .!on it and alter its ending/ S1i!!ing ?Sg; and lea2ing it for last& let7s ta1e a loo1 at the re aining two 2erbsQ +; and ]:/ 3
3.1 The 2() of *erbs that are
ecall that

5
and 2erb& li1e all 2erbs& will ha2e an acti2e

+;& which is the co

as well as a !assi2e/ Pach table will ha2e R} conV.gations/ =efer to the

*+ boo1>

owe2er& when conte !lating the reality of A r& we see

so ething .ni|.e not fo.nd in the other ty!es of 2erbs& na ely& the fact that literally s!ea1ing co ands ha2e to be directed to so eone being

addressed/ y literal definition& 2oice& s.ch as Sitm vrin1m

+; must be second !erson and in the acti2e eadm Ptc/// voes that ean yo. can7t .se an +;
Ta1e

2erb in the !assi2e 2oice or in other than the second !ersonw zell yo. can& b.t it won7t be a literal

+;& it wo.ld be a fig.rati2e way of s!ea1ing/

for instance second !erson !assi2e with the 2erb 3to hel!7 i/e/ Yo. hel!ed& or third !erson acti2e& e

.st get

.st hel!& or third !erson !assi2e& e

.st get hel!ed/ Now contrast these three with V.st el!m Yo. will see a shar! difference in literal and fig.rati2e a!!lication of the ter .!on the 2ario.s conV.gations of the 3co and7

+; tables/

For this reason& the

scholars of Sarf tend to brea1 down the table of R} into two s aller tables& the first being V.st the iddle si[ conV.gations of the second !erson& and the

other being the re aining & a co bination of the third !erson !l.s n. bers R\ and R}/ zhen they did this& to 1ee! things le2el& they also bro1e down the !assi2e table into two si ilar tables& altho.gh the abo2e R

rocess of eflection

reasoning does not a!!ly to the !assi2e table/ Now& instead of two big tables of R} and R}& we ha2e fo.r s all tablesQ

R/ O/ \/ }/

*`+(; +@g, +; =second !erson acti2e co :; +@g, +; =second !erson !assi2e co

Yo. e

and> e/g/

and> e/g/f+ i @%& itm

j hW; ` ErgM +; #C
.st hit

.st get hit/

f+ < i 6& 9 W

=third first !erson acti2e co

and> e/g/

f+ 9 i 6& i L
and>

j hW; ` ErgM +; =third first !erson !assi2e co :; #C e/g/ f+ < 9i 6& e .st get hit/ 9 L

~ee!ing in

ind the whole abo2e disc.ssion& now loo1 at the fo.r s all

gardaans of the / / / /

]: 2erb which is the negati2e co

andQ

von7t hitm Yo.

*`+(; +@g, ]:= second !erson acti2e !rohibition> e/g/ f+ 9 & i :; +@g, ]:= second !erson !assi2e !rohibition> e/g/ f+ < & 9
.st not get hit/

j hW; ` ErgM ]:= third first !erson acti2e !rohibition> e/g/ #C f+ 9 & e .st not hit/ i Z j hW; ` ErgM ]:= third first !erson !assi2e !rohibition> :; #C e/g/ f+ < & e .st not get hit/ 9 Z

Note the str.ct.re of the eight e[a !lesQ f+ i 7& followed by fo.r i @% was the first& then we had three that began with 3 that began with 37/ Significantw Fro conV.gation& a !.re

*+ !ers!ecti2e& not really& beca.se 2erb

a1e the conV.gations slightly different in how

ore than anything else& has to do with the designated letters

at the end of the 2erbs which

rocess of eflection

they loo1 and so.nd& and that7s why we

e ori-e the & with !artic.lar

attention gi2en to those slight differences/

owe2er& fro

! oint of 2iew& the difference between f+ i @% and the

rest is 2ery !rofo.nd/ =0f yo. .nderstand this& yo.72e .nderstood a lot& insha Allah/>

did& is they loo1ed at the abo2e e[a !les& noting that all end with a d 3h$7/ Then they saw& se2en of the ha2e !articles i/e/ go2erning agents in front of the & either 3 i 7or 37/ Fro this& they ded.ced that the s.1oon at the end of all e[ce!t f+ i @% is a reflection of
zhat the scholars of gra atical state/ Therefore& these gardaans are not se!arate 2erbs& b.t rather T"# SA$# ?Sg; =!resentNtense 2erb> in the state of 3GJ7/ 0n other

f+ < i 6 and the fo.r ]: tables are nothing ore < i 6 &f+ 9 i 6 &f+ 9 L 9 W i L than f 9 &f < with either 3 < i+ < + < &f < i+Z 9 and f < + 9 Z 9 i 7or 37 in front of the & both of which are 3GJ7 gi2ing !articles/
words As for 3f+ i @%7 i/e/ the second !erson& acti2e co different for two reasonsQ and& they said this is

1. 0t does not begin with a recogni-ed !refi[ of the !resentNtense 2erb& &

y && or /

Therefore& it cannot be incor!orated into the

?Sg;

category& as we did to the others/ O/ F.rther ore& it does not ha2e a go2erning agent before it which co.ld e[!lain away the s.1oon at the end of it& eaning no gra atical

reflection can be attrib.ted to this last letter s.1oon/

For these two reasons& the scholars of so

ha2e classified the '() ewhat different than the scholars of *+/ This ha!!ens by ta1ing
R

rocess of eflection

?Sg; and 1ee!ing *`+(; +@g, +; as the third distinct ty!e of '()/ The
se2en of the abo2e eight tables and incor!orating the into brea1down is as followsQ

1.

]@g;& the !astNtense 2erb/ ]Yo; in its entirety& as

!re2io.sly/

entioned

2.

?Sg;& the !resent and f.t.reNtense 2erb/

will be seen shortly/

redo inantly

f+(;& as

3.

*`+(; +@g, +;& the second !erson& acti2eNco ]Yo; in its entirety/

and 2erb& also

The !resentNtense 2erb =?Sg;>& li1e all 2erbs& also has R} conV.gations/ Fro the R}& two conV.gations& na ely the two fe inine !l.rals =n. ber

and RO> are

]Yo; i/e/ will ne2er change des!ite the go2erning agent entering
it we get the !l.ral fe inine eaning/

.!on the / The final 37 at the end of these two conV.gations is act.ally the !rono.n& and fro

As for the other RO conV.gations of the !resentNtense 2erb& they are all

f+(; {0vPv TAT TPY AP FPP {F TP 37 {F PMAS0S/

conV.gations can be s!lit into two gro.!sQ R/ Those that end in a < in the state of

These RO

)S/

This wo.ld incl.de

conV.gations" n. bers R& }& and the last two& R\ and R}/ O/ Those that end with a < in the state of

)S& the re

aining se2en

conV.gations i/e/ the fo.r d.als& !l.s n. bers \& and R/

rocess of eflection

3.2 T+pes of

efore we !roceed& it is i !ortant to note that in total there are three different ty!es of 37m R/ The first is the 37 of fe inine !l.rality/ This is act.ally a !rono.n =and not a reflection of )S>/ 0t co es at the end of conV.gation n. bers and RO and will ne2er dro!/ O/ The second is what they call& the 3]Ua+_% 7/ The f.nction of this 37 is

3.

?Sg; 2erb is in its defa.lt state of )S/ The !resence of this 37 at the end of the se2en conV.gations entioned abo2e will indicate )S/ The !rono.n is the letter before the 37 i/e/ an 3a7 for the fo.r d.als& a 3`7 for the two asc.line !l.rals& and 37 for n. ber ten& the second !erson sing.lar fe inine/ 0n EX and GJ& this 37 will dro!/ The third and final 37 is what we referred to as the 37 of e !hasis/ This is a s!ecial 37 which is a !article and is attached to the end of the ?Sg;/ 0t co es in both a Dg$ for as well as a AKs; for /
to reflect that the 0ts and eaning f.nction is twofold/ Firstly it eli inates the !resent tense a1es the 2erb s!ecific to the f.t.re/ Secondly it adds e !hasis eaning =2erily or s.rely>/ All conV.gations of the

to the f.t.re tense

!resentNtense 2erb beco e

]Yo; as a res.lt of it/

rocess of eflection

Now we can clearly see the O of 2erbs which are the 1. 2. 3. 4. /. fro the that are

]Yo;Q

f+(; and disting.ish

]Yo; N ]@g; in its entirety/ ]Yo; N *`+(; +@g, +; also/ ?Sg; with the 37 of fe inine !l.rality = and RO>N ]Yo; ?Sg; with the 37 of e !hasis =all R} conV.gations>N ]Yo; ?Sg; e !ty of the abo2e entioned both 3f+(; N 7 f+(; and fo.r are ]Yo;/
Fo.r fro

Note that fro a total fi2e only one is fi2e is and one fro fi2e is O/

3.3 ,ssentia# -ote on

:./B
]Yo; words/

Th.s far we ha2e co2ered fi2e ty!es of R/ All O/ \/ }/ /

*`+,/ ]@g;/ *`+(; +@g, +;/ ?Sg; with the 3n.n7 of fe ?Sg; with the 3n.n7 of e

inine !l.rality/ !hasis/

ve!ending on the reason of 3ygYU7 =statelessness>& ty!esQ R/

]Yo; words are of two

i/e/ They ne2er enter gra atical states and therefore ha2e no need for the !rocess of reflection called fa+_/ The first three fro the abo2e fi2e are ]Yo;

'a ]Yo; N words that are tr.ly ]Yo; 'a/ pUgs; ]Yo; N words that are ]Yo;

O/

d.e to a secondary reason s.ch as eaning they do enter gra atical

rese blance to the first category&

states and hence need the reflection that

fa+_ !ro2ides/ owe2er& ?Sg;

owing to so e e[ternal reason& their last letters re ain constant des!ite the O any go2erning agents that enter .!on the /

rocess of eflection

with the 37 of fe inine !l.rality is

]Yo;

beca.se the final 337 at the

end of these two conV.gations PSPMLPS the 37 of

9 9) i/e/ 9 C(

conV.gation n. ber of the !astNtense table& whereas the e !hatic tables are

]Yo;

in their entirety d.e to the 37 of e !hasis being a

!article and !articles do not gi2e way to last letter change/

3.. The 2() of

:. that are 8/9

fa+_ and ygYU& the 3#$%7 is classified into two

Fro the !ers!ecti2e of categoriesQ R/

E yg8$ :CD F F G H that do not rese ble 'a ]Yo; and are therefore f+(;/ This category co !rises of the 2ast aVority of yg8$ =abo.t >& di2ided into R ty!es to be disc.ssed at a later
ti e/ nra atical state in the will be reflected on the last letter as entioned !re2io.sly/ This reflection can be 2ia 3gD+,7 i/e/ short

BW) &B8 j @ and +D& and also by eans of letters s.ch as long 2owels =` &a and >/ 0t ay be e[!licit or ass. ed/ For the ost
2owels" !art& there will be a f.ll se!arate reflection for each gra atical state/ {ccasionally& there will be V.st two reflections for all three of the states

yg8$ enter/ Fro this we see that )S does not necessarily ean B8 j @& nor does EX or +J ean BW) and EX) & S /+D and +J are the states and BW) &B8 j @ and +D are V.st one ethod of
their reflection/ There ay be others/ 0n h. an beings ha!!iness is .s.ally reflected by s iles& b.t it doesn7t ha2e to be li1e that/ So eti es it7s thro.gh tears/ 0n ani als ha!!iness is reflected by tailN wagging for instance / 0n total for

yg8$ f+(; =the R ty!es of

q 8 h 9 9 W; < #$>& there are nine

ethods of reflection/ These will be OR

rocess of eflection

co2ered in detail once we are done e[!laining the Allah/

]Yo; no.ns& insha

O/

E yg8$ :CD F F G H I that do rese ble 'a ]Yo; and are therefore ]Yo; /]Yo; no.ns are ty!es/ Under each are V.st a few yg8$/ Together they acco.nt for less then O of yg8$/

The eight categories are listed below/ R/ +rg8@ or O/ \/ }/ / / / /

Ad2erb>/

a+8; Q ersonal rono.ns/ B686a yg8$a Q elati2e rono.ns/ Sgxa yg8$a Q ve onstrati2e rono.ns/ ag()a yg8$ Q No.ns in the eaning of 2erbsm *`+ < 6a yg8$ yg8$ Q which indicate on ti e or !lace =ty!e of

aa yg8$ Q zords which are .sed to refer to so.nds or noises/ F +; Q A s all gro.! of words which were originally !hrases& ygYU ED gZgYD i
na ely the n. bers fro ele2en to nineteen/ Q zords that refer to 2ag.eness in s!eech or n. ber etc/ =Li1e 3so any7 in Pnglish/>

3.4.1 Personal Pronouns

rono.ns in Arabic are

J.=
ore than what we ha2e in Pnglish/ To f.lly with their

.ch

.nderstand all the gro.!ings of Arabic rono.ns& contrasting the

Pnglish co.nterN!arts will be hel!f.l/ 0n Pnglish& !ri arily we ha2e three gro.!s of !rono.nsQ no inati2e& acc.sati2e and geniti2e/ They are listed belowQ

R/ No inati2eQ he& she& they& yo.& 0 and we O/ Acc.sati2eQ hi & her& the & yo.& \/ neniti2eQ his& her& their& yo.r& OO e and .s

y and o.r

rocess of eflection

Note that in the !l.ral third !erson =they>& gender is irrele2ant& sa e !rono.n is .sed for fe inine and

eaning the

asc.line& while in the second

!erson both gender ANv !l.rality are not considered/ Li1ewise& the sing.lar fe inine third !erson =her> is .sed twice in acc.sati2e as well as geniti2e/ So basically the total n. ber of !rono.ns in Pnglish is only R and after dro!!ing the ones which are .sed twice R/

0n Arabic& the total n. ber is 2ery high at }Q si[ gro.!ings& each of which has a f.ll R} !rono.ns/ To .nderstand the significance of the n. ber R} here& recall what we entioned when e[!laining the conV.gation tables/ Si[ entioned abo2e

gro.!ings is beca.se in addition to the three gro.!ings

Arabic also has go2erning agents/ 0f a !rono.n is said to be in being s.bVect for instance& there .st be so

)S d.e to ething to ca.se the )S

!receding the !rono.n& which in this case wo.ld be the 2erb/ Th.s the 2erb

is called the 3';g_7 =go2erning agent>/ This will ha!!en in all three of the states yg8$ enter into" EX) & S and +J/ Now the !rono.n ay be attached ='XW F ; < > to the agent and both written as {NP z{v& or the agent co.ld be a se!arate word and the !rono.n written by itself ='X5 9 Y; < >/ 0n each case the !rono.n will loo1 different/ For +J there is no 'X5 9 Y; < & beca.se the agents of +J are V.st two& na ely !re!ositions and *g;& which !.ts the pL6% *g; in the state of +J/ oth agents PU0P that the
in !rono.n after the Then beca.se the twice& th.s be attached/ This lea2es .s with a total of fi2e gro.!s/

S`+; one can ha2e only two agents& it is

entioned

a1ing the n. ber of gro.!ings si[ =with R} .nder each>Q

O\

rocess of eflection

R/ O/ \/ }/ / /

'XW < j ; ?)+; Q No inati2e !rono.n attached to its agent e/g/ the in T 9 =0 hit>/ < U+ 9 @ 'X5Y; ?)+; Q No inati2e !rono.n se!arate fro its agent/ 9t < 'XW j ;
which eans 3he7/ fXY; Q Acc.sati2e !rono.n attached to its agent e/g/ the in

< p

'X5Y; fXY; Q Acc.sati2e !rono.n se!arate fro its agent e/g/ 9 gZ u j % =yo. alone>/ 'XW j ; S`+; with +J *+,Q neniti2e !rono.n attached to !re!osition e/g/ the p < in p < 9 6 =for hi >/ 'XW j ; S`+; with *g; Q neniti2e !rono.n attached to *g; e/g/ the < in < S < aA =his ho.se>/

p < < WZS 9 =0 saw 3hi

7>

All of these } !rono.ns are ]Yo; d.e to their de!endency .!on no.ns/ 0n order to be .sed in s!eech& third !erson !rono.ns need to be !receded by no.ns and so forth/ ve!endency is a characteristic of !articlesQ one of the three 'a ]Yo;/ The following is a f.ll table of all the

+rg8@ 9
F / 2 H 9<t g8t < #t < ] 9 it g8t < F <t T 9 g8W < #W <

disc.ssed in this sectionQ

2 G 1<K
.?B <S < aA g8t < S < aA #t < S < aA gtS < aA g8t < S < aA F <tS < aA 9 S u < aA < S g8D < aA < S #D < aA
O}

52/
2/ j% <gZ g8t < gZ j% #t < gZ j% gtgZ j% g8t < gZ j% j% F <tgZ 9 gZ u j% < gZ g8D j% < gZ #D j% 2 G < g8t < #t < gt g8t < F <t 9 u < g8D < #D

>
2 G >1.? 8=.

B p < 96 g8: < 96 #: < 96 9 g:6 g8: < 96 F <:9 6 9 96 < 96 g8h < 96 #h

BL
+D4; K,a` ErgM +D4; BLY ErgM +D4; 8J ErgM ;K,a` ErgM ;BLY ErgM ;8J ErgM +D4; K,a` +@g, +D4; BLY +@g, +D4; 8J +@g,

f < i+Z 9 t>> 9 i gU+ i Z 9 <Ui+Z 9 f 9 < i+ ]t>> 9 i gU+ i 9 9 U+ i Z f 9 < i+ t>> 9 i gU+ i 9 9 <Ui+

f 9 + 9 9 @ t>> gU+ 9 9 @ a <U+ 9 9 @ T 9 d 9 U+ 9 @ ]t>> gW9 U+ 9 9 @ 9 9 d U+ 9 @ T 9 9 d U+ 9 @ g8W < d U+ 9 9 @ # 9 d < Wd U+ 9 @

rocess of eflection

u i S < aA < S g8D < aA F < DS < aA 9iSaA gS < aA

i 96 < 96 g8h F < h9 6 ]6 i 9 gY6

u i gZ j% < gZ g8D j% j% F < DgZ j% 9 gZ ggZ j%

u i < g8D F <D g

T i g8W < F < W g 9 <

9 LU i i+ 9 9 i gU+ i 9 9 U+ i f < i+@ g>> f 9 < i+ >>

T i d U+ 9 9 @ g8W < d U+ 9 9 @ 9 F < Wd U+ 9 @ T 9 < d U+ 9 @ gY 9 d U+ 9 9 @

;K,a` +@g, ;BLY +@g, ;8J +@g, #ChW; K,a` #ChW; 8J

Table 3-B - PePsonal PPonoQns

rocess of eflection

3.4.2 Relative Pronouns MNM6 :.L6

0n order to f.lly .nderstand what relati2e !rono.ns are& one needs to be infor ed abo.t the B5 N*! ;hrase which in Arabic gra ar is the no.nNadVecti2e !hrase& an e[!ression of .s.ally two second

yg8$ in which the

#$% describes the first/ b J e/g/ # < S b Z+ 9 =a noble an>& or i 9D ' < J # < + < Z+ F 6a =the noble an> i 9 h6a ' Fro the as!ects in which the * ;and B5 ha2e to corres!ond& is being p)+(; or +h= definite or indefinite>/ 0n ost cases both words are yg8$ and corres!ondence is fairly si
a1e it 3the noble noble !le/ Adding 3a7 to both words will an7 whereas 1ee!ing both words e !ty will lea2e it 3a

an7/ owe2er& occasionally the need arises to describe a no.n .sing an who 0 et

a whole sentence/ Ta1e for instance the !hrase 3a yesterday7/ 30

et yesterday7 is a f.ll sentence/ 0t was .sed in the abo2e an7/

e[a !le to describe the indefinite no.n 3a The scholars of

ha2e attached a 2al.e to the infor ati2e sentence = BZ+oe BC8J> and ha2e told .s it7s 3+h7/ Therefore& if the abo2e e[a !le b J were to be rendered into Arabic it wo.ld read as followsQ i 96 ' < S < < WL 9/ i ; p No e[tra word is needed between the no.n being described i/e/ the *; b J ' i 9 6& for they are both +h and < S < < WL 9 37 and the sentence i ; p corres!ondence is co !lete/ {n the other hand& were the * ;to be p)+(;& we wo.ld ha2e had a !roble of atching the two/ To con2ey the
eaning 3the an who 0 et yesterday7& erely adding an 3a7 to the * ;wo.ld not s.ffice/ ze wo.ld be left with a ** ;+(;

< J ' < + F 6a>> and a B5 +h= the BZ+oe BC8J>/ BZ+oe co.ld be transfor ed into a co es into !lay/

The only way this

eaning

co.ld be 2alidly con2eyed is if so ehow that 2al.e attached to the

p)+(; 2al.e/

BC8J This is where the ; 9

rocess of eflection

B686a yg8$a

or elati2e rono.ns are li1e which& what& that& or who in

Pnglish& not the |.estion which& what etc/ b.t the !rono.ns 3which7 co e between no.ns and the sentences 3that7 describe the / ead that againm !rono.ns 3which7 co e between no.ns and the sentences 3that7 describe the / 0n Pnglish these !rono.ns MUST be bro.ght in e2ery s.ch str.ct.re/ 0n Arabic they are bro.ght {NLY when the there will be no need for a

* ;is p)+(;/

0f it is

+h&

; 9 & in which case the gra

atical str.ct.re

itself will Voin the sentence to the no.n being described/ This is the !ri ary !.r!ose why we ha2e these words in the lang.age/ 0f the no.n being described is of a 2ery general thing etc& often the no.n is not the entire eaning s.ch as an& wo an&

entioned/ The

; 9 itself will con2ey

asVid ca e>/

j a ygJ =The !erson who ta.ght yo. in the 9 8 iK86a ]) 9 F C_ 46 j a3 ; 46 9 7 not only
eans 3who7 b.t act.ally 3the

eaning& s.ch as in the following sentenceQ

0n this sentence the !erson who7/

; 9 i/e/ the describing BZ+oe BC8J is called pC i / Together with the ; 9 & both !arts beco e B5 for the
The sentence which follows the the greater sentence/ zithin the referring bac1 to the

!receding no.n& or if the no.n is of a general nat.re and i !licit as entioned abo2e& the ; i together will directly beco e !art of 9 and pC

; 9 in gender and !l.rality/ 0n the abo2e e[a !le the i F _ j a the ; t hidden in the 2erb 9#C 9 is referring to 46 9 /

; 9 /

pC i there MUST be a third !erson !rono.n

!licit !rono.n

This !rono.n will always corres!ond to the

j a and its d.al& !l.ral& and fe inine 2ariations& the following esides 46 relati2e !rono.ns are in .seQ
R/

C O F N the !erson who

O

rocess of eflection

O/

. N the thing that/

sa h.

9 and g; ha2e no d.als o.r !l.rals/ The d ; e word is essentially .sed for all gender and !l.rality/ 3 9 7 is for d ; an beings while 3g;7 is for nonNh. ans/
oth

\/

B b F Z & - Nwhich/ oth ;will always be *g; to the yg8$ after the / The second word of the !ossessi2e !hrase ay be sing.lar or !l.ral e/g/ f i gWD i < W< h6a =which boo1> and& E =which of the boo1s>/ oth eanings are al ost identical/ .st two ways of saying the sa e thing/ b F Z are both f+(; and there gra atical - and B state will be s.bVect to the go2erning agent before the si ilar to nor al #$%s/ #$% '_g) and (5; #$%> is also considered to be ; 9 and in the j a/ ence& f j a =one who eaning of 46 < iSg6a wo.ld ean f 9 + 9 46 9 @ j a =one who is hit>/ 0n hits>/ Li1ewise& f < `+8 9 i+@ < 46 9 6a is a1in to f other words the 3a7 at the beginning of both literally eans 3one who7/

}/ The 3a7 which is attached to the acti2e and !assi2e !artici!les =

9 U ja < in the dialect of the clan of ]c ` 9 N also in the eaning of 46 9 9 U+ < rgJ =the according to this !artic.lar tribe of Arabs e/g/ 9 ` 9 @
an who hit yo. ca e to e>/

j a and ]W6 j a& all ; B b F Z & 9 are ]Yo; d.e - & and the d.als of 46 to there de!endency .!on the pC/ Yo. will ne2er enco.nter a ; 9 e[ce!t with its pC/ As entioned re!eatedly& de!endency is a characteristic of *+,Q one fro the 'a ]Yo;/
P[ce!t for

3.4.3 Demonstrative Pronouns

P1.QR6 :.L6

vescri!ti2e rono.ns =thisIthat> are de2ices .sed to refer or !oint towards

Sgx% #$%& the no.n is 1nown 9 i 6 =that boo1>& 9 i 6 is the Sgx% #$% as pL6% S i 6a < gWh < / 0n the !hrase f b gs; and f i 6a is the pL6% S < gWh < / The !rono.n co.!led with the no.n will always b gs;
no.ns/ zhile the !rono.n in Arabic is called be a !hrase/ owe2er& there are instances when the no.n being referred to O

rocess of eflection

is of a 2ery general nat.re s.ch as thing& !rono.n itself will con2ey both

an& or wo an& in which case the

eanings i/e/

a4t can

ean 3this thing7 or

3this !erson7 as a!!osed to V.st 3this7/ zhen this ha!!ens the following word will be the re aining !art of the sentence =the !redicate>/ 0n order to deter ine whether the following word is connected to second !art of the descri!ti2e !hrase or whether se!arate 3pL6%

a4t and for

ing the

a4t is inde!endent of a
entioned

S < and con2eying the entire b gs;

eaning itself as

abo2e& one will need to loo1 at the ne[t word/ 0f it begins with an 3 a7& the two words will beco e a descri!ti2e !hrase =this boo1>& otherwise a f.ll sentence/ zhen the

pL6% S < can not ta1e 3a7 do to being *g; and a b gs;

descri!ti2e !hrase is intended& s.ch as 3this boo1 of his7& in order to a2oid conf.sion with the

pL j 8$% sentence& the Sgx% #$% will be bro.ght after the

!ossessi2e !hrase/ Consider the following three ways of .sing this de2iceQ

f Q this boo1 i 6a a4t < gWh O/ f Q This is a boo1/ i a4t b gWD \/ a4t p i Q this boo1 of his < < UgWD
R/

3.4.4 Verbal Nouns ;.L6 :.

These are a gro.! of words in the lang.age which are 2ery few in n. ber/ They ha2e the eanings of 2erbs& eaning that their eanings are lin1ed to

ti e/ They ha2e tenses/ owe2er& besides the tense& they ha2e no other characteristic of 2erbs s.ch as conV.gation tables and s.ffi[es/ They do not fall .nder any recogni-ed !attern of 2erb/ They co e in two ty!es" a gro.! that has a !ast tense eaning e/g/

9 =beca 9 g:Lt
andN2erb

e distant>& and a gro.!

consisting of words that ha2e co

eanings e/g/

9 KZ` 9 S < =gi2e

O

rocess of eflection

res!ite>& the first being identical to

9 K<(9 U =a !astNtense 2erb>& and the second

and 2erb>/

to 3': i ;7 =a second !erson acti2e co Altho.gh these words do ha2e the

eanings of

g() d.e to the absence of

all other characteristics of recogni-ed 2erbs& they were not categori-ed as s.ch/ The other two !arts of s!eech also do not a!!ly& b.t beca.se there n. ber is so less in the Arabic lang.age& the scholars of gra see it a!!ro!riate to gi2e the a se!arate category and call the ar did not the fo.rth

!art of s!eech/ 0nstead they said these are

yg8$ ]Yo; which contain the

eaning of 2erbs& treating this tense as a 3rese blance7 to 2erb& hence their

]Yo;

nat.re/ ecall both ]@g; and

+@g, +; are 'a ]Yo;/

3.4.

!"verbs of Time or Place ?<M6

:.

3.4.# $or"s Denotin% Soun"s or Noises S6NL6

These are essentially so.nds rendered into words e/g/

so.nd/ They are all ]Yo; d.e to so.nds not ha2ing tr.e gra !ositioning& in ter s of being s.bVect& obVect etc/

< < & a co.ghing

atical

:.

3.4.& Numbers 11'1( :./B

rocess of eflection

3.4.) $or"s "enotin% va%ueness S.T./

\R

A!!endi[ A P[!ressi2eness of the Arabic Lang.age

!**en"i+ ! ,+*ressiveness of the !rabic -an%ua%e

0bn ~halid.n& ay Allah ele2ate his ran1& wrote in his agnificent

p; 9 ; 9 q K <

regarding the Arabic lang.age and its s.!eriority o2er all other lang.ages/ e said&

pC6a p i S < 8 < , 9 & it is beca.se in Arabic e2en nonNwords i/e/ 2owel
eaning/ 0n other lang.ages& to con2ey these eanings whole words need to be .sed/ e said that is why we

so.nds and !atterns carry 3nonNword7 see

assi2e difference in length when so e Arabic !assage is translated

into a nonNArabic lang.age/ The ro!het& !eace and blessings of Allah be .!on hi & said& S!eech has been ade co !rehensi2e for e/

asically we ha2e three distinct so.rces for beca.se of the words the sel2esQ

eanings& only one of which is

R/ A

eaning originating fro

the base letters of a word i/e/ where2er

and in whiche2er !attern those letters are fo.nd& the base letter eaning will be !resent e/g/ the base letters 31af& taa& and baa7 e[!ress the 3base letter eaning of writing/ zhere2er these letters are fo.nd& the eaning7 of writing will be there/ 0n Arabic al ost all eaning/ 0t is the Vob of the

co binations of three consonants ha2e dictionary to gi2e .s this base letter

eaning/

O/ A

eaning co ing fro

the !attern/ The letters the sel2es are all

consonants/ Consonants alone can not be !rono.nced/ For instance& try !rono.ncing the letter 3b7 witho.t adding a 2owel to itm The o ent a so.nd co es o.t& one reali-es it7s either 3ba7& 3be7 or the li1e \O

A!!endi[ A P[!ressi2eness of the Arabic Lang.age

which has been !rono.nced& not V.st the letter 3b7 by itself/ The reality is all consonants need to be co.!led with 2owels in order to beco e syllables and th.s !rono.nceable/ This is the nat.re of h. an .tterance/ y definition& a syllable is the so.nd !rod.ced by co.!ling a consonant with a 2owel/ This is nothing ore than a anifestation of

h. an li itations/ 0n other lang.ages& this 32owelling7 which arose o.t of !.re necessity is ostly rando and carries little significance/

owe2er& in Arabic it is this 2ery 2owelling which 0bn ~hald.n is calling o.r second eaning& na ely the 3!attern eaning7/ 33 &7u& and 3f7

we said e[!resses the

eaning of 3to write7/ 0n Arabic there are

literally do-ens& if not h.ndreds of ways to 2owel those three letters& so e of which incl.de the addition of 3nonNbase7 letters/ All of these !atterns carry distinct !attern& the baseNletter eaning/ Now& de!ending on the !artic.lar eaning of writing will be e[!ressed in a

9 i W< D =it was written>& E E 9 9 W9 D =he wrote>& E < < WhZ 9 i gD =writer>& EW =he writes& is writing or will write>& E 9 h; 9 =des1 i/e/ !lace < of writing>& EW < D =writem> and any& any others/ Also recall that we
.ni|.e way/ For instance& said the s.bVects of all of these 2erbs i/e/ the !rono.ns are not se!arate words b.t letters/ The recognition of these !atterns and designated letters which co e at the end of the 2erbs to reflect the !rono.ns is the s.bVect atter of

*+ =Arabic Mor!hology>/
eaning&

\/ As for the third and final

eaning& which is also a 3nonNword7

we refer bac1 to the first section of this disc.ssion i/e/ introd.cing gra atical states/ ecall that gra atical str.ct.re in Arabic is the ending of a gi2en \\

reflected by change in the last letter/ 0t is fro

A!!endi[ A P[!ressi2eness of the Arabic Lang.age

word that we deter ine whether that word is being .sed in the sentence as a s.bVect of the 2erb& an obVect& or whether the word is in the !ossessi2e case/ 0t is gra atical eaning/

which deals with all the technicalities of

0n s.

ary& we

ay say the

ost basic

eaning originates fro

the

gi2en three base letters of a word/ These three letters then need to be arranged with 2owels in order to be !rono.nced/ 0n 2owelling carries little if any ost lang.ages this eanings

eaning/ 0n Arabic whole distinct

s.ch as tenses and the gender& !l.rality and !erson of !rono.ns is con2eyed 2ia these 2owels and letters/ zhen the indi2id.al words are constr.cted& they need to be .sed in sentences& beca.se !eo!le do not s!ea1 in words/ They s!ea1 in sentences/ Sentence str.ct.re is reflected again& not by se!arate words =li1e in other lang.ages>& b.t by 2owels or lettersm This is o.r third eaning/

\}