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National Draft Affirmative 1AC National Draft Affirmative................................................................................................................................1 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................3 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................4 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................5 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................6 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................7 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................8 Draft 1AC...........................................................................................................................................................9 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................10 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................11 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................12 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................13 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................14 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................15 Draft 1AC.........................................................................................................................................................17 General Rea ine!!"#e$emon% A v.................................................................................................................18 All &ol'nteer (ail! ) *to+-,o!!"-a.k oor Draftin$.......................................................................................18 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) 2AC Car ....................................................................................................................19 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) 0enta$on *t' ie!.........................................................................................................20 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ - General........................................................................................................................21 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) General De+lo%ment!.................................................................................................22 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) Com1at -ri$a e! 23t..................................................................................................23 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) Com1at -ri$a e! 23t..................................................................................................24 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) Re.r'itin$ 23t.............................................................................................................25 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) Retention 23t..............................................................................................................26 Rea ine!! ,o/ No/ ) 4+ 5em+o 23t............................................................................................................27 A"5 6ilitar% 4ffi.er *tatement!......................................................................................................................28 A"5 7ra8 i! 5em+orar%.....................................................................................................................................29 A"5 Arm% (i3in$ 7t No/.................................................................................................................................30 Draft *olve! Rea ine!!....................................................................................................................................31 Draft 9e% to #e$emon%...................................................................................................................................32 Draft 9e% to 0atrioti!m....................................................................................................................................33 Draft *olve! :nne.e!!ar% ;ar!.......................................................................................................................34 Rea ine!! 9e% to #e$emon%...........................................................................................................................35 Rea ine!! 9e% to Conventional Deterren.e....................................................................................................36 Conventional Deterren.e Goo ........................................................................................................................37 A"5 R6A *olve!.............................................................................................................................................38 A"5 *+en in$"Co!t 7n.rea!e!...........................................................................................................................39 A"5 Draftee! Are ,o/ *kill ) #'rt Rea ine!!................................................................................................40 A"5 6ilitar% Doe!n<t ;ant Draftee!...............................................................................................................41 A"5 6'ltilateral 4+eration! *olve...................................................................................................................42 A"5 Draft 5ake! 5oo ,on$..............................................................................................................................43 *olven.% 6e.=ani!m - ,otter%........................................................................................................................44 A.tor 6e.=ani!m - Con$re!!...........................................................................................................................45 7ra8 0'll-4't -a A v.....................................................................................................................................46 Draft *olve! 7ra8 0'llo't ) 2AC 23t...............................................................................................................46 1
Cal 2k6-7
A"5 Draftee! Are ,o/ *kill ) 7ra8 *+e.ifi.....................................................................................................47 0'llo't >? 6elt o/n.......................................................................................................................................48 :* 9e% to 7ra8 *ta1ilit%...................................................................................................................................49 0'llo't 9ill! #e$emon%...................................................................................................................................50 2AC 5'rn *la%er ) 6'!t Rea .........................................................................................................................51 A"5 7ra8 Can Govern 7t!elf..............................................................................................................................52 A"5 0'llo't 7nevita1le .....................................................................................................................................53 Nort= 9orea A v..............................................................................................................................................54 Nort= 9orea *.enario 23t................................................................................................................................54 5errori!m A v."A -4n..................................................................................................................................55 Draft *olve! 5errori!m....................................................................................................................................55 Ra.i!m A v......................................................................................................................................................56 0overt% Draft No/...........................................................................................................................................56 Draft -reak! Do/n *o.ial Divi e...................................................................................................................57 Draft *olve! *o.ial Divi e...............................................................................................................................58 A"5 4t=er 0'1li. *ervi.e *olve!.....................................................................................................................59 A"5 Draft &iolate! Ri$=t! ) *laver% Analo$%.................................................................................................60 A"5 Draft &iolate! Ri$=t!................................................................................................................................61 7ran 2AC A -4n............................................................................................................................................62 7ran 2AC A -4n............................................................................................................................................63 Civil-6ilitar% Relation! A v."A -4n............................................................................................................64 C6R 2AC A -4n..........................................................................................................................................64 C6R ,o/ No/"-rink.....................................................................................................................................65 Draft 9e% to Re!tore C6R..............................................................................................................................66 C6R 9e% to *to+ ;ar!...................................................................................................................................67 C6R 6o ele ) 7m+a.t > Glo1al...................................................................................................................68 C6R 9e% to Rea ine!!....................................................................................................................................69 Demo.ra.% A -4n.........................................................................................................................................70 Civi. 2n$a$ement 9e%....................................................................................................................................71 2AC *t'ff.........................................................................................................................................................72 A"5 6er.enarie! C0........................................................................................................................................72 A"5 7n.rea!e &ol'nteer (or.e C0....................................................................................................................73 A"5 Re!erve Ca+a.it% C0................................................................................................................................74 A"5 :N 7n C=ar$e of 7ra8 C0..........................................................................................................................75 A"5 2.onom% DA!..........................................................................................................................................76 A"5 Ca+itali!m 9.............................................................................................................................................77 A"5 0!%.=oanal%!i! 9!....................................................................................................................................78 A"5 6ilitari!m 9.............................................................................................................................................79 A"5 6ilitari!m.................................................................................................................................................80 A"5 -'!= -a DA............................................................................................................................................81 G40 *'++ort!..................................................................................................................................................82 Dem! *'++ort...................................................................................................................................................83 -'!= 0'!= No/................................................................................................................................................84
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Observation One: Inherency Draft rumors are false no draft is planned MSN C@ 10"4"!""# A=tt+B""///.m!n1..m!n..om"i "6134043"C
;e ne! a%@ &i.e 0re!i ent Di.k C=ene% !tron$l% enie it. 5=e notion t=at !ome1o %D! +e lin$ o't t=ere t=at t=ere i! a !e.ret +lan to rein!tit'te t=e raft E itD! =o$/a!=@ not tr'e@F C=ene% !ai on t=e .am+ai$n trail. -'t .olle$e-a$e !t' ent! an t=eir +arent! a.ro!! t=e .o'ntr% are 1ein$ 1om1ar e /it= t=e raft /arnin$. 7nternet +o!tin$! .laim t=e *ele.tive *ervi.e *%!tem =a! 1een $iven G28 million to +re+are for a raft@ an i! !e.retl% =irin$ 10@000 +eo+le for raft 1oar ! nation/i e. 0enta$on offi.ial! .all it 1'nk. 5=e e-mail! al!o =i$=li$=t t/o 1ill! to rein!tate t=e raft t=at are +en in$ in t=e #o'!e an *enate . -'t 1ot= =ave almo!t no +oliti.al !'++ort an 1ot= are !+on!ore 1% Demo.rat!.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Observation !: Military $eadiness Initially Note% the all&volunteer force fails our Army is stretched too thin in Ira' and at the brea(in) point 0=illi+ Carter% attorne% an former Arm% .a+tain@ /riter for 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% and 0a'l *lastris i! t=e e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ March !""+ AH5=e Ca!e for t=e DraftI
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2005"0503..arter.=tmlJ1%lineC None of t=e!e fi$'re! !eem!@ at fir!t $lan.e@ 'na.=ieva1le for a :.*. militar% .om+ri!e of 1.4 million a.tive- 't% troo+!@ 870@900 re!ervi!t!@ an 110@000 in ivi 'al rea % re!ervi!t! A!ol ier! /=o =ave !erve t=eir to'r of 't% an are not trainin$ /it= t=e re!erve! 1't /=o .an 1% !tat'te !till 1e .alle '+ for !ervi.eC. An %et an 7ra8 e+lo%ment t=at =a! never e3.ee e 153@000 $ro'n +er!onnel =a! +'t !o m'.= !tre!! on t=e militar% t=at a !enior Arm% Re!erve offi.ial =a! .an i l% !tate t=at .'rrent rotation +oli.ie! /ill lea to a Hbro(en force.I #o/ .an t=at 1eK 5o an!/er t=at 8'e!tion@ 1e$in 1% e '.tin$ virt'all% t=e entire Nav% an Air (or.e from t=e =ea .o'ntL t=e 7ra8 o..'+ation =a! 1een almo!t e3.l'!ivel% a $ro'n $ame@ =en.e an Arm% an 6arine o+eration. Ne3t@ .on!i er t=at t=e :nite *tate! !en ! into .om1at not in ivi 'al !ol ier! 1't 'nit!@ .om+lete /it= 'nit e8'i+ment !et!@ 'nit lea er!@ an an or$aniMational !tr'.t're t=at fa.ilitate! .omman @ .ontrol@ an lo$i!ti.al !'++ort. *o in!tea of .o'ntin$ in ivi 'al !ol ier!Ea meanin$le!! e3er.i!eEone m'!t look at =o/ man% 'nit! t=e :nite *tate! .o'l t=eoreti.all% +'t on t=e $ro'n if it /ante to mo1iliMe ever% a.tive an re!erve !ol ier availa1le. An if %o' o t=at@ %o' .ome to a fi$'re of ro'$=l% 600@000 troo+!. 5=atD! t=e total n'm1er of e+lo%a1le !ol ier! t=at t=e :nite *tate! .o'l t=eoreti.all% =ave .alle '+on to man t=e initial inva!ion. 7n +ra.ti.e@ =o/ever@ t=e ,enta)on -ould never have sent that many troops to Ira'% for )ood reasons: It -ould have left the defense cupboard bare and served as an open invitation to America.s enemies to ma(e trouble else-here in the -orld . Massin) a /""%""" force -ould have meant not only pullin) nearly all front&line troops out of 0orea% but also mobili1in) the poorly&resourced divisions of the National *uard% t=e t=ir -!trin$ .re/ t=at t=e +re!i ent .an .all on /=en t=e fir!t !trin$ Aa.tive troo+!C an t=e !e.on !trin$ At=e G'ar D! elite Hen=an.e I re!erve 1ri$a e!C are e+lete . Given t=e nee to =ol troo+! in re!erve for eterren.e +'r+o!e!@ t=e 0enta$on =a +er=a+! 400@000 troo+! availa1le for t=e inva!ion. Net t=at n'm1er in.l' e! man% troo+! in !+e.ialiMe fiel ! t=at are of little or no '!e in e!ert /arfare or +ea.ekee+in$E off-loa in$ e8'i+ment in !ea +ort!@ for in!tan.e. *'.= troo+! .o'l =ave 1een re!=a+e into +rovi!ional infantr% 'nit!@ a! t=e Arm% =a! one /it= artiller% an air- efen!e formation!@ 1't t=at /o'l Dve taken time. 5=e n'm1er of troo+! /it= 'nit! t=at /o'l a.t'all% =ave 1een of '!e in 7ra8 /a! +ro1a1l% .lo!er to t=e fi$'re! t=at Gen. *=in!eki an *e.retar% ;=ite =ave !'$$e!te B 250@000 to 300@000Ein ot=er /or !@ t=e lo/er en of /=at RAND e!timate /o'l 1e re8'ire for !'..e!!. -'t even t=at n'm1er i! e.e+tive. 7t i! t=e !iMe of t=e for.e t=at .o'l =ave 1een initiall% !ent into 7ra8@ not t=e n'm1er t=at .o'l =ave reali!ti.all% 1een !'!taine t=ere. -e.a'!e !o man% !ol ier! in t=e all-vol'nteer militar% are marrie /it= familie! A.om+are to .on!.ri+t armie!C@ an 1e.a'!e !ol ier! m'!t +erio i.all% 1e in '.e or +er!'a e to vol'ntaril% reenli!t@ t=e 0enta$on m'!t rotate it! for.e! in an o't of t=eater ever% 12 mont=! or !o in or er to maintain morale an reenli!tment. 5='!@ O'!t a! a .ivilian +oli.e e+artment m'!t =ire t=ree to fo'r +oli.e offi.er! for ever% one .o+ on t=e 1eat@ !o too m'!t the 23S3 military have three to four soldiers for every one servin) in Ira'3 5=e 0enta$on@ t=en@ .o'l =ave reali!ti.all% ke+t t=o!e initial 250@000 to 300@000 troo+! in +la.e onl% for a limite timeE+er=a+! a %ear@ .ertainl% not more t=an t/o. 5=at mi$=t =ave 1een eno'$= time to +a.if% t=e .o'ntr%@ e!+e.iall% if =i$=er troo+ n'm1er! at t=e o't!et /o'l =ave 8'elle t=e earl% lootin$ an i!or er. 5=en a$ain@ a %ear or t/o mi$=t not =ave 1een !'ffi.ient time to 1eat 1a.k an in!'r$en.% /=i.=@ /e no/ kno/@ /a! to !ome e3tent +lanne in a van.e of t=e inva!ion. 7n t=at .a!e@ (eepin) !+"%""" to 4""%""" troops in Ira' for t-o years or lon)er -ould have ris(ed so lo-erin) morale and reenlistment rates as to destroy the all&volunteer force. 7t /o'l =ave 1een like +lo/in$ a fiel /it= a (errariL it .o'l =ave 1een one@ 1't onl% on.e. 5akin$ t=e nee for rotation! into a..o'nt@ t=en@ t=e :.*. militar% .an .omforta1l% =an le !omet=in$ like 80@000 troo+! in 7ra8 at an% one time. 5=e a.t'al n'm1er on t=e $ro'n =a! avera$e 133@286 for t=e la!t t/o %ear!@ an more t=an 150@000 !ol ier! are in 7ra8 no/. 5=atD! a /oef'll% in!'ffi.ient n'm1er for t=e ta!k. Net it is pushin) the outside limits of -hat the current force structure can handle. 7t =a! meant im+o!in$ H!to+-lo!!I emer$en.% mea!'re! to +revent !ol ier! from e3itin$ t=e !ervi.e. 7t =a! re8'ire e+lo%in$ nearl% ever% a.tive- 't% 1ri$a e@ in.l' in$ one +revio'!l% .ommitte el!e/=ere in 9orea. 7t =a! meant rai in$ t=e !ee .orn of militar% rea ine!! 1% e+lo%in$ t=e Arm%D! elite Ho++o!in$ for.eI trainin$ 'nit!E!ea!one !ol ier! /=o +la% t=e enem% in mo.k e3er.i!e! to 1'il t=e !kill! of $reener troo+! 1efore t=e% are !ent into 1attle. 7t =a! ne.e!!itate .allin$ '+ all 15 of t=e National G'ar D! en=an.e rea ine!! 1ri$a e!@ a! /ell a! +oorl%-re!o'r.e National G'ar ivi!ion! t=at =ave not 1een mo1iliMe en ma!!e !in.e t=e 9orean ;ar. 7t =a! le t=e Arm% Re!erve C=ief ,t. Gen. Pame! 5elmly to -rite in a recent memo that the $eserve -ill be unable to meet its commitments -ithout substantial use of the Army.s involuntary mobili1ation authorities under federal la-. A! of De.. 15@ 2004@ t=e Arm% Re!erve retaine O'!t 37@515 e+lo%a1le !ol ier! o't of a total of 200@366E almo!t no .'!=ion at all. An in t=e final t/o mont=! of la!t %ear@ t=e Re!erve! mi!!e t=eir enli!tment tar$et! la!t %ear 1% 30 +er.ent Ea !i$n of even $reater +ro1lem! to .ome.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
$ecruitin) and retention can6t possibly (eep up there aren6t enou)h troops 7ashin)ton ,ost% 3"19"!""+ 8H5/o Near! ,ater@ 7ra8 ;ar Drain! 6ilitar%I =tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+%n"arti.le!"A48306-20056ar18.=tmlC 5=e a.tive- 't% Arm% an 6arine Cor+!@ an five of !i3 re!erve .om+onent! of t=e militar%@ all faile to meet at lea!t !ome re.r'itin$ $oal! in t=e fir!t 8'arter of fi!.al 2005@ a..or in$ to Defen!e De+artment !tati!ti.!. 5=e a.tive- 't% !=ortfall! .ame ami ri!in$ .on.ern amon$ Arm% an 6arine offi.ial! t=at t=eir !ervi.e! ri!k mi!!in$ ann'al re.r'itin$ 8'ota! for t=e fir!t time t=i! e.a e. *=elle%@ for e3am+le@ =a! !i$ne '+ fo'r +eo+le in nearl% !i3 mont=!@ e!+ite /orkin$ 16-=o'r a%!. A!ke /=% re.r'itin$ i! !o iffi.'lt@ =e =a! a 8'i.k re+l%B F5=e /ar.F 7n.rea!in$l%@ !'rve%! !=o/ t=at t=e main rea!on %o'n$ Ameri.an a 'lt! avoi militar% !ervi.e i! t=at t=e% -- an to a $reater e$ree t=eir +arent! -- fear t=at enli!tin$ .o'l mean a /ar-Mone e+lo%ment an eat= or inO'r%. 4ne !'rve% !=o/e !'.= fear! nearl% o'1lin$ amon$ re!+on ent! from 2000 to 2004. 7n ee @ to a%D! re.r'itin$ +ro1lem! refle.t a /i e!+rea .on.ern atin$ from t=e .on.e+tion of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e in 1973 -- t=at a militar% .om+o!e /=oll% of vol'nteer! -ould not supply ade'uate troops for a len)thy )round -ar3 5=e militar% i! !eekin$ to re1'il for.e!@ a in$ tem+oraril% 30@000 Arm% !ol ier! an 5@000 6arine!. -'t t=e /ar i!nDt t=e onl% o1!ta.le. Ri!in$ .olle$e atten an.e an an e3+an in$ Oo1 market are $ivin$ =i$= !.=ool $ra 'ate! more .=oi.e!. F7tD! time! like t=i! /=en 'nem+lo%ment i! rea.=in$ 5 +er.ent t=at i! a .riti.al levelF for 'n er.'ttin$ re.r'itment@ !ai C'rti! ,. Gilro%@ ire.tor of a..e!!ion +oli.% for t=e Defen!e De+artment.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
7e Isolate # impact scenarios: Scenario One is 5e)emony $eadiness is (ey to 2S leadership and 5e)emony OM % 199: A=tt+B""///.fa!.or$"man" o.!"f%98"1' $et"f%98Q123.=tmC
4'r defense .a+a1ilit% !'!tain! Ameri.aD! $lo1al lea er!=i+ an +rovi e! t=e 1a.k1one of o'r national !e.'rit% +oli.%@ !afe$'ar in$ Ameri.aD! intere!t!@ eterrin$ .onfli.t@ an !e.'rin$ t=e +ea.e@ /=ere ne.e!!ar%. ;=en Ameri.aD! i+lomati. lea er!=i+ =el+e a.=ieve t=e Da%ton 0ea.e A..or @ o'r militar% le t=e effort t=at =a! 1ro'$=t a %ear of +ea.e in -o!nia. ;it= o'r NA54@ .entral 2'ro+ean@ an R'!!ian +artner!@ o'r militar% .ontin'e! to !e.'re t=e -o!nian a..or . Ameri.aD! arme for.e! remain in t=e 0er!ian G'lf@ eterrin$ /ar in t=at .riti.al re$ion of t=e /orl . 7n A!ia an t=e 0a.ifi. re$ion@ :.*. militar% for.e! +rovi e t=e .riti.al fo'n ation for +ea.e@ !e.'rit%@ an !ta1ilit%@ in +artner!=i+ /it= Pa+an an ot=er nation!. 7n o'r o/n re$ion@ Ameri.aD! !ol ier! =ave !'++orte t=e ret'rn of emo.ra.% in #aiti an =el+e en t=e e3o '! of ref'$ee! to o'r !=ore!. 5o f'lfill !'.= mi!!ion!@ !'++ort o'r allie!@ an rea!!'re o'r frien ! t=at Ameri.a i! +re+are to '!e for.e in defense of o'r .ommon intere!t!@ our armed forces must be hi)hly ready an arme /it= t=e 1e!t e8'i+ment t=at te.=nolo$% .an +rovi e. 7n t=e 21!t Cent'r%@ /e al!o m'!t 1e +re+are an traine for ne/ +o!t-Col ;ar t=reat! to Ameri.an !e.'rit%@ !'.= a! et=ni. an re8'ire .onfli.t! t=at 'n ermine !ta1ilit%. *ome of t=e!e +o!t-Col ;ar t=reat!@ !'.= a! t=e +roliferation of /ea+on! of ma!! e!tr'.tion@ terrori!m@ an r'$ traffi.kin$@ kno/ no national 1or er! an .an ire.tl% t=reaten o'r free an o+en !o.iet%. *'!tainin$ a *tron$ 6ilitar% Ca+a1ilit% 5=e :nite *tate! i! t=e onl% nation /it= t=e lo$i!ti.!@ mo1ilit%@ intelli$en.e@ an .omm'ni.ation! .a+a1ilitie! re8'ire to .on '.t lar$e- !.ale@ effe.tive militar% o+eration! on a $lo1al !.ale. Co'+le /it= o'r 'ni8'e +o!ition a! t=e !e.'rit% +artner of .=oi.e in man% re$ion!@ Ameri.aD! militar% .a+a1ilit% +rovi e! a fo'n ation for re$ional !ta1ilit% t=ro'$= m't'all% 1enefi.ial +artner!=i+!. 5=e 1' $et .ontin'e! to !'++ort t=e defense +oli.% lai o't 1% t=e A mini!tration over t=e +a!t fo'r %ear!--to !'!tain an mo erniMe t=e /orl D! !tron$e!t an mo!t rea % militar% for.e@ a for.e .a+a1le of +revailin$ in t/o nearl% !im'ltaneo'! re$ional .onfli.t!. 7t f'll% f'n ! o'r .ommitment to maintain t=e =i$=e!t level! of trainin$ an rea ine!! for t=at for.e@ an to e8'i+ o'r 'niforme men an /omen /it= t=e mo!t a van.e te.=nolo$ie! in t=e /orl A!ee 5a1le 10-1C. 5=e R'a rennial Defense Revie/@ no/ 'n er/a% in t=e De+artment of Defense AD4DC@ /ill en!'re t=at t=e arme for.e! are !=a+e @ traine @ an arme for emer$in$ t=reat! an mi!!ion!@ an remain .a+a1le of $lo1al militar% o+eration! in t=e ne3t .ent'r%.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Scenario ;-o: is Ira' ,ullout <irst% readiness shortfalls -ill cause the 2S to pullout of Ira' National Security Advisory *roup% =an3 !""/ AH5=e :* 6ilitar%B :n er *train an at Ri!kI
=tt+B""///.$lo1al!e.'rit%.or$"militar%"li1rar%"re+ort"2006"'!-militar%Qn!a$-re+ortQ01252006.+ fC 5=e Ri!k! The Army and the Marine Corps cannot sustain todays operational tempo indefinitely without doing real damage to their forces. If recruiting trends do not improve over the next year, the Army, both active and reserve, will experience great difficulty fully manning its planned force structure and providing the needed rotation base for operations in Ira and Afghanistan. (e/er t=an nee e re.r'it! an fir!t-term reenli!tee! .o'l re!'lt in a !i$nifi.ant H=ollo/in$I an im1alan.e in t=e Arm%. 5=ere i! alrea % a efi.it of !ome 18@000 +er!onnel in t=e Arm%<! O'nior enli!te $ra e!. 2ven if it meet! it! re.r'itin$ an retention $oal!@ t=e Arm% i! e3+e.te to 1e !=ort !ome 309 !ol ier! Anot in.l' in$ !to+ lo!!C 1% t=e en of (N06. 5=i! /ill 'n ermine 'nit rea ine!!@ e3a.er1ate 02R*52604 !train!@ an Oeo+ar iMe t=e Arm%<! a1ilit% to +o+'late it! +lanne for.e !tr'.t're. 5=e!e fa.tor! /ill .reate tremen o'! internal +re!!'re! to 1e$in ra/in$ o/n t=e level of Arm% for.e! in 7ra8 1% ne3t !+rin$@ /=atever t=e .on ition! on t=e $ro'n ma% 1e.
Draft (ey to provide the troops necessary to stabili1e Ira' 7ashin)ton ,ost@ 1"7"!""+ A=tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+- %n"arti.le!"A54680-2005Pan6.=tmlKreferrer>emailC
*.o/.roft@ /=o =a! 1een .lo!e to t=e -'!= famil%@ =a! !take o't an in e+en ent an .riti.al !tan on +ivotal forei$n +oli.% i!!'e! fa.in$ t=e a mini!tration. :ntil re.entl% =e !erve a! .=airman of t=e 0re!i entD! (orei$n 7ntelli$en.e A vi!or% -oar @ 1't =i! ten're /a! not e3ten e 1% t=e a mini!tration. ;it= t=e 7ra8i ele.tion le!! t=an a mont= a/a%@ to+ former offi.ial! an ot=er forei$n +oli.% anal%!t! are in.rea!in$l% !ke+ti.al in +'1li. a1o't 7ra8. *.o/.roft !=are t=e +o i'm /it= S1i$nie/ -rMeMin!ki@ 0re!i ent Pimm% CarterD! national !e.'rit% a vi!er. F7 o not t=ink /e .an !ta% in 7ra8 in t=e fa!=ion /eDre in no/@F -rMeMin!ki !ai . F7f it .annot 1e .=an$e ra!ti.all%@ it !=o'l 1e terminate .F #e !ai it /o'l take 500@000 troo+!@ G500 1illion an re!'m+tion of t=e militar% raft to en!'re a e8'ate !e.'rit% in 7ra8. 5=e mo!t o+timi!ti. o't.ome to e3+e.t@ -rMeMin!ki !ai @ i! t=at 7ra8 /ill 1e.ome a *=iite- ominate t=eo.ra.%@ Fnot /=at /e /o'l normall% .all a emo.ra.%.F *.o/.roft Ooke t=at 1ot= men /ere .on!i ere Freali!t!F 'rin$ t=eir lifelon$ .areer!@ 1't =e note t=at FitD! 1e.ome a +eOorative termF 'rin$ a -'!= a mini!tration fille /it= i eali!t! /=o!e !tate $oal i! to !+rea emo.ra.% in t=e 6i le 2a!t.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC 2S pullout ruins Ira' 2S ,resence is critical to stop the civil -ar 0aplan> Senior ?ditor at ;he Ne- $epublic> 4@/@!""/> ;he Ne- $epublic
A! t=e /ar take! a !e.tarian t'rn@ t=e :nite *tate! 1e$in! to look@ even to man% 7ra8i!@ like an =one!t 1roker@ more +ea.ekee+er t=an 1elli$erent. *=eik #'mam #amo' i@ one of 7ra8D! mo!t +o/erf'l *=ia an a lea er of t=e *'+reme Co'n.il for 7!lami. Revol'tion in 7ra8 A!.iriC@ kno/! t=i! 1etter t=an mo!t. #e !it!@ literall%@ ato+ t=e 7ra8i $overnment--in a !+ra/lin$ offi.e !'ite a1ove -a$= a D! .onvention .enter@ /=ere 7ra8i +oliti.ian! /=eel an eal. A! /it= man% *=ia +oliti.ian!@ #amo' i@ onnin$ a .leri.al ro1e an t'r1an@ 1e.ome! animate /=en t=e !'1Oe.t t'rn! to t=e :.*. militar%D! .am+ai$n a$ain!t *'nni in!'r$ent!. 7f an%t=in$@ =e 1elieve! it =a! 1een +ro!e.'te /it= in!'ffi.ient vi$or. An @ alt=o'$= =e .om+lain! t=at t=e Ameri.an! =ave +la.e 'n 'e re!traint! on t=e *=ia- ominate !e.'rit% for.e!@ =e liken! t=e effe.t of a :.*. /it= ra/al from 7ra8 to Fa .=il /=en =e /ant! to /alk an %o' a!k =im to +la% foot1all.F A1!ent t=e Ameri.an!@ =e !a%!@ -a$= a /o'l 1e tran!forme into anot=er -eir't. #'n re ! of mile! to t=e /e!t@ in an Ara1e!8'e villa t=at ri!e! o't of t=e e!ert near t=e *%rian 1or er@ *=eik A1 'lla= Al Na/ar--#amo' iD! mirror ima$e in t=e *'nni .omm'nit%--e.=oe! =i! .on.ern. Al Na/ar /iel ! !o m'.= +o/er in t=i! in!'r$ent =ot1e t=at :.*. Arm% offi.er! !a% =e .an t'rn t=e violen.e on an off like a fa'.et. (or t=e moment@ at lea!t@ =e =a! t'rne it off@ re!+on in$ to +lea! an ai from =i! Ameri.an interlo.'tor!. -'t =e /orrie! t=at t=e !ame 7ra8i !e.'rit% for.e! t=at #amo' i .laim! t=e :nite *tate! =a! m'MMle o+erate /it= too little Ameri.an over!i$=t. #e .laim! t=e% =ave 1een r'nnin$ amok t=ro'$= =i! +rovin.e@ 1eatin$ an arre!tin$ =i! .on!tit'ent! an .=antin$ *=ia !lo$an!. F7f t=e Ameri.an! leave@F =e /arn!@ Ft=ere /ill 1e rivers of blood.F 7n t=eir o/n /a%@ t=en@ 1ot= !=eik! !ee t=e :.*. militar% +re!en.e for e3a.tl% /=at it =a! 1e.omeB a buffer-1et/een 7ra8D! !e.t! an 1et/een relative or er an complete mayhem.
;he impact is nuclear -ar *te+=en lan(% +rof T *trate$i. *t' ie! 7n!tit'te T :* Arm% ;ar Colle$e@ ;orl an 7@ 2"1""1
After !even or more %ear! of Ameri.aD! 1e!t effort!@ /e no/ !=o'l !ee /it= /=om /e are ealin$ an t=e m'lti+le front! of t=e real 6i le 2a!t /ar. 7n to a%D! 6i le 2a!t@ ever% form of .onfli.t alon$ t=e !+e.tr'm from ro.k t=ro/in$ to n'.lear /ar .an take +la.e. Government! t=ere =ave lon$ !in.e '!e -ea+on! of ma!! de!tr'.tion in ot=er !tate!D .ivil /ar!. ('rt=er o++ort'nitie! to !tart t=e!e .ivil /ar! or '!e !'.= /ea+on! m'!t 1e firml% eterre an i!.o'ra$e . Rat=er t=an .=oo!e +ea.e an emo.ra.%@ Arafat an =i! allie! =ave .=o!en /ar an =atre . 7!rael an t=e :nite *tate! !=o'l a.t to$et=er to make !'re t=at t=e% never $et to make anot=er !imilar .=oi.e.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Scenario 4 is North 0orea Aac( of 2S readiness causes North 0orean -ar only a draft can prevent it 2ri.k Sta(elbec(@ Oo'rnali!t@ 1"9"!""4 A=tt+B""///.front+a$ema$..om"Arti.le!"Rea Arti.le.a!+K7D>5397C
7t<! t=e Defen!e De+artment<! ver!ion of Dante<! Inferno. (ir!t@ t=e im+en in$ /ar /it= 7ra8 1o$! o/n into fier.e@ $'erilla fi$=tin$ in!i e of -a$= a @ e3ten in$ /=at /a! !'++o!e to 1e a !=ort@ e.i!ive .am+ai$n to o'!t *a am #'!!ein into a 1loo %@ =o'!e-to=o'!e 1attle of /ill! a$ain!t t=e 7ra8i Re+'1li.an G'ar . 2m1ol ene 1% 7ra8<! re!i!tan.e@ 7ran@ *%ria an 2$%+t !te+ '+ t=eir o/n anti-:.*. r=etori. /=ile +o!t'rin$ !tron$l% to/ar ! 7!rael@ /=o!e nort=ern 1or er .ome! 'n er atta.k 1% #eM1olla= terrori!t! o+eratin$ o't of ,e1anon. 5=en O'!t /=en it look! like t=in$! .an<t $et an% /or!e@ t=e ot=er !=oe ro+!. ;it= t=e maOorit% of Ameri.a<! militar% re!o'r.e! tie '+ in Af$=ani!tan an t=e 0er!ian G'lf@ an o++ort'ni!ti.@ n'.lear-arme Nort= 9orea !en ! it! one million-man arm% !/armin$ a.ro!! t=e emilitariMe Mone into *o't= 9orea@ leavin$ t=e 37@000 :.* troo+! !tatione t=ere /it= no .=oi.e 1't to retreat in t=e fa.e of t=e enem%<! !'+erior n'm1er!. 5=o!e /=o t=ink t=at t=i! =%+ot=eti.al .=ain of event! !o'n ! more like a $ame of !is" t=an a le$itimate /artime !.enario i$nore t=e !'i.i al ten en.ie! of 1ot= *a am an Nort= 9orea<! 9im Pon$-7l. ,eft /it= not=in$ to lo!e a! t=eir e!+oti. re$ime! teeter on t=e 1rink of .olla+!e@ t=e!e t/o /ea+on! of ma!! e!tr'.tion-/iel in$ ma men ma% ver% /ell attem+t to ra$ Ameri.a into t=e 1o/el! of =ell /it= t=em. :nle!! t=e -'!= A mini!tration fle3e! it! n'.lear m'!.le@ !'.= a ni$=tmari!= !it'ation /o'l 'n o'1te l% lea to a t/o-front /ar in t=e 6i le 2a!t an 9orea@ one t=at Donal R'm!fel re.entl% !ai t=e :.* i! more t=an .a+a1le of /a$in$. -'t /it= a !.ale - o/n militar% for.e .on!i!tin$ of ro'$=l% 500@000 a.tive troo+! an re!erve!@ are /eK 4r /ill maintainin$ m'lti+le front! re8'ire an a.tion t=at =a!n<t 1een taken !in.e 1973Enamel%@ rein!tatin$ t=e militar% raft. 5=e ar$'ment for .on!.ri+tion@ /=ile +revio'!l% i!.re ite 1% 0re!i ent -'!= an all 1't i$nore 1% t=e me ia@ i! more le$itimate no/ t=an at an% time !in.e ;orl ;ar 77. 7n!tit'tin$ t=e raft to +'r!'e t=e 8'e!tiona1le interventioni!m of t=e fir!t 9orean ;ar an &ietnam !eem! l' i.ro'! /=en .om+are to t=e roll .all of t=reat! +re!entl% fa.e 1% t=e :nite! *tate!. *in.e t=e .arna$e of 9"11@ Ameri.a =a! 1een in .on!tant an$er of atta.k 1% 1ot= ome!ti. an forei$n terrori!t!. 7!lami. nation! !'.= a! 7ra8@ 7ran an ,i1%a@ !/orn enemie! of t=e :nite *tate! all@ are /orkin$ feveri!=l% at evelo+in$ n'.lear .a+a1ilitie! to mat.= t=eir alrea % +otent ar!enal! of 1iolo$i.al an .=emi.al /ea+on!. A! !tate +revio'!l%@ t=e !it'ation in Nort= 9orea i! ra+i l% i!inte$ratin$@ /=ile t=e .ontin'e militar% an e.onomi. $ro/t= of it! +o+'lo'! an am1itio'! C=ine!e nei$=1or /arrant! $rave .on.ern. A to t=e!e mala ie! an ever- '+li.ito'! R'!!ia@ t=e Oealo'!@ anti-:.*. leanin$! of t=e emer$in$ 2'ro+ean !'+er!tate an t=e ineffe.t'al@ neo5=ir ;orl non!en!e t=at i! t=e :nite Nation!@ an it<! o1vio'! t=at t=e :nite *tate! =a! fe/ frien ! an even fe/er relia1le allie!.
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Scenario <our is ;errorism: Draft is critical fillin) homeland security roles and )uard roles and stoppin) terrorism Ro1ert 2. Aitan% vi.e +re!i ent an ire.tor of t=e -rookin$! 2.onomi. *t' ie! 0ro$ram@ <all !""! A-rookin$! Revie/@
=tt+B""///.1rookin$!.e '"+re!!"revie/"fall2002"litan.=tmC 5=ere are an!/er! to t=i! 8'e!tion@ of .o'r!e. 4ne i! t=at t=e militar% !=o'l 1e a1le to =an le even a !te++e -'+ militar% .am+ai$n a$ain!t terrori!m. After all@ t=e arme for.e! fo'$=t 7ra8 in 1991 /it= ro'$=l% 500@000 troo+!L t=i! time aro'n @ t=e =i$=e!t +roOe.tion! !eem to fall in t=e 250@000 ran$e. A !e.on an!/er i! t=at t=e men an /omen in 'niform are +ai to +'t t=em!elve! in =armD! /a%@ an t=e% vol'nteere to a!!'me an% ri!k of /ar t=at ma% .ome a1o't. -'t 'nlike Ameri.aD! +a!t forei$n /ar!@ t=e /ar on terrori!m re8'ire! a vi$ilant =omelan !e.'rit% effort in a ition to an offen!ive militar% Aan intelli$en.eC .am+ai$n a1roa . 5=i! time aro'n @ it i! not O'!t t=o!e in t=e militar% /=o are in =armD! /a%. ;e are all +otential tar$et! or vi.tim!-an t='! all =ave !ome o1li$ation to =el+ !e.'re Ameri.a. A! a +ra.ti.al matter@ neit=er t=e e.onom% nor !o.iet% .o'l f'n.tion if ever%one !too $'ar 't% or evote t=eir time to +rote.tin$ t=e =omelan . 0ai +rofe!!ional! =ave an /ill .ontin'e to .arr% o't t=e!e 'tie!. -'t if t=i! ne/ /ar i!@ a! it i! !ai to 1e@ a $enerational event@ t=en /=% not al!o a!k t=e ne3t $eneration-all of /=om ma% 1e at ri!k-to =el+ !=o'l er t=e !e.'rit% effortK
10
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Observation ;hree is ;he Army of Some Colunteerism is a myth3 Military recruitment is sustained throu)h a Dpoverty draftE -hich posits service as one of the fe- economic opportunities afforded to the poor and tar)ets non&-hites in particular 5amara 9. Nopper@ 0=.D. .an i ate !o.iolo$% 5em+le :niver!it% in 0=ila el+=ia@ *e+tem1er 3@ !""4 AH*ome -o ie! t=at 6atter@I
,a 0ren!a *an Die$oC -'t /=i.= raft are +eo+le talkin$ a1o'tK 5=ere =a! 1een a raft $oin$ on in t=i! .o'ntr% for a /=ile@ one t=at =a! 1een !'..e!!f'l in maintainin$ militar% enli!tment e!+ite t=e +ro$re!!ive .riti8'e of /ar an militariMation. 5=i! i! t=e F+overt% raft@F t=e raft t=at +o!it! t=e militar% a! one of t=e fe/ o+tion! for +eo+le to $et t=eir 1a!i. nee ! met or l're! +eo+le /it= t=e +romi!e of G50@000 in .olle$e mone% or Oo1 trainin$. 5=at man% +eo+le--57W--never $et a ime of t'ition mone% an t=at man% Oo1 !kill! learne in t=e militar% are not tran!fera1le to t=e .ivilian !e.tor ten ! to $o 'n er t=e ra ar of man% /=o are no/ .'rrentl% .on.erne a1o't Ft=e raft.F A! .o'nter-militar% re.r'itment a.tivi!t 6ario #ar % RamireM +oint! o't@ t=e +overt% raft =a! 1een more !'..e!!f'l in $ettin$ +eo+le of .olor@ +arti.'larl% -la.k!@ in t=e militar% t=an an% for.e raft =a!.
5=i! mi$=t e3+lain /=%@ /=en 7 an!/er +=one .all! at t=e .o'nter-militar% re.r'itment an +ea.e or$aniMation 7 vol'nteer at@ +arent! .on.erne a1o't a raft ten to 1e /=ite an @ from /=at it !o'n ! like@ mi le-.la!!. 5=e% a!k for information on =o/ to $et t=eir ki ! C4 !tat'!@ !ometime! /on erin$ if 7 .an refer t=em to a la/%er to =el+ o't /it= t=eir ki D! +a+er/ork. At time! t=e% /ant la/%er! to o all of t=e /ork for t=em@ an are /illin$ to !=ell o't t=e mone% !o t=at t=eir ail% ro'tine! are not interr'+te a! t=eir ki o1tain! C4 !tat'!. *ome +arent! an even $ran +arent! are lookin$ into C4 !tat'! for a %o'n$ +er!on /=o i! in t=eir +reteen! or even t=ree %ear! ol . ;=ile non-/=ite! =ave =i!tori.all% o++o!e /ar an for.e militar% enli!tment an are a.tivel% oin$ !o to a%@ t=e .on.ern! of +eo+le of .olor ten to iffer ramati.all% from t=e !.enario! O'!t $iven. ;=en 7 talk to +eo+le of .olor a1o't militar% enli!tment@ /=et=er over t=e +=one or in +er!on@ t=e% are '!'all% talkin$ a1o't !omeone t=e% kno/ alrea % in t=e militar% /=o /ent 1e.a'!e t=e% .o'l nDt $et a Oo1 or t=e% /ere 1roke or t=e% =a +eo+le to +rovi e for. 4r 7 =ave +arent! talkin$ a1o't =o/ t=e% /ant to +rovi e t=eir ki ! /it= .olle$e mone% 1't .o'l nDt !o t=eir .=il ren enli!te . 4r !ome +arent! tell me =o/ t=eir ki ! feel it i! ne.e!!ar% to $o into t=e militar% to F+roveF t=e% e!erve to e3i!t or 1e =ere@ notion! often .o'.=e in =i$=l% nationali!ti. or $en ere "!e3'al term! of 1ein$ a Freal Ameri.anF or a Freal manF or a F!tron$ /oman.F 4r +arent! tell me a1o't =o/ t=eir .=il /ent into t=e militar% a$ain!t t=eir /i!=e! 1't ma% =ave 1een enti.e 1% a !.=ool .o'n!elor or a militar% re.r'iter /=o i! omni+re!ent in t=eir ki D! !.=ool@ nei$=1or=oo an =an$-o't!.
6an% +eo+le of .olor@ t=en@ are not talkin$ a1o't t=e im+en in$ raft@ 1't are talkin$ a1o't t=e +overt% raft@ one t=at +o!e! to +eo+le@ +arti.'larl% +eo+le of .olor an even more !+e.ifi.all% -la.k!@ t=at t=e militar% i! t=e onl% o+tion to $et o't of t=eir !it'ation!. An t=e :* militar% oe! t=i! t=ro'$= a !erie! of tri.k! an an ann'al 1' $et of at lea!t 2.7 1illion O'!t for re.r'itment alone@ /=i.= i! f'nnele into vario'! F%o't=-frien l%F +a.ka$e! !'.= a! =i+ =o+ material@ vi eo $ame! an +=one .ar !. 5=e :* al!o romanti.iMe! or o/n+la%! t=e eva!tation itD! re!+on!i1le for in non-/=ite .omm'nitie!. 7n t=e :* alone@ t=e militar% =a! 1een a maOor for.e in maintainin$ !laver% an !'++re!!in$ !lave re1ellion!@ takin$ over in i$eno'! lan ! an 1o ie! in t=e Ameri.a!@ !'++re!!in$ an in.ar.eratin$ -la.k an -ro/n 1o ie! 'rin$ t=e ,A Riot!@ or =el+in$ in t=e in.ar.eration of almo!t 2.2 million +eo+le@ =alf of t=em -la.k. -a!i.all%@ non-/=ite!@ +arti.'larl% -la.k!@ t=en@ are for.e to +le $e lo%alt% to or /ork for a militar% !%!tem t=at =a! !=a+e .ontem+orar% !it'ation! t=e% fin t=em!elve! tr%in$ to eal /it=.
As a result minorities suffer a disproportionate number of casualties in our nation6s -ars Re+. C=arlie $an)el AD-N.N.C@ rankin$ mem1er ;a%! an 6ean! Committee@ P'ne 2@ !""4 AH5=e Re!'rre.tion of t=e Draft@I Roll
CallC 5=e .a!'altie! !'ffere 1% +oor /=ite!@ minoritie!@ /omen an immi$rant! in 7ra8 ramati.all% e+i.t t=e .=an$in$ make'+ of to a%D! militar%. 5=e% al!o 1elie +re i.tion! +rior to t=e /ar@ /=en t=e 0enta$on attem+te to ref'te .on.ern! t=at t=e i!+ro+ortionate minorit% +re!en.e /o'l re!'lt in .om+ara1l% =i$= rate! of fatalitie!. 5=e 0enta$on /ent !o far a! to ar$'e t=at 1la.k! /ere le!! likel% to 1e kille 1e.a'!e onl% 15 +er.ent of t=em /ere in .om1at 'nit! an t=e re!t in !'++l%@ maintenan.e@ me i.al@ .omm'ni.ation! an ot=er te.=ni.al +o!ition!. 5=e realit% of t=e o't.ome /a! far ifferent from t=e 0enta$onD! +re i.tion!. 7t refle.t! /=at 7 kne/ /ell a! a veteran of .om1at in 9oreaB No enem% i! !o !o+=i!ti.ate a! to .on!i er t=e !+e.ialtie! of t=eir tar$et!. 7n fa.t@ in 7ra8@ minoritie! re+re!ente a i!+ro+ortionate 32 +er.ent of t=e eat=! amon$ .om1at-relate !+e.ialtie! an 40 +er.ent of t=o!e amon$ t=e non-.om1at rank!. Clearl%@ it i! meanin$le!! to attem+t to +re i.t t=e relative likeli=oo of 1ein$ kille . #o/ever@ in to a%D! /arfare@ te.=ni.al !+e.ialtie! are !o vital to effe.tive f'n.tionin$ of t=e for.e t=at t=e!e !ol ier! are never far from t=e front or o't of =armD! /a%. A! of A+ril 24@ more t=an 16 +er.ent of t=e !ol ier! kille in 7ra8 /ere 1la.k an 14 +er.ent /ere #i!+ani.@ e3.ee in$ t=eir ro'$=l% 25 +er.ent re+re!entation in t=e $eneral +o+'lation. All minoritie! .om1ine a..o'nte for 35 +er.ent of fatalitie!@ refle.tin$ t=e a$$re$ate minorit% re+re!entation in t=e /ar@ /=i.= =a a +eak e+lo%ment in t=e 0er!ian G'lf re$ion of 340@000 troo+!.
11
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
2neven shoulderin) of burdens of -ar rests on an implicitly racist assumption that Dsome bodies matter more than others3E 5amara 9. Nopper% 0=.D. .an i ate !o.iolo$% 5em+le :niver!it% in 0=ila el+=ia@ *e+tem1er 3@ !""4 AH*ome -o ie! t=at 6atter@I
,a 0ren!a *an Die$oC An %et@ e!+ite t=e /a% li1eral! /ant to !li.e it@ t=e!e .ontem+orar% !it'ation! are not a F+eo+le of .olor !it'ationF one t=at .an !ome=o/ 1e ivor.e from t=e realit% of /=itene!! an /=ite 1o ie!. 5=at i!@ t=e an3iet% of /=ite! /=o fear an im+en in$ raft .an not 1e 'n er!too 'nle!! /e look at t=e !it'ation a! one in /=i.=@ to t=e F$eneral +'1li.@F !ome 1o ie! matter more t=an ot=er!. 7m+li.it in t=i! +rivile$in$ of .ertain 1o ie! are ra.i!t"!e3i!t a!!'m+tion! a1o't ot=er 1o ie!. 7f one +a%! attention to +'1li. i!.o'r!e@ la/! an +'1li. +oli.ie!@ militar% !trate$ie! an !o.iolo$i.al inter+retation!@ it i! t=e non-/=ite 1o % t=at@ for ifferent rea!on! e+en in$ on t=eir ra.e@ i! treate a! not ='man@ one t=at .an !ome=o/ =an le a lot of violen.e@ +ain an !'fferin$@ or =a! !ome et=ereal +o/er t=at i! !o 1e%on t=e ='man /orl t=at violen.e oe!nDt affe.t it. 7n a /=ite !'+rema.i!t /orl @ t=en@ it i! onl% /=ite 1o ie! t=at .an e3+erien.e ='man level! of +ain an !'fferin$. -a!i.all%@ it i! onl% /=ite 1o ie! t=at matter. 5='!@ for /=ite!@ t=e raft +o!e! a +otential moral .ri!i!@ one t=at !+eak! to t=e +o!!i1ilit% t=at more /=ite 1o ie! mi$=t =ave to e3+erien.e t=e violen.e@ +ain an eat= t=at .omm'nitie! of .olor@ +arti.'larl% -la.k!@ =ave e3+erien.e t=ro'$= t=e militar%-/=et=er enli!te or not. An t=e +o!!i1ilit% t=at t/o !%m+at=eti. t%+e!@ t=e /=ite /oman an t=e /=ite .olle$e !t' ent@ ma% 1e more at ri!k of e3+erien.in$ violen.e an ma% not live to f'lfill t=eir manife!t e!tin% a! $oo .itiMen! i! al!o informin$ t=e .'rrent moral .ri!i! for /=ite!. -a!i.all%@ t=e raft +o!e! a moral .ri!i! t=at i! 1lin to t=e fa.t t=at non-/=ite 1o ie! =ave 1een !=o'l erin$ t=e 1'r en of /ar@ militariMation an an3iet% a1o't militar% enli!tment for .ent'rie!. 7t i! a moral .ri!i! t=at ne$le.t! t=e fa.t t=at /=ite /omen make '+ a1o't onl% 13W of all /=ite +eo+le /=o are a.tive enli!te mem1er! in t=e militar%@ /=erea! t=e +er.enta$e! of /omen in t=eir re!+e.tive ra.ial $ro'+! are =i$=er@ /it= -la.k /omen makin$ '+ almo!t 25W of all -la.k +eo+le /=o are a.tivel% enli!te . An it i! a moral .ri!i! 1e.a'!e /=at !erve a! t=e !afe$'ar for man% /=ite +eo+le 'rin$ t=e &ietnam ;ar@ t=e 'niver!it%@ ma% no lon$er 1e a1le to !erve t=at f'n.tion in t=e .a+a.it% it on.e i . 4verall@ t=en@ /=at t=e .'rrent an3iet% a1o't t=e raft emon!trate! i! t=at !ome 1o ie! matter@ an 'nfort'natel% for t=e maOorit% of t=e /orl @ it i! /=ite 1o ie! t=at matter t=e mo!t. 5='!@ t=e .'rrent talk a1o't t=e raft refle.t! a moral .ri!i! for /=ite +eo+le@ one in /=i.= t=e% are fri$=tene 1% t=e +o!!i1ilit% t=at t=e% mi$=t =ave to e3+erien.e !ome of t=e violen.e@ +ain an eat= t=at +eo+le of .olor@ an in +arti.'lar -la.k!@ =ave 1een e3+erien.in$ for a /=ile. 5=i! i! /=at /e !a/ 'rin$ t=e &ietnam ;ar@ a /ar in /=i.= /=ite! 1e$an to +rote!t en ma!!e /=en /=ite .or+!e! .ame =ome in 1o % 1a$! an an era in /=i.= man% /=ite! fle to t=e 'niver!it% an 1e.ame +art of t=e /=ite intelli$ent!ia t=at no/ $et! to inter+ret to a%D! /ar! to t=e +'1li..
12
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
$acism dooms the planet must reFect Po!e+= arndt@ Di!mantlin$ Ra.i!mB 5=e Contin'in$ C=allen$e to ;=ite Ameri.a@ 1991% +. 155-56
5o !t' % ra.i!m i! to !t' % /all!. ;e =ave looke at 1arrier! an fen.e! an limitation!@ $=etto! an +ri!on!. 5=e +ri!on of ra.i!m .onfine! '! all@ +eo+le of .olor an /=ite +eo+le alike. 7t !=a.kle! t=e vi.timiMer a! /ell a! t=e vi.tim. 5=e /all! for.i1l% kee+ +eo+le of .olor an /=ite +eo+le !e+arate from ea.= ot=erL in o'r !e+arate +ri!on! /e are all +revente from a.=ievin$ t=e ='man +otential t=at Go inten ! for '!. 5=e limitation! im+o!e on +eo+le of .olor 1% +overt%@ !'1!ervien.e@ an +o/erle!!ne!! are .r'el@ in='man@ an 'nO'!tL t=e effe.t! of 'n.ontrolle +o/er@ +rivile$e@ an $ree @ /=i.= are t=e mark! of o'r /=ite +ri!on /ill inevita1l% e!tro% '! a! /ell. -'t /e =ave al!o !een t=at t=e /all! of ra.i!m .an 1e i!mantle . ;e are not .on emne to an ine3ora1le fate@ 1't are offere t=e vi!ion an t=e +o!!i1ilit% of free om. -ri.k 1% 1ri.k@ !tone 1% !tone@ t=e +ri!on of in ivi 'al@ in!tit'tional@ an .'lt'ral ra.i!m .an 1e e!tro%e . No' an 7 are 'r$entl% .alle to Ooin t=e effort! of t=o!e /=o kno/ it i! time to tear o/n@ on.e an for all@ t=e /all! of ra.i!m. 5=e an$er of !elf- e!tr'.tion !eem! to 1e ra/in$ ever more near. 5=e re!'lt! of .ent'rie! of national an /orl /i e .on8'e!t an .oloniMation@ of militar% 1'il '+! an violent a$$re!!ion@ of over.on!'m+tion an environmental e!tr'.tion ma% 1e rea.=in$ t=e +oint of no ret'rn. A !mall an +re ominantl% /=ite minorit% of $lo1al +o+'lation erive! it! +o/er an +rivile$e from !'fferin$! of t=e va!t maOorit% of +eo+le! of .olor. (or t=e !ake of t=e /orl an o'r!elve!@ /e are not allo/ it to .ontin'e. Draft solves non&voluntary inte)rative eBperiences combat societal divisions ;illiam A. *alston% +rofe!!or .ivi. en$a$ement :niver!it% of 6ar%lan Colle$e 0ark@ Pan'ar% 1@ !""# AH5=inkin$ a1o't t=e raft@I 0'1li. 7ntere!t No. 154C 5=e !e+aration i! more t=an e.onomi.. 5=e !on! an a'$=ter! of t=e mi le an '++er .la!!e! $ro/ '+ in a .'lt'ral milie' in /=i.= .ertain a!!'m+tion! ten to 1e taken for $rante . 4ften@ .olle$e e3+erien.e! reinfor.e t=e!e vie/! rat=er t=an .=allen$in$ t=em. *in.e t=e &ietnam ;ar@ moreover@ man% elite .olle$e! an 'niver!itie! =ave =el t=e militar% at armD! len$t=@ en in$ R45C .'rri.'la an 1annin$ .am+'!-1a!e militar% re.r'itment. A! a &ietnam-era raftee@ 7 .an atte!t to t=e role militar% !ervi.e +la%! in e3+an in$ m't'al a/arene!! a.ro!! .'lt'ral line!. 5=i! +ro.e!! i! not al/a%! 0lea!ant or +rett%@ 1't it oe! =el+ to 1ri $e t=e $a+ 1et/een t=e +rivile$e an lo/er .la!!e!.
7n an evo.ative letter to =i! !on!@ -rookin$! !.=olar *te+=en #e!! refle.t! on =i! e3+erien.e! a! a raftee an e3+erien.e for .=il ren from fort'nate familie!. #i! ar$'ment i! in!tr'.tiveB -ein$ for.e to 1e t=e lo/e!t rank ... !ervin$ for lon$ eno'$= t=at %o' .anDt .learl% !ee Ft=e li$=t at t=e en of t=e t'nnel@F i! a! .lo!e a! %o' /ill ever .ome to 1ein$ a mem1er of !o.iet%D! 'n er.la!!. 5o +'t it 1l'ntl%@ %o' /ill feel in %o'r $'t /=at it mean! to 1e at t=e 1ottom of t=e =ea+. 7t i! a matter not O'!t of .om+a!!ion@ 1't of re!+e.tB 5=e mi le .la!! raftee learn! to a++re.iate a lot of talent! Aan t=e +eo+le /=o =ave t=emC t=at are not +art of t=e live! %o' =ave kno/n@ an @ after militar% 't%@ /ill kno/ a$ain for t=e re!t of %o'r live!. 5=i! /ill .ome from 1ein$ t=ro/n to$et=er /it=--an =avin$ to e+en on--+eo+le /=o are ver% ifferent from %o' an %o'r frien !. efen ! militar% !ervi.e a! a vital !o.ialiMin$
A mo ern emo.ra.%@ in !=ort@ .om1ine! le$al e8'alit% /it= e.onomi. an !o.ial !tratifi.ation. 7t i! far from inevita1le@ or even nat'ral@ t=at emo.rati. lea er! /=o are ra/n i!+ro+ortionatel% from t=e '++er rank! of !o.iet% /ill a e8'atel% 'n er!tan t=e e3+erien.e! or re!+e.t t=e .ontri1'tion! of t=o!e from t=e lo/er. 7nte$rative e3+erien.e! are nee e to 1rin$ t=i! a1o't. 7n a !o.iet% in /=i.= e.onomi. .la!! lar$el% etermine! re!i en.e an e '.ation an in /=i.= t=e fort'nate /ill not /illin$l% a!!o.iate /it= t=e re!t@ onl% nonvol'ntar% in!tit'tion! .'ttin$ a.ro!! .la!! line! .an =o+e to +rovi e !'.= e3+erien.e!.
13
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
;hus the ,lan: ;he 2nited States federal )overnment should establish a policy substantially increasin) the number of persons servin) in the Armed <orces throu)h a national draft3
14
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
Observation <our is Solvency Ne- draft is critical to solvin) current overstretch problems and repairs readiness 0=illi+ Carter% attorne% an former Arm% .a+tain@ /riter for 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% and 0a'l *lastris i! t=e e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ March !""+ AH5=e Ca!e for t=e DraftI
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2005"0503..arter.=tmlJ1%lineC A 21!t-.ent'r% raft 5=at leave! one o+tion left for +rovi in$ t=e militar% /it= !'ffi.ient n'm1er! of =i$=-8'alit% e+lo%a1le $ro'n for.e!B conscription3 Ameri.a =a! nearl% al/a%! .=o!en t=i! o+tion to !taff it! militar% in time! of /ar. 5o a%@ no lea in$ +oliti.ian in eit=er +art% /ill .ome an%/=ere near t=e i eaEt=e raft =avin$ re+la.e *o.ial *e.'rit% a! t=e t=ir rail of Ameri.an +oliti.! . 5=i! /ill =ave to .=an$e if t=e :nite *tate! i! to remain t=e /orl D! +reeminent +o/er. 5ra itional .on!.ri+tion =a! it! o1vio'! o/n!i e!. 4n a +ra.ti.al level@ raftee! ten to 1e le!! motivate t=an vol'nteer!. -e.a'!e t=e% !erve for relativel% !=ort +erio ! of time At%+i.all% t/o %ear!C@ an% inve!tment ma e in t=eir trainin$ i! lo!t to t=e militar% on.e t=e raftee! ret'rn to .ivilian life. An e!+ite t=e .'rrent man+o/er !=orta$e@ t=ereD! no fore!eea1le !.enario in /=i.= all 28 million %o'n$ Ameri.an! .'rrentl% of raft a$e /o'l 1e nee e . A1ove all el!e@ t=ereD! t=e !erio'! et=i.al +ro1lem t=at .on!.ri+tion mean! $overnment .om+ellin$ %o'n$ a 'lt! to ri!k eat=@ an to killEan a.t of t=e !tate t=at !eem! .ontrar% to t=e 1a!i. notion! of li1ert% /=i.= animate o'r !o.iet%. 7n +ra.ti.e@ =o/ever@ o'r re+'1li. =a! e.i e man% time! t=ro'$=o't it! =i!tor% t=at a raft /a! ne.e!!ar% to +rote.t t=o!e 1a!i. li1ertie!. 2ven if %o' i!a$ree /it= t=e e.i!ion to inva!ion of 7ra8@ or t=ink t=e +re!i entD! r=etori. i! ema$o$i. an =i! +oli.ie! i!a!tro'!@ it i! =ar to ar$'e t=at 7!lami. terrori!m i!nDt a t=reat to free om an !e.'rit%@ at =ome an a1roa . 6oreover@ an% Ameri.an@ li1eral or .on!ervative@ o'$=t to =ave moral 8'alm! a1o't 1a!in$ o'r nationD! !e.'rit% on an all-vol'nteer for.e ra/n i!+ro+ortionatel%@ a! o'r! i!@ from Ameri.aD! lo/er !o.ioe.onomi. .la!!e!. An t=e .o!t of to a%D! /ar i! 1ein$ 1orne 1% an e3tremel% narro/ !li.e of Ameri.a. Cam+ 0en leton@ Calif.@ =ome to t=e 1!t 6arine 23+e itionar% (or.e@ i! al!o =ome to a++ro3imatel% one-!event= of t=e :.*. fatalitie! from 7ra8. 7n t=eor%@ o'r emo.ra.% /ill not fi$=t 'n+o+'lar /ar! 1e.a'!e t=e +eo+le /=o m'!t 1ear t=e .a!'altie! .an im+o!e t=eir /ill on o'r ele.te lea er! to en a /ar t=e% o not !'++ort. -'t /=en !'.= a !mall fra.tion of Ameri.a !=o'l er! t=e 1'r enEan +a%! t=e .o!t Eof Ameri.aD! /ar!@ t=i! emo.rati. !%!tem 1reak! o/n. Nor are t=e +ra.ti.al .on!i eration! of a raft im+o!!i1le to over.ome. A raft lotter%@ of t=e kin t=at e3i!te in t=e +ea.etime raft of t=e 1950!@ /it= no e3em+tion! for .olle$e !t' ent!@ /o'l +rovi e t=e militar% an a++ro+riate an mana$ea1le amo'nt of man+o/er /it=o't t=e .la!! ine8'itie! t=at +oi!one t=e national .'lt're 'rin$ &ietnam. *'.= a !%!tem@ =o/ever@ /o'l not avoi t=e +ro1lem of floo in$ t=e militar% /it= le!!-t=an-f'll%-motivate .on!.ri+t!. A 1etter !ol'tion /o'l fi3 t=e /eakne!!e! of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e /it=o't 'n erminin$ it! !tren$t=!. #ereD! =o/ !'.= a +lan mi$=t /ork. Instead of a lottery% the federal )overnment -ould impose a re'uirement that no four&year colle)e or university be allo-ed to accept a student% male or female% unless and until that student had completed a 1!&month to t-o&year term of service3 :nlike an ol -fa!=ione raft@ this !1st¢ury service re'uirement -ould provide a vital element of personal choice3 Students could choose to fulfill their obli)ations in any of three -ays: in national service pro)rams like AmeriCor+! At'torin$ i!a vanta$e .=il renC@ in =omelan !e.'rit% a!!i$nment! A$'ar in$ +ort!C@ or in t=e militar%. 5=o!e /=o .=o!e t=e latter .o'l !erve a! militar% +oli.e offi.er!@ tr'.k river!@ or ot=er non-.om1at !+e.iali!t! re8'irin$ onl% mo e!t level! of trainin$. A7t !=o'l 1e note t=at t=e Arm% .'rrentl% offer! t/o-%ear enli!tment! for all of t=e!e Oo1!@ a! /ell a! for t=e infantr%.C 5=e% /o'l 1e e+lo%e a! nee e for +ea.ekee+in$ or nation-1'il in$ mi!!ion!. 5=e% /o'l !erve for 12-mont=! to t/o %ear!@ /it= mo e!t follo/-on re!erve o1li$ation!. 7hichever option they choose% all -ho serve -ould receive modest stipends and *I ill&type colle)e )rants3 5=o!e /=o !i$n '+ for len$t=ier an ri!kier 't%@ =o/ever@ /o'l re.eive =i$=er +a% an lar$er .olle$e $rant!. 6o!t /o'l no o'1t +i.k t=e le!! an$ero'! o+tion!3 ut some -ould certainly select the militaryGout of patriotism% a sense of adventure% or to test their mettle3 ?ven if only 1" percent of the one&million youn) people -ho annually start at four&year colle)es and universities -ere to choose the military option% the armed forces -ould receive 1""%""" fresh recruits every yea r. 5=e!e /o'l 1e motivate re.r'it!@ =avin$ .=o!en t=e militar% over ot=er@ le!! eman in$ form! of !ervi.e. An 1e.a'!e t=e% /o'l all 1e .olle$e-$ra e an .olle$e-1o'n @ t=e% /o'l =aveEto a $reater e3tent t=an %o'r avera$e vol'nteer re.r'itEt=e !avv% an in.lination to +i.k '+ forei$n lan$'a$e! an ot=er !kill! t=at are often t=e ke% to effe.tive +ea.ekee+in$ /ork. XContin'e!?
15
Cal 2k6-7
Draft SolvesHH
XContin'e ? A 21!t-.ent'r% raft like t=i! /o'l .reate a .a!.a in$ !erie! of 1enefit! for !o.iet%. 7t /o'l in!till a ne/ et=i. of !ervi.e in t=at !e.tor of !o.iet%@ t=e .olle$e-1o'n @ mo!t likel% to rea+ t=e fr'it! of Ameri.an +ro!+erit%. 7t /o'l mo1iliMe an arm% of %o'n$ +eo+le for vital ome!ti. mi!!ion!@ !'.= a! =el+in$ a $ro/in$ +o+'lation of !enior! /=o /ant to avoi n'r!in$ =ome! 1't nee =el+ /it= !im+le ail% ta!k! like $ro.er% !=o++in$. 7t /o'l $ive more of Ameri.aD! elite an e3+erien.e of t=e militar%. A1ove all@ it /o'l +rovi e t=e all-im+ortant !'r$e .a+a.it% no/ mi!!in$ from o'r for.e !tr'.t're@ in!'rin$ t=at t=e militar% /o'l never a$ain la.k for man+o/er. An it /o'l o all t=i! /it=o't re8'irin$ an% Ameri.an to .arr% a $'n /=o i not .=oo!e to o !o. 5=e /ar in 7ra8 =a! !=o/n '!@ an t=e /orl @ man% t=in$!B t=e 1loo % .o!t! of ine+t lea er!=i+L t=e .o'ra$e of t=e avera$e Ameri.an !ol ierL t=e ='n$er for emo.ra.% amon$ !ome of t=e eart=D! mo!t o++re!!e +eo+le. -'t +er=a+! more t=an an%t=in$@ 7ra8 =a! !=o/n t=at o'r militar% +o/er =a! limit!. A! .'rrentl% .on!tit'te @ t=e :.*. militar% .an /in t=e /ar!@ 1't it .annot /in t=e +ea.e@ nor .an it .ommit for t=e lon$ term to t=e !ta1ilit% an !e.'rit% of a nation !'.= a! 7ra8. 4'r enemie! =ave learne t=i!@ an t=e% /ill '!e t=at kno/le $e to t=eir a vanta$e in t=e ne3t /ar to tie '! o/n an 1lee '! 'ntil /e lo!e t=e +oliti.al /ill to fi$=t. If America -ishes to retain its mantle of )lobal leadership @ it must develop a military force structure capable of perseverin) under these circumstances3 <ortunately% -e (no- ho- to build such a force3 7e have done it many times in the past3 ;he 'uestion is: Do -e have the -ill to do so a)ainI
Draft is critical for fillin) in the reserves & reverses retention and recruitment crisis 6ark Safrans(i% e '.ational .on!'ltant to !e.on ar% !.=ool!. #e fre8'entl% /rite! a1o't t=e militar%@ 1"27" !""4 A#i!tor% Ne/!
Net/ork@ =tt+B""=nn.'!"arti.le!"1228.=tmlC D'e to a e.line in rea ine!! an !tan in$ for.e!@ t=e 0enta$on m'!t ra/ =eavil% '+on t=e Re!erve! an G'ar for.e! to mo'nt even a mo eratel% !iMe /ar-fi$=tin$ .am+ai$n. Af$=ani!tan re8'ire 83@000 Re!erve an G'ar +er!onnel an .'rrentl% t=e .om1ine Arm% Re!erve an National G'ar for.e! o'tn'm1er t=e a.tive 't% Arm% 550@000 to 480@000. #avin$ rea.=e 47 +er.ent of t=e 0enta$onD! total for.e! t=e +art-time !ol ier i! no/ inte$ral to t=e /artime +erforman.e of Ameri.aD! 10 Arm% ivi!ion!@ 12 air.raft .arrier! an 38 Air (or.e !8'a ron!. 5=e +re!!in$ !=orta$e of even re!erve troo+! =a! 1een ma!ke 1% 0re!i ent -'!=D! re.ent@ 8'ietl% !i$ne @ e3e.'tive or er e3ten in$ t=e ol 365- a% limit on National G'ar e+lo%ment! to a t/o%ear =it.=. 5=i! /a!@ at 1e!t@ a !to+$a+ mea!'re. De!+ite t=i!@ a ;orl ;ar 77 !t%le .on!.ri+tion of million! of %o'n$ men a! envi!ione 1% Con$re!!man Ran$el /ill not =el+ t=e .'rrent !it'ation an% more t=an t=e :.*. Nav% /o'l 1e im+rove 1% a in$ !ailin$ !=i+! of t=e line. 5=e F0oint of t=e */or F !=o'l remain t=e elite vol'nteer! -- t=e =i$=l% motivate *+e.ial 4+eration! +rofe!!ional! an !=o.k troo+! like t=e 6arine! an Arm% Ran$er!. A raft ma% 1e mo!t '!ef'l in fillin$ o't o'r re!erve! to a more reali!ti. fi$'re of 750@000 to 1 million@ t='! re '.in$ 1'rno't an lo!! of e3+erien.e +er!onnel in o'r a.tive 't% for.e!. 0enta$on +lanner! !=o'l t=ro/ o't ol notion! a1o't t=e !ele.tive !ervi.e !%!tem an e3+lore +otentiall% ra i.al .=an$e! in t=e raft to meet t=e realitie! of a 21!t .ent'r% /ar on terrori!m !'.= a!B
Only a Draft solves any other mechanism falls far short of fulfillin) troop re'uirements C=arle! Mos(os@ 0rofe!!or of *o.iolo$% at Nort=/e!tern :niver!it% and 0a'l *lastris@ e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% an a !enior fello/ at t=e ;e!tern 0oli.% Center@ Nov3 !""1
A;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ =tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2001"0111.mo!ko!.$la!tri!.=tmlC ;=ere are all t=e!e 1rave men an /omen $oin$ to .ome fromK Certainl%@ Ameri.a i! ri.= eno'$=@ an t=e nee vital eno'$=@ t=at /e .o'l affor to offer !i$nifi.ant !alarie! to l're .an i ate!. -'t even in a /eak e.onom%@ t=ere i! a finite n'm1er of .om+etent +eo+le /illin$ to .=oo!e a .areer t=at re8'ire! /earin$ a 'niform@ +erformin$ often 'll /ork@ !'.= a! $'ar 't%@ /it= alertne!!@ an 1ein$ rea % at an% moment to ri!k oneD! life for ot=er!. A /=ole ran$e of $overnment a$en.ie! an +rivate firm!@ from t=e :.*. Arm% to -rink! to lo.al +oli.e e+artment!@ m'!t .om+ete for t=i! limite la1or +ool. An t=e +ool i! +ro1a1l% not e3+an in$. Con!i er t=i!B -et/een 1980 an 2000@ !'rve%! !=o/e t=at t=e n'm1er of %o'n$ +eo+le !a%in$ t=e% /o'l efinitel% not !erve in t=e militar% ro!e from 40 to 64 +er.ent. 5=e onl% rea!on t=i! .=an$e of attit' e i not e!tro% militar% re.r'itin$ effort! i! t=at t=e nee for ne/ re.r'it! +l'mmete /it= t=e en of t=e Col ;ar. -'t t=e militar% i! feelin$ t=e +in.= nonet=ele!!. 5=e arme !ervi.e! =ave =a to o'1le !tartin$ +a% to re.r'it =alf a! man% enli!tee!@ an t=e 8'alit% of ne/ re.r'it! i! not /=at it !=o'l 1e. 5=e n'm1er of enli!tee! !.orin$ in t=e to+ =alf of t=e arme for.e! 8'alifi.ation te!t! =a! ro++e 1% a t=ir !in.e t=e mi -1990!. 7n fi!.al %ear 2000@ t=e Arm% took in !ome 380 re.r'it! /it= felon% arre!t re.or !@ o'1le t=e n'm1er in 1998. De!ertion! are al!o on t=e ri!e. 6o!t tellin$@ over one&third of those enterin) the military fail to complete their enlistments 3 Contra!t t=i! /it= t=e one in ten of raftee! /=o i not .om+lete =i! t/o-%ear o1li$ation 'rin$ t=e Col ;ar. 6'.= 1etter to =ave a !ol ier !erve a !=ort term =onora1l% t=an to 1e i!.=ar$e for .a'!e.
16
Cal 2k6-7
Draft 1AC
5istory and Israel are on our side the draft can fill in Davi 5ac(-orth% Ret. Col. :* Arm%@ 10"4"!""#
AH:n.le *am ;ill *oon ;ant No'r 9i ! H=tt+B""///.militar%..om"4+inion!"0@@#a.k/ort=Q100404@00.=tmlC R'm!fel @ in fa.t@ =a! alrea % ki.ke off t=e anti- raft .am+ai$n 1% eni$ratin$ t=e raftee! /=o fo'$=t in &ietnam. 5=e *e.Def@ /=o +refer! !%.o+=ant! /=o onDt a!k 8'e!tion!@ re.entl% !tate t=at &ietnam-era raftee! a e FNo val'e@ no a vanta$e@ reall%@ to t=e :nite *tate! arme !ervi.e! ... 1e.a'!e ... it took an enormo'! amo'nt of effort in term! of trainin$@ an t=en t=e% /ere $one.F ;ron$ on.e a$ain. 7 le raftee! for almo!t fo'r %ear! in &ietnam an for !everal %ear! 'rin$ t=e 9orean ;ar. 7f /ell-le @ t=ere are no finer !ol ier!. A!k t=e NaMi!@ t=e Pa+ane!e an t=e Re ! in 9orea an in &ietnam@ /=ere Fno val'eF raftee! .leane t=eir .lo.k! in fi$=t after fi$=t. 7!rael@ a .o'ntr% t=at =a! live 'n er t=e 1arrel of t=e 7!lami. terrori!t $'n for e.a e!@ =a! t=e mo!t .om1at-e3+erien.e .o'nterin!'r$ent for.e in t=e /orl - an 1o% an $irl raftee! are it! maOor re!o'r.e.
17
Cal 2k6-7
18
Cal 2k6-7
19
Cal 2k6-7
20
Cal 2k6-7
2S doesn6t have enou)h troops readiness is too lo- to handle any other threats 7ashin)ton ,ost% 3"19"!""+ 8H5/o Near! ,ater@ 7ra8 ;ar Drain! 6ilitar%I =tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+%n"arti.le!"A48306-20056ar18.=tmlC 5/o %ear! after t=e :nite *tate! la'n.=e a /ar in 7ra8 /it= a .r'!=in$ i!+la% of +o/er@ a $'errilla .onfli.t i! $rin in$ a/a% at t=e re!o'r.e! of t=e :.*. militar% an .a!tin$ 'n.ertaint% over t=e fitne!! of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e@ a..or in$ to !enior militar% lea er!@ la/maker! an efen!e e3+ert!. 5=e 'ne3+e.te l% =eav% eman ! of !'!taine $ro'n .om1at are e+letin$ militar% man+o/er an $ear fa!ter t=an t=e% .an 1e f'll% re+leni!=e . *=ortfall! in re.r'itin$ an 1a.klo$! in nee e e8'i+ment are takin$ a toll@ an $ro/in$ n'm1er! of 'nit! =ave 1een 1roken a+art or ta3e 1% re+eate e+lo%ment!@ +arti.'larl% in t=e Arm% National G'ar an t=e Arm% Re!erve. ;=at kee+! me a/ake at ni$=t i!@ /=at /ill t=i! all-vol'nteer for.e look like in 2007KF Gen. Ri.=ar A. Co %@ Arm% vi.e .=ief of !taff@ !ai at a *enate =earin$ t=i! /eek.
21
Cal 2k6-7
22
Cal 2k6-7
Combat bri)ades are sapped no- rotation is too hi)h dra-in) from all over 7ashin)ton ,ost% 3"19"!""+ 8H5/o Near! ,ater@ 7ra8 ;ar Drain! 6ilitar%I =tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+%n"arti.le!"A48306-20056ar18.=tmlC Growing Demands A! t=e militar% !tr'$$le! to fin fre!= re.r'it!@ t=ere i! 'n+re.e ente !train on !ervi.e mem1er! an t=eir familie!. *in.e 2001@ t=e :.*. militar% =a! e+lo%e more t=an 1 million troo+! for t=e /ar! in 7ra8 an Af$=ani!tan @ /it= 341@000@ or nearl% a t=ir @ !ervin$ t/o or more over!ea! to'r!. 5o a%@ an entren.=e in!'r$en.% in 7ra8 tie! o/n 150@000 :.*. troo+!@ infli.tin$ '+/ar ! of 1@500 eat=! !o far -- more t=an 10 time! t=e n'm1er kille in t=e maOor .om1at o+eration! t=at 0re!i ent -'!= e.lare en e on 6a% 1@ 2003. -e.a'!e of t=e !+rea in$ violen.e from t=e in!'r$en.%@ .o'+le /it= a !maller forei$n .oalition t=an /a! =o+e for@ t=e :.*. Arm% an 6arine! in +arti.'lar =ave !.ram1le to kee+ a for.e of ro'$=l% 17 1ri$a e! in 7ra8 'ntil no/@ rat=er t=an ra/ o/n to ei$=t 1ri$a e! or even 1e o't alto$et=er@ a..or in$ to +revio'! militar% +roOe.tion!. ,t. Gen. Pame! P. ,ovela.e Pr.@ t=e Arm%D! o+eration! .=ief@ i! a kin of .ir.'! ma!ter re!+on!i1le for O'$$lin$ limite 'nit! an e8'i+ment an +rioritiMin$ /=o oe! /=at. Rin$e 1% or$aniMational .=art! in =i! 0enta$on offi.e@ t=e ;e!t 0oint $ra 'ate from Ri.=mon ti.ke off t=e far-fl'n$ .orner! from /=i.= t=e Arm% =a! =a to m'!ter for.e!. F;eDve e+lo%e 'nit! of t=e 4l G'ar ZF =e !ai @ referrin$ to t=e fir!t-ever e+lo%ment of t=e .eremonial $'ar from (ort 6%er@ /=en a .om+an% /a! i!+at.=e to DOi1o'ti la!t %ear. F;eDve rea.=e '+ in!i e of Ala!ka an $ra11e t=e for.e! '+ t=ere @F =e !ai . F9oreaZ ;=o /o'l =ave ever t=o'$=t t=at /e /o'l =ave e+lo%e a .om1at formationKF =e !ai @ referrin$ to a 1ri$a e !ent from *o't= 9orea to 7ra8.
23
Cal 2k6-7
24
Cal 2k6-7
Aac( of recruitin) means can6t fill combat bri)ades completely National Security Advisory *roup% =an3 !""/ AH5=e :* 6ilitar%B :n er *train an at Ri!kI
=tt+B""///.$lo1al!e.'rit%.or$"militar%"li1rar%"re+ort"2006"'!-militar%Qn!a$-re+ortQ01252006.+ fC 7f re.r'itin$ tren ! o not im+rove over t=e ne3t %ear@ t=e Arm% ) 1ot= a.tive an re!erve ) /ill e3+erien.e $reat iffi.'lt% f'll% mannin$ it! +lanne for.e !tr'.t're an +rovi in$ t=e nee e rotation 1a!e for o+eration! in 7ra8 an Af$=ani!tan. A %ear from no/@ t=e .om1ination of fe/er t=an nee e re.r'it! an fe/er t=an nee e reenli!tment! in t=e O'nior $ra e! .o'l re!'lt in a !i$nifi.ant H=ollo/in$I an im1alan.e in t=e Arm%@ 1ot= a.tive an re!erve. -a!e on DoD<! mont=l% man+o/er re+ort 1% $ra e@ t=e Arm% alrea % =a! a efi.it of !ome 18@000 +er!onnel in it! O'nior enli!te $ra e! A21-24C. 2ven if it meet! it! re.r'itin$ an retention $oal!@ t=e Arm% i! +roOe.te to 1e !=ort !ome 30@000 !ol ier! Anot in.l' in$ !to+ lo!!C 1% t=e en of (N2006.11 *'.= a !=ortfall /o'l for.e t=e Arm% to .anni1aliMe !ome 'nit! in or er to f'll% man ot=er! to e+lo%. 5=i! /o'l ne$ativel% im+a.t not onl% t=e .o=e!ion of t=e 'nit! e+lo%in$ 1't al!o t=e rea ine!! an '!a1ilit% of t=o!e left at =ome. 7t /o'l al!o e3a.er1ate !train! on +er!onnel +'lle from re.entl% ret'rne 'nit! an rea!!i$ne to fill o't e+lo%in$ one!. *'.= man+o/er !=ortfall! /ill al!o Oeo+ar iMe a!+e.t! of t=e Arm%<! +lan to tran!form it! ivi!ion-1a!e !tr'.t're into mo 'lar 1ri$a e .om1at team! ) t=e Arm% ma% !im+l% not =ave eno'$= +eo+le to +o+'late it! +lanne for.e !tr'.t're. 5=e!e fa.tor! /ill .reate tremen o'! internal +re!!'re! to re e+lo% a itional :.*. for.e! from 7ra8 1% ne3t !+rin$@ /=atever t=e .on ition! on t=e $ro'n ma% 1e.
25
Cal 2k6-7
26
Cal 2k6-7
27
Cal 2k6-7
28
Cal 2k6-7
29
Cal 2k6-7
A@; Army <iBin) It No7on6t -or( core indicators li(e recruitin) can6t be fiBed 7ashin)ton ,ost% 3"19"!""+ 8H5/o Near! ,ater@ 7ra8 ;ar Drain! 6ilitar%I =tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+%n"arti.le!"A48306-20056ar18.=tmlC 6oreover@ militar% lea er! are takin$ !te+! to ea!e !tre!! on t=e troo+! 1% tem+oraril% 1oo!tin$ rank!L re1alan.in$ for.e! to a 1a l% nee e infantr%@ militar% +oli.e an .ivil affair! troo+!L an em+lo%in$ .ivilian! /=ere +o!!i1le. Ne!ter a%@ efen!e offi.ial! /orrie a1o't re.r'itin$ anno'n.e t=at t=e% /ill rai!e t=e a$e limit@ from 34 to 40@ for enli!tment in t=e Arm% G'ar an Re!erve. 5=e 0enta$on i! !+en in$ 1illion! to re+air an re+la.e 1attle-/orn e8'i+ment an 1'% e3tra armor@ ra io!@ /ea+on! an ot=er $ear. Net !'.= reme ie! take time@ an no one@ in.l' in$ !enior offi.ial!@ .an +re i.t =o/ lon$ t=e all-vol'nteer for.e .an !'!tain t=i! a..elerate /artime +a.e. Re.r'itin$ tro'1le!@ e!+e.iall%@ t=reaten t=e for.e at it! .ore. -'t /it= a ret'rn to t=e raft /i el% vie/e a! e.onomi.all% an +oliti.all% 'ntena1le@ !enior militar% lea er! !a% t=e nationD! !e.'rit% e+en ! on r'mmin$ '+ 1roa er +'1li. !'++ort for !ervi.e.
30
Cal 2k6-7
Draft is critical to ensure ade'uate number of troops 0=illi+ Carter% attorne% an former Arm% .a+tain@ /riter for 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% and 0a'l *lastris i! t=e e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ March !""+ AH5=e Ca!e for t=e DraftI
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2005"0503..arter.=tmlJ1%lineC -'t t=ereD! a ee+er +ro1lem@ one t=at an% +re!i ent /=o .=o!e to inva e a .o'ntr% t=e !iMe of 7ra8 /o'l =ave fa.e . 7n !=ort@ Ameri.aD! all-vol'nteer militar% !im+l% .annot e+lo% an !'!tain eno'$= troo+! to !'..ee in +la.e! like 7ra8 /=ile !till eterrin$ t=reat! el!e/=ere in t=e /orl . *im+l% a in$ more !ol ier! to t=e a.tive 't% for.e@ a! !ome in ;a!=in$ton are no/ !'$$e!tin$@ ma% !o'n like a $oo !ol'tion. -'t itD! not@ for !o'n o+erational an +ra$mati. rea!on!. Ameri.a oe!nDt nee a 1i$$er !tan in$ arm%L it nee ! a ee+ 1en.= of traine !ol ier! =el in re!erve /=o .an 1e mo1iliMe to =an le t=e 'n+re i.ta1le 1't inevita1le /ar! an ='manitarian intervention! of t=e f't're. An /=ile t=ere are !everal /a%! t=e all-vol'nteer for.e .an .reate !ome e3tra !'r$e .a+a.it%@ all of t=em are limite . ;he only effective solution to t=e man+o/er .r'n.= i! t=e one Ameri.a =a! t'rne to a$ain an a$ain in it! =i!tor%B the draft. Not t=e ma!! .om1at mo1iliMation! of ;orl ;ar 77@ nor t=e ine8'ita1le .on!.ri+tion of &ietnamEfor O'!t a! t=reat! .=an$e an /arfi$=tin$ a van.e!@ !o too m'!t t=e raft. A mo erniMe raft /o'l eman t=at t=e +rivile$e +arti.i+ate. 7t /o'l $ive all /=o !erve a .=oi.e over =o/ t=e% !erve. An it /o'l +rovi e t=e militar%@ on a HO'!t in timeI 1a!i!@ lar$e n'm1er! of e+lo%a1le $ro'n troo+!@ +arti.'larl% t=e +ea.ekee+er! /eDll nee to meet t=e !e.'rit% .=allen$e! of t=e 21!t .ent'r%. Ameri.a =a! a .=oi.e. 7t .an 1e t=e /orl D! !'+er+o/er@ or it .an maintain t=e .'rrent all-vol'nteer militar%@ 1't it +ro1a1l% .anDt o 1ot=.
31
Cal 2k6-7
*e.on @ 0enta$on lea er! re+la.e t=e .on!.ri+te militar% /it= an all-vol'nteer for.e t=at /o'l re.r'it enli!tee! /it= +a% an 1enefit! like t=e .ivilian /orl . 5=i! all-vol'nteer mo el@ t=e% 1elieve @ /o'l im+rove morale for t=e !im+le rea!on t=at all !ol ier! /o'l 1e in t=e !ervi.e 1% .=oi.e. 7t /o'l al!o im+rove militar% effe.tivene!! 1e.a'!e if !ol ier! .o'l 1e l're to !ta% lon$er 1% reenli!tin$@ t=e% .o'l a.8'ire =i$=er level! of !kill. 5=e mantra of t=e ne/ militar% 1e.ame H!en a 1'llet@ not a manIL t=e mo ern Ameri.an militar% .ame to em1ra.e +re.i!ion fire+o/er over man+o/er in /=at =i!torian R'!!ell ;ei$le% .alle t=e HAmeri.an /a% of /ar.I
5=i! all-vol'nteer militar% ma e $oo on nearl% all t=e!e +romi!e!. After a ro'$= +erio in t=e late 1970!@ t=e :.*. militar% emer$e a leaner@ 1etter for.e in t=e 1980!@ +rovin$ it!elf in t=e !mall /ar! of t=at e.a eEGrena a@ ,i1%a@ an 0anama. 5=en .ame t=e fir!t G'lf ;arEt=e a+ot=e!i! of t=e all-vol'nteer@ total for.e mo el. Comin$ off t=e Col ;ar@ t=e Arm% =a 18 ivi!ion! on a.tive 't%@ in .om+ari!on to 10 to a%@ an =a little in t=e /a% of a +re!!in$ .ommi!!ion /it= t=e imminent .olla+!e of t=e *oviet :nion. -% mo1iliMin$ !even of t=e!e Arm% ivi!ion! an t/o 6arine ivi!ion!@ in a ition to t=e re!erve! an rea % re!erve!@ militar% lea er! /ere a1le to !en =alf a million troo+! to t=e *a' i e!ert. -'t 1e.a'!e t=at /ar la!te O'!t mont=!@ lar$el% 'e to :.*. rel'.tan.e to inva e an o..'+% 7ra8@ t=e !%!tem /orke . A.tive- 't% !ol ier! e+lo%e for le!! t=an a %ear@ /it=o't fear of imme iatel% 1ein$ !ent 1a.k to fi$=tL re!ervi!t! /ere !imilarl% ta++e O'!t on.e. De!ert *torm i not 1reak t=e allvol'nteer for.e 1e.a'!e t=at /ar /a! +re.i!el% t=e kin t=at t=e for.e =a 1een e!i$ne to fi$=tB a limite .am+ai$n for limite en !@ of limite 'ration@ an /it= a efine e3it !trate$%.
:nfort'natel%@ national !e.'rit% t=reat! onDt al/a%! .onform to t=e militar%D! +re.i!e !+e.ifi.ation!. 5=e 1990! 1ro'$=t t/o /ar!@ in -o!nia an 9o!ovo@ re8'irin$ t=e lon$-term .ommitment of :.*. troo+! for +ea.ekee+in$. 5=e!e /ere relativel% mo e!t-!iMe e+lo%ment!. Net t=e militar% lea er!=i+ .om+laine t=at t=e% +'t 'n o !tre!! on t=e !%!tem@ an @ in ee @ t=en-Gov. Geor$e -'!= lam1a!te t=e Clinton a mini!tration in 2000 for t=e /a% it mana$e militar% rea ine!!@ .=ar$in$ t=at t=e 9o!ovo /ar +'t t/o of t=e Arm%D! 10 ivi!ion! o't of a.tion@ ='rtin$ t=e nationD! a1ilit% to re!+on to t=reat! a1roa . 7n t=e /ake of *e+tem1er 11@ t=e :.*. militar% mo1iliMe ten! of t=o'!an ! of re!ervi!t! for =omelan !e.'rit% an !ent t=o'!an ! of elite infantr%men an !+e.ial for.e! into t=e mo'ntain! of Af$=ani!tanL neit=er mi!!ion .onforme to t=e mo el of +a!t /ar!.
32
Cal 2k6-7
33
Cal 2k6-7
shared sacrifice instills appreciation for conse'uences of -ar C=arle! -. $an)el@ Demo.rati. re+re!entative from N.N.@ 12-31-!""! ANe/ Nork 5ime!@ H-rin$ -a.k t=e DraftIC
-'t a! a .om1at veteran of t=e 9orean .onfli.t@ 7 1elieve t=at if /e are $oin$ to !en o'r .=il ren to /ar@ t=e $overnin$ +rin.i+le m'!t 1e t=at of !=are !a.rifi.e. 5=ro'$=o't m'.= of o'r =i!tor%@ Ameri.an! =ave 1een a!ke to !=o'l er t=e 1'r en of /ar e8'all%. 5=atD! /=% 7 /ill a!k Con$re!! ne3t /eek to .on!i er an !'++ort le$i!lation 7 /ill intro '.e to re!'me t=e militar% raft. Carr%in$ o't t=e a mini!trationD! +oli.% to/ar 7ra8 /ill re8'ire lon$-term !a.rifi.e! 1% t=e Ameri.an +eo+le@ +arti.'larl% t=o!e /=o =ave !on! an a'$=ter! in t=e militar%. Net t=e Con$re!! t=at vote over/=elmin$l% to allo/ t=e '!e of for.e in 7ra8 in.l' e! onl% one mem1er /=o =a! a .=il in t=e enli!te rank! of t=e militar% -- O'!t a fe/ more =ave .=il ren /=o are offi.er!. 7 1elieve t=at if t=o!e .allin$ for /ar kne/ t=at t=eir .=il ren /ere likel% to 1e re8'ire to !erve -- an to 1e +la.e in =armD! /a% -t=ere /o'l 1e more .a'tion an a $reater /illin$ne!! to /ork /it= t=e international .omm'nit% in ealin$ /it= 7ra8. A rene/e raft /ill =el+ 1rin$ a $reater a++re.iation of t=e .on!e8'en.e! of e.i!ion! to $o to /ar.
Disconnect bet-een decision&ma(ers and service members ma(es -ar more li(ely Atlas% a!!i!tant +rofe!!or +oliti.al !.ien.e 6arian Colle$e in 7n iana+oli!@ Novem1er 17@ !""4 AHDivi!ion! r'n ee+er 1et/een
militar%@ .ivilian!@I 7n iana+oli! *tarC -'t t=e i!!'e $oe! 1e%on +art% +oliti.!. 4ver time@ t=o!e /=o !erve an t=o!e /=o onDt /ill =ave le!! in .ommon /it= ea.= ot=er .'lt'rall% a! /ell a! i eolo$i.all%. 5=e militar% .o'l 1e.ome a +raetorian $'ar of !ort!B not a for.e t=reatenin$ to t=e $overnment@ 1't a for.e alienate from t=e va!t maOorit% of .ivilian! it i! !/orn to +rote.t@ an .omman e 1% .ivilian! /it= no militar% e3+erien.e. A! an ever e.rea!in$ n'm1er of +oliti.al lea er! =ave !on! or a'$=ter! !ervin$ in 'niform@ an a! fe/er of t=em !erve t=em!elve!@ t=ere /ill 1e a $ro/in$ i!.onne.t 1et/een t=o!e /=o fi$=t an t=o!e /=o make t=e e.i!ion for /ar. ;it= Ameri.an militar% te.=nolo$% 1e.omin$ more a..'rate an +otent@ t=e e.i!ion to '!e for.e ma% 1e.ome ea!ier@ all t=e more !o a! +oli.%-maker! /o'l nDt 1e !en in$ t=eir o/n .=il ren into .om1at. An t=e va!t maOorit% of Ameri.an! -- t=o!e /=o o not !erve -/ill not 1e a!ke to make an% !a.rifi.e!. ;ar /ill 1e.ome F+ainle!!F for an in.rea!in$ n'm1er of Ameri.an! /it= no .onne.tion to t=e militar%.
34
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35
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7ithout )round troops our other deterrence capabilities are suspect National Security Advisory *roup% =an3 !""/ AH5=e :* 6ilitar%B :n er *train an at Ri!kI
=tt+B""///.$lo1al!e.'rit%.or$"militar%"li1rar%"re+ort"2006"'!-militar%Qn!a$-re+ortQ01252006.+ fC 7n t=e meantime@ t=e :nite *tate! =a! onl% limite $ro'n for.e .a+a1ilit% rea % to re!+on to ot=er .ontin$en.ie!. 5=e a1!en.e of a .re i1le !trate$i. re!erve in o'r $ro'n for.e! in.rea!e! t=e ri!k t=at +otential a ver!arie! /ill 1e tem+te to .=allen$e t=e :nite *tate!. Alt=o'$= t=e :nite *tate! .an !till e+lo% air@ naval@ an ot=er more !+e.ialiMe a!!et! to eter or re!+on to a$$re!!ion@ t=e vi!i1le overe3ten!ion of o'r $ro'n for.e! .o'l /eaken o'r a1ilit% to eter a$$re!!ion
36
Cal 2k6-7
37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
Cal 2k6-7
,ullout JM Meltdo-n ,2AAO2; AD: AS 23S3 $OA? D?C$?AS?S% I$AN M?A;DO7N INC$?AS?S && NO C5ANC? O< IND?,?ND?N; $2A?
,a/ren.e 0aplanL *enior 2 itor at 5=e Ne/ Re+'1li.L 3"6""/L 5=e Ne/ Re+'1li.
Not ever%t=in$ t=e :.*. enter+ri!e to'.=e! =ere t'rn! to $ol . -'t ever%t=in$ it let! $o of oe! !eem to t'rn into irt. ;it= :.*. re.on!tr'.tion ai r'nnin$ o't@ 7ra8D! infra!tr'.t're@ never f'll% re!tore to 1e$in /it=@ decays by the hour. 7ra8D! +oliti.al arena@ from /=i.= t=e Ameri.an! =a no .=oi.e 1't to /it= ra/@ =a! i!!olve into !omet=in$ 'nre.o$niMa1le@ .arve '+ for !e.tarian a vanta$e an /it=o't a .enter to kee+ it! +art! from !+innin$ a/a%. 7n 1ot= .a!e!@ t=e :nite *tate! ma% =ave $iven all it rea!ona1l% .o'l 1e e3+e.te to $ive. -'t@ /=en it .ome! to Ameri.aD! /it= ra/al from 7ra8D! !e.'rit% arena@ a +ro.e!! t=at a..elerate! /it= ea.= +a!!in$ /eek@ t=e onl% e3+lanation .an 1e t=at t=e ;=ite #o'!e @ for all of it! =i$=-min e r=etori. a1o't !tan in$ /it= 7ra8@ =a! e.i e not to. 5=e in!'r$en.% .ontin'e! to ra$e. 7ra8D! !e.'rit% for.e! !till .annot o+erate on t=eir o/n. An @ a! /=at /a! on.e a lar$el% one-!i e *'nni .am+ai$n of terrori!m ra+i l% a++roa.=e! !omet=in$ like +arit% A/it= t=e *=ia takin$ '+ arm! in t=eir o/n efen!eC@ t=e likeli=oo of a .ivil /ar =a! sur)ed. *o@ too@ .ontrar% to t=e el'!ion! of /ar !'++orter! an .riti.! alike@ =a! t=e im+ortan.e of t=e Ameri.an!.
,2AAO2; CA2S?S 7O$S? M?A;DO7N ADDI;IONAA ;$OO,S 0?O ;O ,?AC? Po=n ersiaL 0'litMer /inner an Co-C=air of t=e Center for 6i le 2a!tern *t' ie! 0ro$ram at t=e :niver!it% of Central (lori a L 2"24"2""/L 4rlan o *entinel
4ne !tron$ +o!!i1ilit% i! a .ivil .onfli.t t=at !ome +eo+le !a% !=o'l =ave 1een /a$e lon$ a$o to allo/ a tr'e !ettlin$ of ifferen.e!. 5=e -'!= a mini!tration +la%! o/n t=at !.enario@ /it= *e.retar% of Defen!e Donal R'm!fel a!!ertin$ t=at !e.tarian violen.e i! .ommon in t=e re$ion an t=at 7ra8i! are !im+l% F$oin$ t=ro'$= a +oliti.al +ro.e!!.F *e.retar% of *tate Con oleeMMa Ri.e al!o =a! i!mi!!e notion! of an im+en in$ .ivil /ar. *enior 7ra8i lea er! re+re!entin$ ke% $ro'+! =ave i!!'e .all! for .alm. #o/ever@ !=o'l t=e o++o!ite +revail an forei$n for.e! o+t to /it= ra/ Q /=i.= =o+ef'll% /ill not =a++en Q mo!t of 7ra8 .o'l fin it!elf em1roile in relentle!! violen.e. 5=at /o'l .a!t o+en t=e oor to terrori!t! an tro'1lemaker!@ in.l' in$ 7ran. 4nl% t=e 9'r i!= +art of t=e .o'ntr% mi$=t !'rvive. A !e.on +o!!i1ilit% i! t=e o1Oe.tiona1le !tat'! 8'o. After a ro'n of +'1li. f'r% an retri1'tion@ 7ra8i *=iite! .o'l !ettle o/n. 5=e +artie! .o'l re!'me ne$otiation!@ an :.*.-le for.e! /o'l =el+ kee+ .ivil ten!ion! in .=e.k. #o/ever@ !'.= fr'!tratin$ .ir.'m!tan.e! .o'l ra$ on for %ear!. ;=% not a$$re!!ivel% !=a+e a +o!itive t=ir !.enarioK 5o !'..ee @ t=e effort re8'ire! m'.= more t=an a++eal! for .alm@ .'rfe/!@ +romi!e! to re1'il ama$e !tr'.t're!@ avoi an.e of .ivil-/ar talk an ot=er $e!t're! t=at !ma.k of -an -Ai ! rat=er t=an 1enefi.ial 1alm!. 5=e 7ra8i! Q /=o =ave 1een !lo/ to 1'il '+ .om+etent !e.'rit% for.e! an =ave 1een em1arra!!e 1% in i.ation! of eat= !8'a ! an ot=er 'n!avor% 1e=avior Q !till .annot =an le t=e .=allen$e. :.*.-le for.e! =ave al/a%! 1een too fe/ to lo.k o/n 7ra8@ ro'n '+ *a am lo%ali!t!@ !eal t=e .o'ntr%D! 1or er!@ ne'traliMe terrori!t! an !e.'re +ea.e. *ol'tionB an imme iate infl'3 of at lea!t 100@000 a itional troo+! from t=e allie!@ frien l% nei$=1orin$ !tate! an ot=er !'ita1le .o'ntrie!. Grante @ !ome 7ra8i! mi$=t o1Oe.t@ vie/in$ more troo+! a! an affront to t=eir fle $lin$ +oliti.al effort!. -'t mo!t 7ra8i! 'n er!tan t=at t=eir .a+a1ilitie! o not mat.= t=eir intention!. Given a .=oi.e of .ivil /ar@ o+ene -en e o..'+ation or t=e m'!terin$ of eno'$= forei$n troo+! to fini!= t=e Oo1 e.i!ivel%@ t=e an!/er i! o1vio'!.
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,2AAO2; NO AON*?$ IN?CI;A A? ?CA2S? O< N?7?S; CIOA?NC? 2SA ;oday> !@!L@"/L *teven 9omaro/
7ra8D! inten!ifie reli$io'! 1attle! .o'l undermine t=e -'!= a mini!tration +lan for .'ttin$ t=e n'm1er of :.*. troo+! t=ere@ e3+ert! !a%@ e!+e.iall% if ne$otiation! in -a$= a fail to +ro '.e a national 'nit% $overnment. F5=i! t=ro/! a mon(ey -rench in t=e a mini!trationD! !trate$% of !tan in$ o/n A:.*. troo+!C a! t=e 7ra8i! !tan '+@ 1e.a'!e it !'$$e!t! t=at man% 7ra8i! are !tan in$ '+ to fi$=t ot=er 7ra8i!@F !a%! Pame! 0=illi+!@ a efen!e !.=olar at t=e .on!ervative #erita$e (o'n ation.
53
Cal 2k6-7
54
Cal 2k6-7
Draft (ey to fill homeland security assi)nments readiness is lo- no- not enou)h troops C=arle! Mos(os@ 0rofe!!or of *o.iolo$% at Nort=/e!tern :niver!it% and 0a'l *lastris@ e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% an a !enior fello/ at t=e ;e!tern 0oli.% Center@ Nov3 !""1 AHNo/ Do No' -elieve ;e Nee a DraftI@ ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2001"0111.mo!ko!.$la!tri!.=tmlC 0er=a+! /e .o'l $et 1% /it=o't a raft if o'r all-vol'nteer militar% =a more t=an eno'$= troo+! on =an . -'t it oe!nDt. 5=e a.tion! !o far taken in Af$=ani!tan@ an t=e 1'il '+ to !'++ort t=o!e a.tion!@ =ave 1een relativel% mo e!t. Net /it= +er!onnel .'t 1% a t=ir !in.e t=e en of t=e Col ;ar@ t=e !ervi.e! /ere =ar -+re!!e to meet on$oin$ mi!!ion! even 1efore *e+tem1er 11. 5=ere i! alrea % talk of +'llin$ :.*. for.e! o't of t=e -alkan!@ !omet=in$ t=e -'!= a mini!tration /ante to o an%/a% . -'t it /ill not +lea!e o'r NA54 allie!@ /=o!e lon$-term !'++ort /e /ill nee in t=e fi$=t a$ain!t terrori!m@ an /=o /ill =ave to fill t=e $a+ /it= more troo+! of t=eir o/n. ;e are .allin$ '+ lar$e n'm1er! of re!ervi!t!@ 1't 1e.a'!e !o man% of t=em /ork a! +oli.e offi.er!@ firefi$=ter!@ an emer$en.% me i.al te.=ni.ian!@ o'r m'ni.i+alitie! are 1ein$ raine of +re.i!el% t=e +eo+le /e /ill nee if A/=enC t=e terrori!t! ret'rn. 7n ee @ it !eem! .lear t=at /e are $oin$ to nee t=o'!an ! more men an /omen in 'niform to eal /it= terrori!t t=reat! =ere at =ome. 5=e +re!i ent =a! a++ointe former 0enn!%lvania Governor 5om Ri $e a! =i! ne/ =omelan !e.'rit% F.Mar.F 5=e fe eral $overnment /ill 1e takin$ over air+ort !e.'rit%@ eit=er +rovi in$ t=e !ervi.e! ire.tl% or !'+ervi!in$ +rivate firm! +rovi in$ it. #o/ever t=e re!tr'.t'rin$ !=ake! o't@ /e are .learl% $oin$ to nee more fe eral arme +er!onnel to $'ar am!@ n'.lear +o/er +lant!@ !+ort! .om+le3e!@ an :.*. em1a!!ie! a1roa L more 1or er +atrol an .'!tom! a$ent! to kee+ terrori!t! an t=eir /ea+on! from enterin$ t=e .o'ntr%L more 7N* a$ent! tra.k o/n immi$rant! /=o =ave over!ta%e t=eir vi!a!L more .oa!t $'ar +er!onnel to in!+e.t !=i+!L more air mar!=al! to ri e on +a!!en$er Oet!L an more (-7 a$ent! to 'n.over terrori!t .ell! !till o+eratin$ /it=in an o't!i e o'r 1or er!.
Draft can plu) in terrorism C=arle! Mos(os@ 0rofe!!or of *o.iolo$% at Nort=/e!tern :niver!it% and 0a'l *lastris@ e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% an a !enior fello/ at t=e ;e!tern 0oli.% Center@ Nov3 !""1 AHNo/ Do No' -elieve ;e Nee a DraftI@ ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2001"0111.mo!ko!.$la!tri!.=tmlC 4t=er evelo+e nation! t=at =ave retaine t=e raft t%+i.all% '!e .on!.ri+t! for =omelan !e.'rit%. 7n 7!rael@ raftee! !erve in 1ot= t=e re$'lar militar% an a! a! li$=tl% arme F$'ar +oli.eF alon$ t=e GaMa *tri+. 5=e% al!o man t=e F=ome .omman @F /=i.= +rovi e! !e.'rit% an ot=er !ervi.e! in t=e .o'ntr%D! .itie! 'rin$ emer$en.ie!@ !'.= a! t=e !.' mi!!ile atta.k! 'rin$ t=e G'lf ;ar. 7n (ran.e@ /=i.= finall% a1an one it! raft la!t %ear A1elievin$ t=at t=reat! to it! !e.'rit% =a imini!=e C@ .on!.ri+t! /orke alon$!i e +rofe!!ional +oli.e in t=e Gen armerie an +rovi e emer$en.% air+ort !e.'rit% /=en terrori!t! !et off 1om1! in t=e 0ari! 6etro in 1995. 7n German%@ mo!t raft-a$e men .=oo!e to !erve eit=er in t=e militar% or in !ome form of .ivilian !ervi.e@ !'.= a! /orkin$ /it= t=e el erl%. -'t a1o't one in ten .=oo!e! to /ork in a !tate or fe eral +oli.e for.e@ +rovi in$ !'.= t=in$! a! 1or er !e.'rit%@ or t=e% train a! vol'nteer firefi$=ter! an !erve +art-time for !even %ear!.
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Cal 2k6-7
$acism Adv3 ,overty Draft NoOverrepresentation of poor and minorities no- more than ever Ira' proves Ne- Oor( Observer@ 6a% 31@ !""# 8D#ere<! Ne/ (a.e of :.*. 6ilitar%IC
5=e .on emnation of ,%nn ie 2n$lan @ t=e a1'!er of +ri!oner!@ in !ome /a%! e.=oe! t=e e3altation a %ear a$o of Pe!!i.a ,%n.=. -ot= %o'n$ /omen .ome from !mall ;e!t &ir$inia to/n!. 5=e +rivile$e /=o offer !'.= !tron$ o+inion! a1o't t=em are not t=eir +eer!L t=e% /o'l never make t=e e.i!ion to enli!t t=at t=e!e %o'n$ /omen i . Not/it=!tan in$ t=e livi =orror of A1' G=rai1@ t=ere i! !omet=in$ .on e!.en in$ an 'n.onvin.in$ a1o't t=e +ortra%al! of t=e +oor +eo+le /=o are fi$=tin$ t=e /ar for t=e re!t of '!. 5=e .la!! i!!'e =a! !=a o/e t=e /ar from t=e !tart 1't =a! latel% 1een $ettin$ more attention. 7t i! t=e im+et'! for !everal initiative! on Ca+itol #ill an a t=eme of 6i.=ael 6ooreD! anti/ar o.'mentar%@ #ahrenheit $%&&. F7tD! a +overt% raft@F !ai Ri.k Pa=nko/@ /=o oe! anti-militar% re.r'itin$ in California. F5=e va!t n'm1er of +eo+le in t=i! .o'ntr% /=o are e!.a+in$ t=i! raft are not elite!. 5=e%Dre mi le-.la!! or '++er-mi le-.la!! +eo+le.F
5=e i!!'e !tarte +er.olatin$ +oliti.all% la!t %ear. F;e /ere lookin$ at .a!'altie! from 5e3a! on t=e De+artment of Defen!e ;e1 !ite an it !tr'.k '! t=at DGee@ t=e!e ki ! are .omin$ from to/n! in 5e3a! t=at /e never =ear of@DF !ai Ro1ert G. C'!=in$@ a retire !o.iolo$% +rofe!!or in A'!tin /=o /ork! /it= t=e A'!tin American'(tatesman. FNot O'!t !mall to/n!. -'t !mall to/n! not even .lo!e to metro+olitan area!.F 5=e ne/!+a+er 'n ertook a !t' % of t=e n'm1er! an fo'n t=at /=ile one in five Ameri.an! live in non-metro+olitan .o'ntie!@ nearl% one o't of t=ree .a!'altie! in 7ra8 =ave .ome from t=e!e .o'ntie!. 5=e!e are +la.e! t=at o not =ave a .it% over 50@000 +eo+le an are not /it=in .omm'tin$ i!tan.e of a 1i$ .it%. 5=e +a+erD! intervie/! /it= enli!tee! from t=e!e +la.e! =ave !=o/n t=at t=e% .anDt fin $oo Oo1! in t=eir .omm'nitie! an feel t=at a 'niver!it% e '.ation i! o't of t=eir rea.= -- t=e% .o'l nDt affor to move to a .omm'nit% near a !tate !.=ool.
Re+re!entative 7ke *kelton of 6i!!o'ri@ t=e rankin$ minorit% mem1er on t=e #o'!e Arme *ervi.e! Committee@ /a! even more em+=ati.. ,a!t fall =e !tate t=at 43.5 +er.ent of t=e !ol ier! kille in 7ra8 .ame from r'ral .itie! an to/n! /it= a +o+'lation 1elo/ 20@000. 5=e!e ki ! ten to 1e r'ral /=ite. 5=e ot=er! /=o =ave 1een i!+ro+ortionatel% affe.te are 1la.k! an #i!+ani.! from t=e inner .it%.
F7Dve =ear +eo+le !a%@ D5=e!e ki ! /ant to fi$=t@ t=e% vol'nteere @DF !ai C=arle! Ran$el@ t=e lon$time #arlem .on$re!!man. F-'t 7 !a/ t=e!e ki ! $o off to .am+ an t=en to 7ra8@ an 7Dll tell %o'@ t=e% nee t=e !en!e of im+ortan.e of a 'niform. An t=e%Dre torn. 5=e% !a%@ DCon$re!!man@ .ontin'e to fi$=t a$ain!t t=i! /ar@ 1't onDt /orr% a1o't me. 7Dm $oin$ to make %o' +ro' @ 7Dm $oin$ to 1e a $oo $o amn !taff !er$eant.DF Re+re!entative Ran$el .ame o't for t=e raft a! a more e8'ita1le mean! of !=arin$ t=e ri!k. #e +rom+tl% =ear from *enator 2rne!t #ollin$! of *o't= Carolina. F(ritM #ollin$! !ai @ D6% re ne.k! are .at.=in$ =ell@DF Re+re!entative Ran$el re.alle . F7n t=e!e !mall to/n!@ %o'Dre a 1i$ !=ot if %o' =ave a .o'+le of !tri+e! on %o'r !=o'l er or 1ar! on %o'r .ollar.F 5=e i!!'e took on a !+e.ial +oi$nan.% in *o't= Carolina la!t %ear after t=ree %o'n$ men from one !mall to/n =i$= !.=ool@ 4ran$e1'r$-;ilkin!on@ ie in 7ra8@ !o/in$ i!t'r1an.e in t=at .omm'nit%. #o/ man% =i$= !.=ool! in ;e!t.=e!ter or 6ont$omer% Co'nt%@ 6 .@ =ave !imilar re.or !K NoneL /eD =ave =ear a1o't it. ;=ile t=e raft +ro+o!al =a! $one no/=ere on Ca+itol #ill@ t=e lar$er i!!'e of fairne!! =a! $aine a follo/in$ in t=e Fre F i!tri.t!@ to .ite t=e re "1l'e ivi e of t=e la!t 0re!i ential ele.tion. 4ne .on!ervative Re+'1li.an@ *en. Pame! 7n=ofe@ of 4kla=oma@ =a! en or!e t=e .all for a raft@ /=ile anot=er@ C='.k #a$el of Ne1ra!ka@ =a! .alle for a national e1ate over t=e 8'e!tion. 7n t=e meantime@ 6r. *kelton =a! .alle on t=e General A..o'ntin$ 4ffi.e to !t' % t=e !o.ioe.onomi. .om+o!ition of t=e militar%. 6i.=ael 6oore =a! al!o !=o/e '+ on Ca+itol #ill. 7n a !.ene in =i! ne/ o.'mentar%@ t=e filmmaker an +rovo.ate'r a++roa.=e! t=ree .on$re!!men o't!i e t=e Ca+itol@ tr%in$ to re.r'it t=eir .=il ren to t=e militar%. A..or in$ to +eo+le /=o =ave !een t=e film@ t=e .on$re!!men /alk a/a% fla11er$a!te or 1lat=erin$. 5=e i!!'e $oe! /ell 1e%on Con$re!!. Anti-re.r'iter Ri.k Pa=nko/ +oint! o't t=at P'nior R45CD! .an 1e fo'n in ever% =i$= !.=ool in *an Die$o e3.e+t for t=e t=ree =i$= !.=ool! on t=e affl'ent nort= !i e of to/n. 5=e !ame e3em+tion $oe! for t=e 1i$ Nort=ea!tern .itie!. 5=e mo!t !tartlin$ !tati!ti. +ro '.e 1% a Defen!e De+artment ='man-re!o'r.e! .ontra.tor A='mrro.or$"+o+re+2002C i! t=at at t=e en of t=e &ietnam era@ t=e Nort=ea!t +rovi e 22 +er.ent of t=e +eo+le in t=e militar%. 5o a% t=at n'm1er =a! !'nk to 14 +er.ent. 4ver t=e !ame +erio @ t=e +er.enta$e of enli!tment from t=e *o't= =a! ri!en. 2nter Pe!!i.a ,%n.=. F7n !o man% .omm'nitie! t=e .=oi.e! !eem to 1e@ =ere $o /ork at -'r$er 9in$ or $o into t=e Arm% /=ere %o' .an =ave a .areer +at=@ an $et mone% for .olle$e@ $et trainin$ for a .areer@DF !ai Nan.% ,e!!in@ a mem1er of t=e anti-/ar $ro'+ 6ilitar% (amilie! *+eak 4't.
5=e o1vio'! re!+on!e to t=i! im1alan.e i! t=at t=e militar% =a! al/a%! f'n.tione in t=i! manner@ a! a 1ri $e for +o/erle!! $ro'+! to ri!e into t=e mi le .la!!. 7t !erve t=at role for /=ite et=ni.! 'rin$ ;orl ;ar 77 an for 1la.k! in t=e la!t $eneration. 5=e +oor /ill al/a%! 1e over-re+re!ente at t=e front line!L t=e e '.ate /ill almo!t al/a%! fin Oo1! a! +a+er-+'!=er!. Net t=e ifferen.e in 7ra8 i! t=at t=e !ele.tion of t=e +oor i! +'rer t=an ever. Ne!@ m'ltit' e! of affl'ent +eo+le $ot o't of t=e raft 'rin$ &ietnam. 5=i! time aro'n t=e% onDt even =ave to /orr% a1o't it. ;=en Re+re!entative *'!an 5a'!.=er@ a mo erate Demo.rat !ervin$ t=e affl'ent =ill .omm'nitie! o't!i e 4aklan @ .alle for an in.rea!e of for.e! in 7ra8 an intro '.e le$i!lation !eekin$ more a$$re!!ive re.r'itment@ !=e .o'l 1e .onfi ent t=at t=o!e n'm1er! /onDt 1e .omin$ from =er !o..er-mom .on!tit'en.%.
56
Cal 2k6-7
57
Cal 2k6-7
58
Cal 2k6-7
59
Cal 2k6-7
60
Cal 2k6-7
61
Cal 2k6-7
3 Iranian Nucleari1ation leads to rapid middle east proliferation Gar% Milhollin% ire.tor of t=e ;i!.on!in 0roOe.t on N'.lear Arm! Control@ !""4 AHN'.lear -reako't in t=e 6i le 2a!tI@
=tt+B""///./i!.on!in+roOe.t.or$"+'1!"arti.le!"2003"1itterlemon!.=tmC 5=ere i! ever% rea!on to t=ink t=at 7ran /ill a.=ieve n'.lear /ea+on! !tat'! if it !ta%! it! +re!ent .o'r!e. 5=e .entrif'$e! a++ear to 1e f'n.tional@ an 7ran =a! mana$e to 1'% e8'i+ment nee e to a!!em1le or make .entrif'$e! on it! o/n. *=o'l 7ran enter t=e n'.lear .l'1@ t=e 6i le 2a!t /ill fa.e a n'.lear-arme !tate /it= lon$!tan in$ tie! to terrori!m an a $ro/in$ mi!!ile fleet. 7ranD! mi!!ile! are .a+a1le of .arr%in$ a n'.lear-!iMe +a%loa not onl% to 7!rael@ 1't to Por an@ 7ra8@ *%ria@ *a' i Ara1ia an +o!!i1l% 2$%+t. 7t i! naive to t=ink t=at none of t=e!e !tate! /ill rea.t. :Mi R'1in@ former ire.tor of efen!e +oli.% at 7!raelD! National *e.'rit% Co'n.il@ +re i.te in an 4.to1er 2003 !+ee.= to an international .onferen.e on mi!!ile efen!e t=at an 7ranian 1om1 /o'l !+'r n'.lear /ea+on move! 1% 1ot= 2$%+t an *a' i Ara1ia. 2$%+t oe! not +o!!e!! !'.= /ea+on! no/@ 1't in t=e +a!t =a! .on!i ere 1'il in$ t=em. 7t =a! alrea % 1e$'n to +ro '.e *.' -t%+e mi!!ile! .a+a1le of .arr%in$ a n'.lear /ar=ea to 7!rael. *a' i Ara1ia oe! not +o!!e!! t=e 1om1 eit=er@ 1't it 1o'$=t a fleet of C=ine!e mi!!ile! in t=e 1980! t=at .o'l eliver n'.lear /ar=ea ! to man% +oint! in t=e 6i le 2a!t@ an it i! r'more to =ave i!.'!!e n'.lear .oo+eration re.entl% /it= 0aki!tan. Given t=e fa.t t=at 0aki!tan =a! !ol 'rani'm .entrif'$e te.=nolo$% to Nort= 9orea@ an i! r'more to =ave !'++lie t=e !ame to 7ran@ an% n'.lear talk! 1et/een it an t=e *a' i! !=o'l .a'!e real alarm. Neit=er *a' i Ara1ia nor 2$%+t /o'l like to !ee 7ran ominate t=e re$ion. 7n a ition to all t=i!@ ,i1%a =a! !=o/n !i$n! of rene/e n'.lear a.tivit%. Colonel Ra afi =a! 1een talkin$ to t=e R'!!ian! a1o't ref'r1i!=in$ =i! 5aO'ra n'.lear !ite@ an a1o't 1'il in$ a +o/er rea.tor. ,i1%a =a! for %ear! im+orte *.' -t%+e mi!!ile! from Nort= 9orea. 5='! t=e n'.lear 8'e!tion in t=e 6i le 2a!t i! not O'!t 1et/een 7!raeli! an 6'!lim!. A n'.lear 1reako't 1% 7ran /o'l affe.t inter7!lami. rivalrie! a! /ell. 5=at i! /=% t=e n'.lear f't're in 7ran i! !o im+ortant.
62
Cal 2k6-7
D3 Middle ?ast conflict causes )lobal nuclear -ar Steinbach !""! ) Anal%!t@ Center for Re!ear.= on Glo1ali!ation =tt+B""///.$lo1alre!ear.=..a"arti.le!"*52203A.=tml
6ean/=ile@ t=e e3i!ten.e of an ar!enal of ma!! e!tr'.tion in !'.= an 'n!ta1le re$ion in t'rn =a! !erio'! im+li.ation! for f't're arm! .ontrol an i!armament ne$otiation!@ an even t=e t=reat of n'.lear /ar. *e%mo'r #er!= /arn!@ F*=o'l /ar 1reak o't in t=e 6i le 2a!t a$ain@... or !=o'l an% Ara1 nation fire mi!!ile! a$ain!t 7!rael@ a! t=e 7ra8i! i @ a n'.lear e!.alation@ on.e 'nt=inka1le e3.e+t a! a la!t re!ort@ /o'l no/ 1e a !tron$ +ro1a1ilit%.FA41C an 2Mar ;ei!!man@ 7!raelD! .'rrent 0re!i ent !ai F5=e n'.lear i!!'e i! $ainin$ moment'm Aan t=eC ne3t /ar /ill not 1e .onventional.FA42C R'!!ia an 1efore it t=e *oviet :nion =a! lon$ 1een a maOor Aif not t=e maOorC tar$et of 7!raeli n'ke!. 7t i! /i el% re+orte t=at t=e +rin.i+al +'r+o!e of Ponat=an 0ollar D! !+%in$ for 7!rael /a! to f'rni!= !atellite ima$e! of *oviet tar$et! an ot=er !'+er !en!itive ata relatin$ to :.*. n'.lear tar$etin$ !trate$%. A43C A*in.e la'n.=in$ it! o/n !atellite in 1988@ 7!rael no lon$er nee ! :.*. !+% !e.ret!.C 7!raeli n'ke! aime at t=e R'!!ian =eartlan !erio'!l% .om+li.ate i!armament an arm! .ontrol ne$otiation! an @ at t=e ver% lea!t@ t=e 'nilateral +o!!e!!ion of n'.lear /ea+on! 1% 7!rael i! enormo'!l% e!ta1iliMin$@ an ramati.all% lo/er! t=e t=re!=ol for t=eir a.t'al '!e@ if not for all o't n'.lear /ar. 7n t=e /or ! of 6ark Gaffne%@ F... if t=e familar +atternA7!rael refinin$ it! /ea+on! of ma!! e!tr'.tion /it= :.*. .om+li.it%C i! not rever!e !oon - for /=atever rea!on - t=e deepenin) Middle ?ast conflict could tri))er a -orld confla)ration3P A44C
63
Cal 2k6-7
b3 ,oor CM$ ris(s nuclear -ar 0eter D. <eaver% A!!i!tant +rofe!!or of +oliti.al !.ien.e at D'ke :niver!it%@ AR62D (4RC2* AND *4C725N@ ;inter 199/@ +.
+ro8'e!t A ire.t !eiM're of +oliti.al +o/er 1% t=e militar% i! t=e tra itional /orr% of .ivil militar% relation! t=eor%. ,e!! o1vio'!@ 1't O'!t a! !ini!ter@ i! t=e a1ilit% of t=e military to destroy society 1% rainin$ it of re!o'r.e! in a 8'e!t for ever $reater !tren$t= a! a =e $e a$ain!t t=e enemie! of t=e !tate. Net anot=er .on.ern i! t=at a ro$'e militar% .o'l involve t=e !o.iet% in /ar! an .onfli.t! .ontrar% to !o.iet%D! intere!t!@ eit=er ire.tl% a! in t=e =%+ot=eti.al precipitation of a nuclear -ar or in ire.tl% a! in t=e ;orl ;ar 7 .a!e of ri$i mo1iliMation !.=e 'le! t=at .ame to i.tate !tate +oli.% in t=e final a%! of t=e .ri!i!. An @ finall%@ t=ere i! a .on.ern over t=e simple matter of obedienceB even if t=e militar% oe! not e!tro% !o.iet%@ /ill it o1e% it! .ivilian ma!ter! or /ill it '!e it! .on!i era1le .oer.ive +o/er to re!i!t .ivilian direction and pursue its own interests?
64
Cal 2k6-7
65
Cal 2k6-7
66
Cal 2k6-7
67
Cal 2k6-7
68
Cal 2k6-7
<$2S;$A;ION 2ND?$MIN?S ?<<?C;IC?N?SS3 Po=n Allen 7illiams% A!!o.iate +rofe!!or of +oliti.al !.ien.e at ,o%ola :niver!it%@ ;4R,D AND 7@ *e+tem1er 1@ 1999% +. 306
5o t=e e3tent t=at t=e e!tran$ement 1et/een t=e militar% an !o.iet% i!.'!!e =ere i! real@ it i! not =ealt=%. (ort'natel%@ t=e reme ie! are 8'ite !trai$=tfor/ar . 6't'al 'n er!tan in$ 1et/een t=e militar% an !o.iet% .all! for in.rea!e linka$e! at all level! an an 'n er!tan in$ t=at t=e militar% i! 'ni8'e in!tit'tion /it= !tan ar ! t=at ma% not al/a%! .om+ort /it= t=o!e of t=e !o.iet% it efen !. 5=ere i! al/a%! a 1alan.e to 1e !tr'.k 1et/een .ivil ri$=t! an li1ertie! /it=in t=e militar% an militar% effe.tivene!!. 2ven /it=in t=e militar%@ t=ere i! a ifferen.e in t=e e$ree to /=i.= +arti.'lar for.e! .an or !=o'l 1e e3+e.te to mirror !o.iet%. 7 eolo$'e! at eit=er en of t=e !+e.tr'm onl% make it =ar er to a van.e !en!i1le +oli.ie!.
69
Cal 2k6-7
Democracy Add&On
Draft (ey to civic en)a)ement ,a/ren.e 0aplan% !enior e itor T 5=e Ne/ Re+'1li.@ 9@1!@!""+ AHAmeri.a 7 leI@ The ,ew !epublic5=at !o man% of '! !eem not to =a! !omet=in$@ alt=o'$= not ever%t=in$@ to o /it= t=e 8'alit% of o'r lea er!=i+ . -'!= ma% em+lo% =i$=-min e r=etori. a1o't Ameri.aD! +'r+o!e. -'t =i! r=etori. entail! no o1li$ation to a.t. 5=e .o'ntere3am+le of (ranklin Roo!evelt =a! 1e.ome a favorite .li.=e amon$ t=e +re!i entD! .riti.!. An for $oo rea!on. 7f -'!= =a!@ in !ome re!+e.t!@ follo/e in t=e foot!te+! of (DR a1roa @ =e =a! $overne more like ;arren #ar in$ =ere at =ome. FNo le!! t=an De.em1er 7@ 1941@F t=enNational *e.'rit% A vi!er Con oleeMMa Ri.e anno'n.e in 4.to1er 2003@ F*e+tem1er 11@ 2001@ forever .=an$e t=e live! of ever% Ameri.an.F A1o't 1941 !=e /a! .orre.t. A! t=e famo'! ;orl ;ar 77 +o!ter +'t it@ remem1er +earl =ar1orB /ork--fi$=t--!a.rifi.eZZ An Ameri.an! i . ,e$ion! vol'nteere to Ooin t=e militar% Aan million! more /ere rafte C@ /=ile@ on t=e =ome front@ million! of ot=er! la1ore ire.tl% in !'++ort of t=e /ar effort. 5=e% i !o@ in +art@ 1e.a'!e t=eir +re!i ent a!ke t=em to. 7n 1943@ (DR e.lare t=at FDo.tor Ne/ Deal =a! 1een re+la.e 1% Do.tor ;in t=e ;ar.F An @ t=ro'$= !.ra+ rive!@ rationin$@ /ar 1on !@ an a o'1lin$ of t=eir ta3 1'r en@ t=e +'1li. re!+on e in kin . FNo' !ee t=o!e 1om1er! in t=e !k%@F t=e 7rvin$ -erlin t'ne /ent@ FRo.kefeller =el+e 1'il t=em an !o i 7. 7 +ai m% in.ome ta3 to a%.F 7roni.all%@ a! =i!torian Davi 9enne % o.'ment! in =i! 1ook@ (ree om from (earB 5=e Ameri.an 0eo+le in De+re!!ion an ;ar@ 1929-1945@ (DR felt Flet o/nF 1% t=e Ameri.an +eo+le. 7n 1943@ t=e +re!i ent .om+laine t=at too man% Ameri.an! /ere Fla1orin$ 'n er t=e el'!ion t=at t=e time i! +a!t /=en /e m'!t make +ro i$io'! !a.rifi.e!.F ;=at /o'l =e make of t=e +re!ent eraK 5=e .ir.'m!tan.e! t=at re8'ire ma!! mo1iliMation 'rin$ ;orl ;ar 77 are@ of .o'r!e@ not t=e .ir.'m!tan.e! t=e :nite *tate! .onfront! to a%. 7n -'!=D! tellin$@ =o/ever@ t=e /ar on terrori!m re8'ire! !omet=in$ .lo!er to ma!! emo1iliMation. FGet on 1oar @F =e 'r$e in t=e imme iate aftermat= of *e+tem1er 11. F(l% an enOo% Ameri.aD! $reat e!tination !+ot!. Get o/n to Di!ne% ;orl in (lori a. 5ake %o'r familie! an enOo% life.F A! for !a.rifi.e@ t=e +re!i ent ela1orate @ F7 t=ink t=e Ameri.an +eo+le are !a.rifi.in$ no/. 7 t=ink t=e%Dre /aitin$ in air+ort line! lon$er t=an t=e%Dve ever =a 1efore.F Nor@ in t=e en!'in$ fo'r %ear!@ =a! -'!= a!ke or inar% Ameri.an! to !a.rifi.e m'.= of an%t=in$ el!e.
70
Cal 2k6-7
Civic en)a)ement (ey to participatory democracy modeled )lobally ,a/ren.e 0aplan% !enior e itor T 5=e Ne/ Re+'1li.@ 9@1!@!""+ AHAmeri.a 7 leI@ The ,ew !epublic5=e !i$nifi.an.e of national $reatne!! /a! never t=e movement it !+a/ne @ 1't rat=er t=e moment it en.a+!'late --a min'te@ reall%@ in /=i.= it /a! =o+e t=at !omet=in$ $oo mi$=t .ome from 1a . ;=at it! a =erent! anti.i+ate after *e+tem1er 11 /a! reall% le!! a ret'rn to national $reatne!! t=an a ret'rn to 1a!i. national $oo ne!!@ a .ivi. 8'alit% t=e e3.e!!e! of t=e D90! !eeme to =ave .orro e . Civi. atta.=ment!@ a !en!e of !=are +'r+o!e@ a +ro+en!it% to !a.rifi.e for t=e .ommon $oo --if =i!tori.al +re.e ent offer! an% $'i e@ all of t=e!e !=o'l =ave 1een rene/e in t=e aftermat= of *e+tem1er 11. A! #arvar D! 5=e a *ko.+ol note in =er 2001 !t' %@ F0atrioti. 0artner!=i+!B ;=% Great ;ar! No'ri!=e Ameri.an Civil &ol'ntari!m@F FAmeri.aD! .ivi. vi$or /a! $reatl% en=an.e @ 1ot= follo/in$ t=e national fratri.i e of t=e 1860! an ami !t t=e +l'n$e into $lo1al .onfli.t 1et/een 1917 an 1919.F 5=e +attern =el 'rin$ ;orl ;ar 77 an t=e .ol /ar@ .onfli.t! t=at 1oo!te ever%t=in$ from mem1er!=i+ in vol'ntar% a!!o.iation! to t=e fort'ne! of t=e .ivil ri$=t! movement. An @ %et@ not onl% =a! ever%t=in$ not .=an$e !in.e *e+tem1er 11L not=in$ =a!. A..or in$ to a mo'ntain of attit' inal an 1e=avioral ata .olle.te in t=e +a!t fo'r %ear!@ t=e +o!t- *e+tem1er 11 moo t=at former #omelan *e.'rit% *e.retar% 5om Ri $e '11e Ft=e ne/ normal.%F re!em1le! not=in$ !o m'.= a! t=e ol normal.%. 5=at matter! at =ome@ /=ere t=e toll of .ivi. i!en$a$ement@ /=i.= =a! ran$e from t=e lo!! of .omm'nit% life an it! 1enefit! at t=e lo.al level to t=e =ollo/in$ of +arti.i+ator% emo.ra.% at t=e national level@ =a! 1een /ell-.=roni.le 1% 0'tnam an ot=er!. And it matters abroad% too. An ero!ion of t=e .ommon $oo @ after all@ .an ea!il% !=a e into an ero!ion of .ommon +'r+o!e@ even more !o if t=at +'r+o!e eman ! +'1li. =ar !=i+--!omet=in$ t=e /ar on terrori!m re8'ire!.
71
Cal 2k6-7
72
7on6t solve 13 diminishin) returns to increasin) pay !3 )ro-in) economies dra-s recruits a-ay 43 Ira' deters entry #3 lon) term cost prevents not fleBible enou)h 0=illi+ Carter% attorne% an former Arm% .a+tain@ /riter for 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% and 0a'l *lastris i! t=e e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ March !""+ AH5=e Ca!e for t=e DraftI
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2005"0503..arter.=tmlJ1%lineC A fo'rt= o+tion@ an t=e mo!t o1vio'! one@ /o'l 1e to !im+l% in.rea!e t=e !iMe of t=e a.tive- 't% for.e. 5=i! too =a! 1een i!.'!!e . D'rin$ t=e 2004 .am+ai$n@ *en. Po=n 9err% .alle for in.rea!in$ t=e a.tive- 't% for.e 1% 40@000 troo+!. 6ore re.entl%@ a 1i+arti!an $ro'+ of =a/ki!= efen!e intelle.t'al! +'1li!=e an o+en letter on 5=e ;eekl% *tan ar ;e1 !ite .allin$ on Con$re!! to a 25@000 $ro'n troo+! ea.= %ear for t=e ne3t !everal %ear!. An t=e 0enta$on =a! anno'n.e !ome mone% for e3tra troo+! in t=e a mini!trationD! late!t 1' $et. 5=e +ro1lem /it= !'.= +ro+o!al! i! t=at t=e% 'n ere!timate 1ot= .'rrent man+o/er nee ! an t=e .o!t of for.in$ t=e all-vol'nteer militar% to $ro/. 7n t=eor%@ one .an al/a%! l're t=e ne3t re.r'it@ or retain t=e ne3t !ol ier@ 1% offerin$ a mar$inall% =i$=er monetar% in.entiveE1't in realit%@ t=ere are +ra.ti.al limit! to !'.= mea!'re!. 5=e +ool of +eo+le /=o mi$=t 1e .onvin.e to Ooin t=e Arm% i! mainl% .om+ri!e of =ealt=% %o'n$ +eo+le /it= =i$= !.=ool e$ree! 1't no .olle$e +lan!. 5=at +ool i! in=erentl% limite @ e!+e.iall% /=en t=e e.onom% i! =eatin$ '+ an t=ereD! a !=ootin$ /ar on. ,a!t %ear@ e!+ite !i$nin$ 1on'!e! in t=e ten! of t=o'!an ! an ot=er +erk!@ militar% re.r'iter! =a to lo/er entr% !tan ar ! to meet t=eir enli!tment $oal!. 5=e a.tive for.e met it! re.r'itin$ tar$et! for 2004@ 1't t=e re!erve! =ave fo'n t=em!elve! in.rea!in$l% !tr'$$lin$ to 1rin$ eno'$= !ol ier! in t=e oor. -'t itD! t=e lon$-term .o!t i!!'e! t=at mo!t militate a$ain!t makin$ t=e all-vol'nteer for.e 1i$$er. General! to a% are fon of !a%in$ t=at %o' re.r'it a !ol ier@ 1't %o' retain t=eir familie!. 4ne rea!on t=e Arm% =a! re!i!te Con$re!!D attem+t! to rai!e it! en !tren$t= i! t=at it oe! not /ant to em1ra.e all of t=e .o!t! a!!o.iate /it= +ermanentl% in.rea!in$ t=e !iMe of t=e militar%@ 1e.a'!e it !ee! ea.= !ol ier a! a 30-%ear .ommitmentE1ot= to t=e !ol ier an =i! Aor =erC famil%. A..or in$ to t=e Con$re!!ional -' $et 4ffi.e@ ea.= !ol ier .o!t! G99@000 +er %earEa fi$'re /=i.= in.l' e! me i.al .are@ =o'!in$@ an famil% 1enefit!. 5=e :nite *tate! oe! not ne.e!!aril% nee a ma!!ive !tan in$ militar% all t=e time. ;=at it nee ! i! a =i$=l% traine +rofe!!ional for.e of a .ertain !iMeE/=at /e =ave ri$=t no/ i! fineE1a.ke 1% a ma!!ive !'r$e .a+a.it% of troo+! in re!erve to 8'i.kl% a'$ment t=e a.tive- 't% for.e in time! of emer$en.%. *'re@ ri$=t no/@ t=e Arm% i! li$=t !everal ='n re t=o'!an e+lo%a1le $ro'n troo+!. -'t over t=e lon$ term@ t=e eman ! of 7ra8 /ill !'1!i e@ t=e nee for troo+! /ill e.line@ an it .o'l 1e anot=er e.a e or t/o 1efore anot=er mi!!ion t=at 1i$ .ome! alon$. 5=e +ro1lem i! t=at 'n er t=e all-vol'nteer !%!tem itD! =ar to fi3 t=e !=ort-term +ro1lem Atoo fe/ troo+! no/C /it=o't .reatin$ lon$term +ro1lem! Atoo man% troo+! laterC. An !o@ +a%in$ for t=e !alarie! an 1enefit! an familie! of 50@000 or 500@000 e3tra !ol ier! on a.tive 't% over t=e .o'r!e of t=eir .areer! oe!nDt@ from a militar% !tan +oint@ make !en!e. 0oliti.all%@ it /o'l +'t t=e !enior militar% lea er!=i+ in t=e +o!ition of .onvin.in$ t=e Ameri.an +eo+le to kee+ militar% 1' $et! e3tremel% =i$= to +a% for a ='$e !tan in$ arm% t=at i!nDt 1ein$ '!e an mi$=t not 1e for %ear!. 7t mi$=t 1e +o!!i1le no/ to .onvin.e t=e +'1li. to a anot=er 100@000 !ol ier! Aann'al .o!tB a1o't G10 1illion in +er!onnel .o!t! alone@ not in.l' in$ e8'i+ment an trainin$C. -'t t=e $eneral! ri$=tl% /orr% t=at t=i! !'++ort /ill eva+orate after 7ra8 !ta1iliMe!. 7n ee @ Ameri.an! =ave a lon$ tra ition atin$ 1a.k to t=e /ritin$ of Con!tit'tion@ of ref'!in$ to !'++ort a lar$e !tan in$ militar% 'nle!! t=e nee i! a++arent. A5=e +'1li. +ai for a m'.= 1i$$er allvol'nteer militar% in t=e 1970! an 1980!@ 1't onl% 1e.a'!e of t=e o1vio'! nee to eter a ma!!ive *oviet arm% from t=reatenin$ 2'ro+eL after t=e -erlin ;all fell@ 1ot= +oliti.al +artie! !'++orte 1i$ .'t! in troo+ !tren$t=C. ;=at /e reall% nee i! t=e .a+a1ilit% to ra+i l% mo1iliMe an e+lo% a =alf million troo+! to +roOe.t :.*. +o/er a1roa @ an to 1e a1le to !'!tain t=em in efinitel% /=ile maintainin$ a re!erve /it= /=i.= to !im'ltaneo'!l% en$a$e ot=er enemie!.
73
$eservists fail poor e'uipment not enou)h trainin) 0=illi+ Carter% attorne% an former Arm% .a+tain@ /riter for 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% and 0a'l *lastris i! t=e e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@ March !""+ AH5=e Ca!e for t=e DraftI
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2005"0503..arter.=tmlJ1%lineC A fift= o+tion /o'l 1e to 1'il t=i! !'r$e .a+a.it% into t=e re!erve!@ in!tea of t=e a.tive for.e. :n er t=i! +lan@ /=i.= !ome militar% +er!onnel +lanner! are alrea % i!.'!!in$@ t=e arm% /o'l ra i.all% 1'm+ '+ enli!tment 1on'!e! an ot=er in.entive! to l're va!tl% more %o'n$ +eo+le ire.tl% into t=e re!erve! t=an are 1ein$ re.r'ite no/. *'.= a +lan /o'l =ave t=e a vanta$e of .reatin$ t=e !'r$e .a+a.it% t=e nation nee ! /it=o't !a lin$ t=e nation /it= a lar$e@ !tan in$ +rofe!!ional arm%. -'t t=e i!a vanta$e! are !'1!tantial@ too. (or !'.= a +lan to /ork@ t=e militar% /o'l =ave to make a .ommitment@ /=i.= t='! far it never =a!@ to fi3 t=e le$en ar% re!o'r.e! +ro1lem! an anemi. rea ine!! of t=e re!erve!. A $reat man% re!ervi!t! =ave $one t=ro'$= t=e .r'.i1le of .om1at in Af$=ani!tan an 7ra8@ an %et !till .o+e /it= ve=i.le! t=at la.k armor@ /ea+on! ol er t=an t=e% are@ an a +a'.it% of trainin$ ollar!. Al!o@ t=e arm% /o'l al/a%! Aan ri$=tl%C in!i!t t=at !i$nin$ 1on'!e! for re!ervi!t! 1e !'1!tantiall% 1elo/ t=o!e offere 1% to a.tive- 't% re.r'it!. An even if 1on'!e! an ot=er reen'meration for 1ot= t=e a.tive- 't% an t=e re!erve! /ere to ri!e !'1!tantiall%@ it i! =ar to !ee =o/ t=e re!erve! .o'l l're in a !'ffi.ient n'm1er of re.r'it! /it=o't !i$nifi.antl% lo/erin$ a mi!!ion! !tan ar !. 5=e real a vanta$e of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e i! it! 8'alit%. 7f t=e militar% trie! to re.r'it !o man% !ol ier! t=at it m'!t !'1!tantiall% lo/er it! entr% re8'irement!@ t=en t=e all-vol'nteer for.e /ill lo!e it! 8'alitative e $e. 5=i! e.rea!e in 8'alit% /ill =ave a .a!.a e effe.t on i!.i+line /it=in t=e rank!@ e$ra in$ .om1at effe.tivene!! for t=e!e 'nit!.
74
Cal 2k6-7
75
Cal 2k6-7
76
Cal 2k6-7
A@; Capitalism 0
Draft shatters class distinctions Noel 0och@ a!!i!tant !e.retar% of efen!e an
ire.tor for !+e.ial +lannin$ at t=e Defen!e De+artment from 1981 to 1986@ 7"1" !""# AH;=% ;e Nee t=e Draft -a.kI@ =tt+B""///./a!=in$ton+o!t..om"/+- %n"arti.le!"A19322-2004P'n30.=tmlC 5=e raft !=attere .la!! i!tin.tion!. 7t mi3e =i$= !.=ool ro+o't! /it= .olle$e $ra 'ate!@ ri.= /it= mi le .la!! an +oor. 5o 1e !'re@ t=e raftee! /erenDt =a++% to 1e in t=e Arm%@ an t=e% /ere even le!! =a++% to 1e r'11in$ !=o'l er! /it= t=o!e of '! /=o vol'nteere . 5=ere /a! fri.tion from 1a!i. trainin$ t=ro'$= a van.e trainin$ an @ /it= le!!enin$ =eat@ into a!!i$nment to o'r +ermanent 't% !tation!. Name-.allin$ /a! a re$'lar feat're of o'r live!B ;e /ere Flifer!@F Flo!er!@F FG7R-!F AG7 rat 1a!tar !C@ et.. ;e =a o'r o/n name! for t=e raftee!. -'t t=e e '.ate learne to val'e t=o!e /it=o't .olle$e e$ree!@ an t=e 'ne '.ate @ =el+e alon$ 1% t=e G7 -ill@ i!.overe t=at =i$=er learnin$ mi$=t 1e /it=in rea.= after all.
77
Cal 2k6-7
A@; ,sychoanalysis 0s
,sycholo)ical resistance and ideolo)y is -hat prevents the draft from happenin) fiat solves the 0 C=arle! Mos(os@ 0rofe!!or of *o.iolo$% at Nort=/e!tern :niver!it% and 0a'l *lastris@ e itor in .=ief of 5=e ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l% an a !enior fello/ at t=e ;e!tern 0oli.% Center@ Nov3 !""1 AHNo/ Do No' -elieve ;e Nee a DraftI@ ;a!=in$ton 6ont=l%@
=tt+B""///./a!=in$tonmont=l%..om"feat're!"2001"0111.mo!ko!.$la!tri!.=tmlC No 0eelin$ 0otatoe! Rein!tit'tin$ t=e raft i! t=e o1vio'! /a% to meet t=e !' enl% in.rea!e man+o/er nee ! for militar% an =omelan !e.'rit%. 5=i! fa.t /o'l =ave !eeme o1vio'! to +revio'! $eneration! of Ameri.an!. 5=at to a% /e arenDt even talkin$ a1o't a raft it i! a mea!'re of t=e ee+ +!%.=olo$i.al re!i!tan.e Ameri.an! =ave evelo+e to an%t=in$ t=at !ma.k! of t=e !tate .om+ellin$ an%one to o an%t=in$. 7 eolo$% +la%! a role =ere. 7n $eneral@ t=e left oe!nDt like t=e militar%@ an t=e ri$=t oe!nDt like an%t=in$ t=at interfere! /it= t=e market+la.e. ;=en it .ome! to national nee !@ t=e left 1elieve! in !omet=in$ for not=in$@ t=e ri$=t in ever% man for =im!elf. 5=e +!%.=olo$i.al re!i!tan.e al!o $ain! .omfort from ar$'ment! ma e 1% t=e o++onent! of t=e raft an 1% t=e militar% =ierar.=%@ /=i.= al!o re!i!t! a ret'rn to .on!.ri+tion. A5=e militar% re!i!t! t=e raft lar$el% 1e.a'!e it re!i!t! all .=an$eL it o++o!e en in$ t=e raft in 1973C.
78
Cal 2k6-7
A@; Militarism 0
,ersonal sta(e ends passivity of anti&-ar movement Ne- Oor( Observer@ 6a% 31@ 20"# AH#ere<! Ne/ (a.e of :.*. 6ilitar%IC An /=ile t=e left often a!!ert! t=at 7ra8 i! re.a+it'latin$ &ietnam@ t=e 1i$ im+rovement from t=e militar%D! !tan +oint i! t=e +a!!ivit% of t=o!e /=o o++o!e t=e /ar. 0oll n'm1er! !'$$e!t t=at o++o!ition i! /i e!+rea . -'t t=e .am+'!e! are 8'iet. 5=ere =avenDt 1een 1i$ anti-/ar emon!tration!. FAll t=e emon!tration! are on t=e tele+=one@F !ai 2mile 6ilne@ an ai e to Con$re!!man Ran$el. (or all t=eir ve=emen.e a$ain!t t=e /ar@ t=e affl'ent arenDt /akin$ '+ /it= ni$=tmare! a1o't t=eir .=il ren. 7f +rivile$e %o't= /ere .alle '+on to make t=e $reate!t !a.rifi.e t=at a !o.iet% eman ! of it! .itiMen!@ t=i! /ar /o'l +ro1a1l% 1e en e in an in!tant. F5=e e.i!ion! a1o't t=i! /ar are 1ein$ ma e 1% +eo+le /it= no +er!onal !take@F !ai Nan.% ,e!!in A/=o !ai t=at on t=ree o..a!ion! =er or$aniMation trie to !+eak to Po=n 9err% a1o't t=e /ar@ an on t=ree o..a!ion! =e .o'l not make time for t=emC. 4r a! Con$re!!man Ran$el !ai @ F7tD! ea!% to make t=e e.i!ion to $o to /ar if %o' onDt e3+e.t an '+roar.F
2niversal service hed)es a)ainst use of the military to define societies6 values Diane #. Ma1ur@ :niver!it% of (lori a ,evin Colle$e of ,a/@ !""4 A32 #of!tra ,. Rev. 553C
;e live in a time in /=i.= t=e militar% i! +ortra%e a! an in!tit'tion t=at not onl% +rote.t! t=e val'e! of t=i! .o'ntr%@ 1't i! often a!ke to efine t=em. 7t /a! no .oin.i en.e@ for e3am+le@ t=at Gr'tter v. -ollin$er n33 $ro'n e it! re.ent a++roval of affirmative a.tion in =i$=er e '.ation in lar$e +art on t=e e3i!ten.e of !imilar a mi!!ion +oli.ie! at ;e!t 0oint@ Anna+oli!@ an t=e Air (or.e A.a em%. 6ilitar% O' $ment /a! a++lie @ /it=o't o1Oe.tion 1% t=e i!!enter!@ to .orro1orate a O' i.ial fin in$ of .om+ellin$ +'r+o!e 'n er t=e 28'al 0rote.tion Cla'!e@ an a1!ol'tel% e3traor inar% '!e of militar% +oli.% in e.i in$ a .on!tit'tional 8'e!tion. n34 P'!ti.e 4DConnorD! 'n!+oken a!!'m+tion U\564V !eeme to 1e t=at if t=e militar% 1elieve it /a! a++ro+riate an 1enefi.ial to a mit !t' ent! to it! a.a emie! on a ra.e-.on!.io'! 1a!i!@ t=en 1% efinition t=e +ra.ti.e .o'l not 1e .on!tit'tionall% invi io'!. 0er=a+! t=e !te+ taken in Gr'tter /a! not !'r+ri!in$. 6ilitar% +er!+e.tive! on la/@ moralit%@ or er@ an i!.i+line are no/ fre8'entl% vie/e @ 1% all t=ree 1ran.=e! of $overnment@ a! mo el! to /=i.= t=e re!t of '! !=o'l a!+ire@ an t=e evelo+ment rai!e! no +arti.'lar noti.e or .on.ern. Re!ear.= !'$$e!t!@ =o/ever@ t=at t=e mo!t .on!tit'tionall% .orro!ive a!+e.t of t=e .ivil-militar% $a+ ma% 1e t=e tem+tation it .reate! for $overnment to '!e t=e militar% not for it! +rofe!!ional e3+erti!e in t=e !kill! of /ar@ 1't for +oliti.all% +arti!an +'r+o!e! /it=in t=e ome!ti. !+=ere. 5=e mo!t effe.tive /ea+on a$ain!t mi!'!e of a lar$e !tan in$ militar% for +oliti.all% +arti!an +'r+o!e! al/a%! =a! 1een@ +er=a+! .o'nter-int'itivel%@ a re8'irement for 'niver!al militar% !ervi.e@ or at lea!t 'niver!al eli$i1ilit% for militar% !ervi.e. 5=i! i! /=% +ro$re!!ive! lo!t t=e /ar /=en t=e% lo!t t=e raft.
,ost&draft military romantici1ed & ensures uncritical acceptance of military decisionma(in) Diane #. Ma1ur@ :niver!it% of (lori a ,evin Colle$e of ,a/@ !""4 A32 #of!tra ,. Rev. 553C
7n a +o!t- raft .ivilian !o.iet% t=at =a! lo!t m'.= of it! .ommon 1a!e of e3+erien.e /it= militar% !ervi.e@ t=i! in.rea!in$ i!tan.e in t=e .ivil-militar% $a+ /ent lar$el% 'nnoti.e o't!i e t=e !mall .omm'nit% of +oliti.al an !o.ial !.ienti!t! /=o !t' % t=e militar%. ;it= rare e3.e+tion@ +rin.i+all% in t=e ver% re.ent /ork of Ponat=an 5'rle% n43 an C=arle! D'nla+@ n44 la/ revie/! =ave ne$le.te t=e !t' % of .on!tit'tional .ivil-militar% relation! 'rin$ t=e all-vol'nteer era. 5=e in ifferen.e of .on!tit'tional e3+ert!@ =o/ever@ al!o refle.t! a 1roa er in ifferen.e a1o't t=e +la.e of t=e militar% in Ameri.a. 4ver t=e la!t $eneration@ .ivilian !o.iet% =a! $ra 'all% evelo+e an 'n'!'al - almo!t virt'al or =%+ot=eti.al - relation!=i+ /it= t=e militar%. A! a r'le@ /e onDt kno/ ver% m'.= a1o't t=e militar% an =ave relativel% little +er!onal e3+o!'re to it@ /=et=er t=ro'$= o'r o/n militar% !ervi.e or t=e !ervi.e of famil% U\569V mem1er! an frien !@ %et /e =ave more .onfi en.e an tr'!t in t=e militar% t=an /e o in ot=er +'1li. in!tit'tion!. n45 ;e romanti.iMe an i ealiMe t=e militar% /it= little kno/le $e of it! realit%@ t=e !ame militar% t=at@ even after *e+tem1er 11@ 2001@ t=ere i! !till no $reat r'!= to Ooin. n46 ;e re!erve a !+e.ial +e e!tal for t=o!e /=o !erve in 'niform@ 1't from a i!tan.e /e !eem to a!!'me t=at t=e eman ! of militar% !ervi.e are 1e%on t=e .a+a1ilit% of t=e t%+i.al Ameri.an /=o mi$=t@ in anot=er a%@ =ave !erve a! t=e 'ne3.e+tional F.itiMen-!ol ier.F n47 *im+l%@ /e are in 'n.riti.al a/e@ a! are too man% mem1er! of t=e Co'rt /=en a!ke to eval'ate t=e militar% 'n er t=e !ame r'le of la/ t=at a++lie! ome!ti.all% to '! all. n48
79
Cal 2k6-7
A@; Militarism
$adical criti'ue al-ays reFected Diane #. Ma1ur% :niver!it% of (lori a ,evin Colle$e of ,a/@ !""4 A32 #of!tra ,. Rev. 553C
7t i! ver% iffi.'lt to .riti8'e .on!tr'.tivel% t=e militar% an t=e =ealt= of .ivil-militar% relation! in t=e +re!ent time. At 1e!t@ an% .riti8'e .arrie! /it= it a .on.ern for t=e !afet% an /ell-1ein$ of !ervi.emem1er! e+lo%e over!ea!. At /or!t@ an% .riti8'e i! i!mi!!e a! 'n+atrioti. or anti-militar%. 2ven ,a'ren.e 5ri1e e3+re!!e !ome tre+i ation in /ritin$ a1o't -'!= v. Gore n49 in a +o!t*e+tem1er 11 /orl 1e.a'!e =e /a! .on.erne t=at .riti.i!m of t=e Co'rtD! r'lin$ mi$=t 1e taken to imini!= t=e a't=orit% of t=e Comman er in C=ief in an era of =ei$=tene national efen!e. n50 P'!t a! 5ri1e 1elieve t=at .ir.'m!tan.e! +rovi e more rea!on@ not le!! rea!on@ to +'1li!= =i! i!!ent@ 7 1elieve t=at /e a! a !o.iet%@ no/ even more t=an 1efore *e+tem1er 11@ nee to 'n er!tan /=% .ivil-militar% relation! 'n er t=e Con!tit'tion =ave eteriorate . 5=e rea er !=o'l remem1er t=at a .riti8'e of t=e all-vol'nteer militar% i! not inten e a! .on emnation of in ivi 'al !ervi.emem1er!@ t=e i entifi.ation of .'lt'ral tren ! /it=in t=e militar% oe! not mean t=at ever% !ervi.emem1er =a! .ontri1'te to t=at tren @ an t=e re.o$nition t=at .ertain .=ara.teri!ti.! of t=e militar% .omm'nit% are 'nre+re!entative or i!+ro+ortionatel% =i$= or lo/ in .om+ari!on to t=e U\570V .ivilian .omm'nit% oe! not mean t=at ever% !ervi.emem1er !=are! t=at .=ara.teri!ti.. 4ne .an .riti.iMe t=e militar% o't of lo%alt% to it! .on!tit'tional i eal /it=o't 1ein$ i!lo%al to t=e militar% or to t=e .itiMen! Aan non-.itiMen!C /=o !erve in 'niform. ;it= t=at 'n er!tan in$ in min @ 0art 7 /ill revie/ an eval'ate t=e e3ten!ive em+iri.al re!ear.= 'n ertaken in re!+on!e to t=e .on.ern! rai!e 1% Ri.k! an #ol!ti.
Nuestionin) volunteerism (ey to understandin) the ne- military Diane #. Ma1ur% :niver!it% of (lori a ,evin Colle$e of ,a/@ !""4 A32 #of!tra ,. Rev. 553C
;it=o't o'1t@ t=e mo!t im+ortant t=in$ t=at .ivilian! o not 'n er!tan a1o't t=e :nite *tate! militar% to a% i! =o/ m'.= it =a! U\560V .=an$e in t=e la!t $eneration. 5=i! +oint .annot 1e over!tate . 5=e militar%D! .=ara.ter at t=e t'rn of t=i! ne/ .ent'r% .annot 1e e3+laine .om+letel% 1% it! i!tin.tive in!tit'tional re!+on!i1ilit% to fi$=t an /in /ar! or 1% t=e +ara i$mati. rea!onin$ t=at militarie! are t=e /a% t=e% are - an t=e /a% t=e% al/a%! =ave 1een - !im+l% 1e.a'!e t=e% are Fmilitar%.F 6'.= of /=at e3+lain! t=e militar% to a% i! of relativel% re.ent ori$in. A f'n amental !=ift in militar% .'lt're an in .on!tit'tional .ivil-militar% relation! 1e$an /=en a raft-1a!e militar% /a! tran!forme into an all-vol'nteer for.e t=irt% %ear! a$o. 5o a% /e !ee t=e effe.t of a $eneration of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e - /=at !ome =ave in!tea .alle t=e Fall-re.r'itF for.e n23 - an t=e re!'lt i! in man% /a%! not a $oo one. 0eo+le mi!takenl% a!!'me t=e militar% i! /=at it al/a%! =a! 1een@ O'!t 1% t=e inevita1le nat're of t=e in!tit'tion. 5=e% fail to realiMe =o/ m'.= t=eir 'n er!tan in$ i! !=a+e 1% /=at t=e militar% =a! 1e.ome in t=e era of t=e all-vol'nteer for.e after &ietnam@ t=e onl% militar% t=e% =ave kno/n.
80
Cal 2k6-7
A@; ush ad DA
No capital no- can6t lose anymore 0a'l 0ane% 6arine /=o !erve in 7ra8 an a fello/ at t=e 9enne % *.=ool of Government@ 4"20" !""/ AHA 0ea.ef'l Call to Arm!I@
Ne/ Nork 5ime!C ,resident ush =a! t=e +erfe.t .re ential! over!ea! to e3e.'te t=i! move@ an little +oliti.al .a+ital at =ome to lo!e at t=i! !ta$e. 0oll! .onfirm t=at a /i e maOorit% of +eo+le in man% .o'ntrie! vie/ =im an t=e :nite *tate! a! t=e maOor t=reat to $lo1al +ea.e. ;=% let t=em o/n on t=i! .o'ntK Go /it= t=e flo/. 0re!i ent Ronal Rea$an /a! t=e +a!t ma!ter of '!in$ t=i! !trate$% 'rin$ t=e .ol /ar. Rea$an .a+italiMe on =i! ima$e a! t=e ma man at t=e =elm to kee+ t=e R'!!ian! off 1alan.e@ '!in$ t=e !i$n! of /ar to i!!'a e o'r foe! an avert a.t'al /ar. ,resident ush !=o'l take a +a$e from Rea$anD! +la%1ook.
81
Cal 2k6-7
*O, Supports
,olitics have chan)ed bush supports no- and republicans are startin) to support 2.P. Dionne@ Pr.@ !enior fello/ in t=e -rookin$! Governan.e *t' ie! +ro$ram an a .ol'mni!t for t=e )ashington .ost. And 9a%la 6eltMer Dro)os1@ re!ear.= anal%!t for t=e +roOe.t on Reli$ion an Civil *o.iet% in t=e Governan.e *t' ie! 0ro$ram@ <all !""!
A-rookin$! Revie/@ =tt+B""///.1rookin$!.e '"+re!!"revie/"fall2002" ionne.=tmC Ne!@ /e =ave .=an$e !in.e *e+tem1er 11@ 2001. Re!+e.t for !ervi.e !oare a! t=e nation for$e a ne/ an !tron$er !en!e of !oli arit% in t=e fa.e of ea l% enemie!. ;=at =a! 1een !ai !o often in t=e +a!t %ear !till 1ear! re+eatin$B o'r vie/ of =eroe! 'n er/ent a remarka1le@ an !' en@ .=an$e. 5=e ne/ =eroe! are +'1li. !ervant!E+oli.e@ firefi$=ter!@ re!.'e /orker!@ +o!tal /orker! /=o!e live! /ere t=reatene @ o'r men an /omen in 'niformEnot C24!@ =i$=-te.= /iMar !@ ro.k !tar!@ or !+ort! fi$'re!. At a time /=en .itiMen! fo.'! on 'r$ent national nee !@ t=o!e /=o !erve t=eir .o'ntr% nat'rall% ri!e in +'1li. e!teem. 7n t=e fa.e of an atta.k t=at im+erile ri.= an +oor@ +o/erf'l an +o/erle!! alike@ it /a! nat'ral t=at@ in *an elD! /or !@ Fa .on.ern for t=e /=oleF an Fa moral 1on /it= t=e .omm'nit% /=o!e fate i! at !takeF 1e.ame more t=an a1!tra.t .on.e+t!. A..or in$l%@ t=e +oliti.! of national !ervi.e al!o =a! 1een tran!forme . 2ven 1efore t=e atta.k! of *e+tem1er 11@ 0re!i ent -'!= =a !i$nale a /armer vie/ of !ervi.e t=an mo!t in =i! +art%. 7n .=oo!in$ t/o Re+'1li.an !'++orter! of t=e i eaEformer 6a%or *teve Gol !mit= of 7n iana+oli! an ,e!lie ,enko/!k%Eto =ea =i! a mini!trationD! !ervi.e effort@ -'!= ma e .lear =e inten e to take it !erio'!l%. -'t after *e+tem1er 11@ =e ma e !ervi.e a .entral t=eme of =i! a mini!tration. 7n =i! *tate of t=e :nion me!!a$e@ =e .alle on Ameri.an! to $ive t/o %ear! of !ervi.e to t=e nation over t=eir lifetime! an anno'n.e t=e .reation of t=e :*A (ree om Cor+!. 7t /a! a +atrioti.@ +o!t-*e+tem1er 11 $lo!! on t=e ol Clinton i ea!Ean t=e i ea! of Po=n 9enne %@ ,%n on Po=n!on@ an =i! fat=er@ t=e fir!t 0re!i ent -'!=@ /=o offere t=e nation a t=o'!an +oint! of li$=t.
*O, secretly supports the draft preparin) for it behind the scenes there6ll be no bac(lash Davi Aindorff% inve!ti$ative Oo'rnali!t@ t/o-time ('l1ri$=t !.=olar@ 10"8"!""#
A=tt+B""///.+ri!on+lanet..om"arti.le!"o.to1er2004"081004 raftint=eair.=tmC (ri$=tene !ill% 1% t=e floo of ne/! !+e.'latin$ a1o't a .all-'+ aro'n t=e .orner-Demo.rati. +re!i ential .an i ate Po=n 9err% /a! a.t'all% a!ke a1o't it at a .am+ai$n Fto/n meetin$F an !ai t=at /=ile =e /o'l not !'++ort a Draft@ =e .o'l nDt !+eak for -'!=--t=e Re+'1li.an! =ave re!+on e 1% killin$ t=e Ran$elD! #o'!e 1ill. -'!= al!o ma e a +oint-or re.ite a +oint t=at /a! rea into =i! ear-+ie.e A!ee t=e arti.le 1elo/ a1o't =i! +erforman.e in t=e 6iami e1ateZC-a1o't t=e /ar in 7ra8 1ein$ fo'$=t F1% a vol'nteer arm%F. 6ore re.entl%@ Defen!e *e.retar% Donal R'm!fel /ei$=e in@ !a%in$ t=ere i! no +lan for a raft @ an .laimin$ t=at 9err%D! in!in'ation t=at -'!= mi$=t =ave to t'rn to .on!.ri+tion /a! Ff'll of it.F -'t t=i! Re+'1li.an 0R effort !=o'l not 1e taken too !erio'!l%. A! t=e a mini!tration an t=e Re+'1li.an ominate Con$re!! +rove /it= t=e :*A 0A5R745 A.t@ /=i.= /a! t=ro/n to$et=er in a .o'+le of a%! in late 2001 an +a!!e /it= no =earin$! /=ile t=e ink /a! !till r%in$ on t=e .o+ie! of t=e 1ill@ it oe!nDt take lon$ to intro '.e an ram t=ro'$= a 1ill in Con$re!!-+arti.'larl% a Re+'1li.an 1ill !o'$=t 1% t=e +re!i ent. -e!i e! /e kno/ Aa! 7 /rote in an e3+o!e 1a.k in 2003 in *alon ma$aMine /=i.= O'!t /on me a F6o!t Cen!ore *tor%F a/ar from 0roOe.t Cen!ore C@ t=at t=e -'!= a mini!tration an t=e 0enta$on =ave 1een 1'!il% re!taffin$ t=e '!t% lo.al an re$ional raft 1oar ! t=at are t=e .r'.ial ='man ma.=iner% of t=e *ele.tive *ervi.e *%!tem. An t=ere i! t=i! matter of =o/ %o' fi$=t a /ar like t=e one in 7ra8 /=en %o'Dre r'nnin$ o't of troo+!. Col. Davi #. #a.k/ort=@ one of t=e .o'ntr%D! mo!t e.orate !ol ier!@ t=ink! 9err% an t=e +eo+le +a!!in$ aro'n /orrie email! =ave it ri$=t. (or one t=in$@ =e note! t=at R'm!fel F=a! 1een flat /ron$ on ever% maOor militar% .all re$ar in$ 7ra8.F
82
Cal 2k6-7
Dems Support
,o-erful dems li(e Clar(% Murth and S(elton support ;he 5ill% 7"29"!""# A=tt+B""///.t=e=ill..om"ne/!"072904"militar%.a!+3C
Retire Gen. ;e!le% Clark@ a former +re!i ential =o+ef'l /=o =a! no/ en or!e 9err%@ /arne t=at t=e vol'nteer-for.e .on.e+t i! at H$rave ri!kI an t=at t=e raft !=o'l 1e t=e la!t re!ort. #e !ai @ H;e 1etter 1e t=inkin$ a1o't t=e raft or =ave it a! a fall1a.k. ;e<ve $ot to 1e =one!t /it= t=e .ommitment t=at /e<re fa.e /it=. ;e<ve $ot a1o't t/o %ear! to fi3 t=e!e U!=orta$eV +ro1lem! 1efore t=e 1ill .ome! 'e.I Re+. Po=n 6'rt=a AD-0a.C@ rankin$ mem1er of t=e A++ro+riation! Defen!e *'1.ommittee@ on a +anel i!.'!!ion at *'ffolk :niver!it%@ a e B H5=e onl% /a% to in.rea!e t=e !iMe of t=e arme !ervi.e! fairl% i! /it= a raft.I -'t Re+. Pim 5'rner AD-5e3a!C@ rankin$ mem1er of t=e #omelan *e.'rit% Committee@ !ai t=e raft i! not %et ne.e!!ar%. 5'rner@ al!o a mem1er of t=e Arme *ervi.e! Committee@ a e @ H;e nee to 1e +re+are to =ave one@I e!+e.iall% if t=ere i! anot=er maOor .onfli.t in t=e /orl . #o'!e Arme *ervi.e! Committee rankin$ mem1er 7ke *kelton AD-6o.C al!o !'$$e!te in.rea!in$ t=e n'm1er of a.tive- 't% troo+! 1% 40@000. *'!an Ri.e@ an a vi!er to 9err% on national-!e.'rit% i!!'e!@ .ite t=e !ame n'm1er at a +re!! .onferen.e %e!ter a%.
83
Cal 2k6-7
ush ,ush Noush pushin) for military service in national service a)enda
,o'i! Caldera% vi.e .=an.ellor for 'niver!it% a van.ement for t=e California *tate :niver!it% !%!tem@ former@ !e.retar% of t=e Arm%@ <all !""! A-rookin$! Revie/@ =tt+B""///.1rookin$!.e '"+re!!"revie/"fall2002".al era.=tmC 0re!i ent -'!= =a! in.l' e t=e militar% in =i! re.ent national !ervi.e +ro+o!al!@ 1't .reatin$ ne/ o++ort'nitie! for militar% !ervi.e t=at +arallel .ivilian !ervi.e /ill not 1e ea!%. 5=e militar% it!elf =a! !tr'$$le to fin /a%! to em1ra.e t=e .on.e+t of more %o'n$ +eo+le !ervin$ !=orter to'r! of 't% /it=o't .om+romi!in$ t=e re8'irement! of militar% .o=e!ivene!! an rea ine!!@ +arti.'larl% in t=e era of t=e =i$=-te.= 1attlefiel . 5o a%D! re.r'itment an trainin$ .o!t! are =i$=. -e.a'!e !ervi.e mem1er! often train for a %ear or more 1efore arrivin$ at t=eir fir!t 'nit@ t=e militar% !ervi.e! +refer fo'r- to !i3-%ear enli!tment .ontra.t! an +'t a +remi'm on retainin$ !kille .areeri!t!. 6oreover@ =i$= +er!onnel t'rnover at t=e 'nit level e$ra e! 'nit .o=e!ivene!!. 5eam! never 8'ite $el a! ne/ re.r'it! kee+ movin$ in an o't of t=e rank!. 5rainer! an lea er! rarel% $et to =one =i$=er-or er team .om+eten.ie! a! t=e% .on!tantl% /ork to re1'il 1a!i. one!. *o it /ill not 1e a! !im+le a! man atin$ !=orter to'r o+tion!-a +ro+o!al t=at man% in t=e militar% !'!+e.t /ill 1rin$ into t=e rank! !ol ier! /=o are not reall% .ommitte to t=e +ro+o!ition t=at t=e% m'!t train a! if /ar i! imminent an t=at t=e% /ill 1e t=e one! to fi$=t it.
84