Impedance Algorithm for Protection of Power Transformers

R. E. Torres, Student Member, IEEE, A. H. Osman, Member, IEEE, O. P. Malik, Life Fellow, IEEE
AbstractA new impedance algorithm to protect power transformer is presented in this paper. The algorithm is based on three currents and three voltages measured at each side of the transformer. An edge detection technique using fast Fourier transform (FFT) provides inputs for an impedance scheme to properly detect and isolate faults within the transformer protection zone. The magnitudes of the current and voltage phasors on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer are compared to the low-voltage (LV) side magnitudes for detection and classification of faults. This algorithm has been tested with and without generation on the LV side of transformer and it has been compensated for weak power infeed on the LV side and for the fault resistance effect. Faults at 95% of the winding have been successfully identified on both sides of the power transformer in less than six cycles of the fundamental frequency. Index TermsImpedance algorithm, impedance scheme, power infeed, edge detector, fast Fourier transform.
138 kV

25 kV Es T2 138/25kV 25 MVA

BTB

Er
Legend

Circuit Breakers LTC transformer Load CTs PTs

138 kV 25 kV T1 138/25kV 25 MVA

Fig. 1. 138 kV/25 kV Substation Model.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE typical solution for protection of power transformer is the differential protection. However, there are difficulties that must be addressed in order to make this application practical, such as the magnetizing inrush current; the different voltage levels; the phase shifts in wye-delta winding connections and the transformer taps for voltage control. In addition to this, the case of heavy internal faults has caused delays in the differential protection operation or even operation failures. A CIGRE survey for the period 1995-1996 [1] states that the differential protection fails to operate for internal faults or operates for external faults in 3% of cases. Nevertheless, some of these problems can be mitigated or prevented if the differential protection is improved. These improvements include: the biased differential scheme to prevent magnetizing inrush current conditions [2], the use of a delta CT connection with a star connected transformer winding to alleviate the phase shifts in wye-delta winding connections and the internal-external fault discriminator based on the negative-sequence differential current to diminish the heavy internal faults [3]. The aforementioned indicates that there is a need to either eliminate these disadvantages or propose alternative solutions. The impedance algorithm as an alternative solution for protection of power transformers is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to determine the harmonic magnitude and phase of the input signal as a function of time.

Three current signals and three voltage signals measured at each side of the transformer are sampled before they are decomposed into harmonic constituents for the impedance scheme modeled into the Power System Computer Aided Design Program (PSCAD). A simplified representation of an existing substation with two transformers in service and distributed generation (DG) connected to the LV side of transformer number one is shown in Fig. 1. This transformer is selected to assess the impedance algorithm under different substation configurations. The performed simulation studies prove the effectiveness of this algorithm. II. PROPOSED IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM The proposed impedance algorithm consists of three modules. The first module is a fast phasor estimation using FFT. The second module is the fault detection via an edge detection technique. The third module is the impedance scheme developed to properly discriminate and isolate faults. A. Phasor Estimation Several of the existing protection relays offered in the market today use Fourier transform for phasor estimation purposes [4]. This precedent is a strong indication that Fourier analysis could comply with the minimum protection and relaying requirements for transformer protection such as selectivity, reliability, stability, speed and sensitivity. However, it is recognized that this estimation might be executed by other innovative transforms. Fast Fourier transform is an efficient algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse. This algorithm reduces the number of computations needed for N points from 2N2 to 2N lg N, where lg is the base-2 logarithm. When the function to be transformed is not harmonically related to the sampling frequency, the response of an FFT looks like a sinc function. Let x0,..., xN-1 be complex numbers.

The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. (emails: retorres@ucalgary.ca; aosman@ucalgary.ca; maliko@ucalgary.ca)

2008 IEEE.

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

Then, DFT is defined by the formula:

X k = xn e
n =0

N 1

2 i nk N

(1)

where k = 0,..., N 1
Fast Fourier transforms are of great importance to a wide variety of applications, from digital signal processing and solving partial differential equations to algorithms for quick multiplication of large integers. In this research, FFT is used for the phasor estimation as an online component able to process signals consisting of power frequencies (typically 50 Hz and 60 Hz) and its harmonics. The sequence components are computed based on a simple transformation equation [5]:
1 V0 1 = V + 1 3 1 V

Fig. 1, dictates which of the two possible types of modules are employed to detect the fault. If the position of the BTB contacts is open, then the detection module uses the root mean square (RMS) values of the primary current only as an input signal for the edge detection due to a weak power infeed on the secondary side.
Output for Positive Transition

Output for No Transition

Inpu
Output for Negative Transition

Output

The edge detection technique utilizes an edge detector and

Fig. 2. Configuration of the Edge Detector Component

1 1120o 1 120o

Va 1 120o V b 1120o Vc

(2)

The above transformation is also applicable to the current signals. The frequency scanning performed in this component involves three data processing stages. The first stage is the low-pass filtering (anti-aliasing). It is an anti-aliasing filter applied at all times due to the inherent aliasing effects in the input signal. The second stage is sampling with Fourier transform. The sampling rate is written to a buffer and is selected to be 16 samples/cycle of the fundamental frequency in accordance with the Nyquist theorem. This theorem states that data sampling is performed at a frequency greater than twice the highest harmonic frequency of interest, which is the seventh harmonic for this algorithm. The harmonic computations are based on a standard FFT technique used in digital signal processing. The basis function for computation of phase angle is determined to be a fundamental frequency cosine waveform starting at time = 0. The third stage is phase and magnitude error correction. Three currents and three voltages from each side of the transformer are computed online, at each sampling instance, and are based on a sampled data window of the preceding input signal cycle. Using the linear interpolation technique the input is calculated at a sampling instance with minimal error. Since the number of samples in a window represents a period of the fundamental frequency, the dynamics of a cycle preceding a sample are captured in the computations for every complete data window available. B. Fault Detection An edge detection technique is used to achieve the fault detection requirements. After frequency scanning, the magnitudes and phase angles of the 16 samples for every proposed window allows calculating the magnitudes and phasing angles of the sequence components for the voltage and current signals. A flowchart describing the proposed algorithm including the fault detection module is shown in Fig. 3. The position of the bus-tie breaker contacts, BTB in

a range comparator connected in series to discriminate whether the fault is located on the primary or secondary winding of the transformer. Fig. 2 illustrates the internal configuration of the edge detector. As shown, the output is dependent on whether the present input is higher than, the same as, or lower than the previous input. When a fault occurs on the primary side of the transformer, the edge detector compares its present input to its input from the previous time step and its output is set to be an edged signal of the RMS primary current. When the increment of the edge step is higher than 1 p.u. with a base unit quantity equal to the nominal values, the range comparator identifies this increase instantaneously and outputs the magnitude and phase angle of the primary positive sequence component for the voltage and current of the faulty phase. Both magnitude and phase angle of this disturbance interval are inputs for the impedance scheme. In case a fault occurs on the secondary side of the transformer, the increment of the edge step falls between less than 1 p.u. and equal to 0 due to the weak power infeed. Under this situation, the fault detection module makes use of the secondary positive sequence magnitudes to create an amplified fault signal on the secondary side of the transformer. In order to produce this fault signal, a sampler, a comparator and an amplifier are needed. The sampler generates low-frequency signals of the secondary positive sequence magnitudes. A sampling frequency of 30 Hz is used for this purpose and the magnitudes of the input signals are affected by the generator status since the generator power varies from 0 to a maximum and likewise the magnitude of the current flowing through the transformer. The comparator contrasts this low-frequency signal with the actual secondary positive sequence magnitude of each phase to identify dips or peaks different than 0 for the voltage and current signals. The amplifier employs a scalar value to increase the magnitude of the fault signals. It is observed that a significant scalar value is required due to the weakness of the magnitudes on the secondary side of the transformer; however, this scalar value has to be conservative enough to avoid producing an in-rush current for the impedance scheme. This amplification

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

Fig. 3. Proposed Impedance Algorithm for Transformer Protection

facilitates the direct classification of the phases involved in the fault; however the fault is also detected at the high voltage side in different phases according to the transformer connection and could be indirectly classified. Once the amplified fault signal is created, the edge detector identifies the signal increment without difficulty and outputs the magnitude and phase angle of the secondary positive sequence components for the voltage and current. Although the detection module operates efficiently for the fault cases presented in this paper, there are some fault cases where the magnitudes of the secondary positive sequence currents are minimally amplified to generate the proper fault signal and, thus, the signals need a second compensation when this situation occurs. The ratio below is selected to enhance the amplified fault signal of each phase:

fault detection less complicated. Under this configuration, the fault detection technique operates identically as stated for faults on the primary side using an edge detector and a range comparator connected in series. The BTB closed position closes the path of power flow along the low voltage (25 kV) bus bar between the two transformers. This path acts as a source on the secondary side of each transformer producing a strong infeed during fault situations. Therefore, there is no need to use a special technique to detect faults on the secondary side of the transformer for this particular case. Moreover, the fault detection modules are identical for faults on either side of the transformer as shown in Fig. 3 above. Similarly, this case can be extended to step-up transformers installed in the generating stations. C. Impedance Scheme The function of the impedance scheme is to collect every sample from the fault detection module and to verify the impedance value of this sample against an impedance characteristic. If the sampling impedance enters into the first zone of the impedance characteristic, a tripping signal is sent to the circuit breakers on both sides of the transformer. Otherwise, when the sampling impedance does not enter into any zone of the impedance characteristic, the circuit breakers of the transformer remain closed and this subsystem is

Ratio =

V1m I1m

(3)

where V1m is the magnitude of the positive sequence voltage and I1m is the magnitude of the positive sequence current of each phase on the secondary side. In case the position of the BTB contacts is close, the transformer receives an infeed from both sides making the

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

considered to be in a stable condition. This scheme is divided in three main sections: the first is the calculation of the impedance values, the second is a model of the proposed impedance characteristic and the third is the blocking scheme used for this impedance module. Having the six magnitudes and the six phase angles of the voltages and currents on both sides of the transformer, the impedance calculation can be determined without difficulty for all kinds of faults. In case of single phase-to-ground faults, the line-to-ground impedance is computed as seen by a ground impedance relay and the output impedance is in rectangular format (R and X). The on-line ground impedance is calculated as follows:

Z phase = K (0) =

V phase I phase (1) + I phase (2) + K (0) I phase (0) Z L (0) Z L (1)

(4)

where Vphase is the estimated phase voltage phasor, Iphase (1), Iphase (2) and Iphase (0) are the positive, negative, and zero sequence components of the estimated phase currents, respectively, and K (0) is the ratio between the zero sequence to the positive sequence impedance of the protected transformer. K varies according to what side of the transformer the zero sequence is seen. As per definition, the zero-sequence impedance represents the total per-phase leakage reactances and resistances of the primary and secondary windings and is equal to the positive-sequence impedance [6]. Specifically for this transformer, the zero sequence impedance ranges from 0.082 to infinity for faults on the secondary and primary side, respectively. In case of phase-to-phase faults, the equation utilized is the following: (only one type of fault between phase a and b is assumed for simplicity)

and if that is greater than a preset time, a power swing condition is detected. In this situation, the impedance module should not operate to disconnect the associated circuit breakers, and tripping of the transformer could be required only at a few selected substations to perform subsystem separation. A two input comparator is used to block trips from zone 1 and zone 2 when an impedance locus exceeds the preset time delay in traversing from zone 3 to zone 2. Due to the logic of the impedance module, a three-phase transformer fault is seen not only by the three-phase impedance unit but also by the phase-to-phase and singlephase impedance units at the same time. Hence, a blocking scheme is required to properly differentiate the faults. Three different input signals are used as the blocking components of this scheme, where each component outputs a blocking signal when the input signal is above the established threshold. The first input signals selected are resistances and reactances calculated per phase and between phases with a threshold equal 0 for three-phase and double-phase faults. During normal conditions the fault impedance measured is zero, however when a three-phase or double-phase fault occurs, positive magnitudes of resistances and/or reactances appear and block the double phase and single phase tripping respectively. The second input signal used is the magnitude of the zero-sequence current with a limit of 0.01 p.u. for singlephase and double-phase to ground faults. The third input signal is the ratio between primary and secondary magnitudes of the negative-sequence current with a threshold equal to 0.2 p.u. for phase-to-phase faults. III. SIMULATION STUDIES The model network shown in Fig. 1 is simulated using PSCAD program. The network is a duplication of an existing substation with two identical 138kV/25 kV 15/20/25 MVA transformers. Each transformer has a delta-wye connection type where the primary winding lags the secondary winding by 30 degrees and the total positive-sequence leakage reactance is equal to 0.082 p.u.. On the HV side of the transformers the generator (Es) represents the bulk system with a terminal voltage equal to 138 kV and 16 degree phase angle. Similarly, on the LV side of the transformer number one the generator (Er) represents a distributed generation system (DG) of 12 MW with a terminal voltage equal to 25 kV synchronized with the system. Power ratings of DG systems vary from milliwatts to megawatts, depending on the application [7]. Only zone 1 and zone 2 are relevant to protect the transformer and its surroundings since faults beyond zone 2 are first protected by other devices. The radius of zone 1 for each circle of the apple characteristic is set to be 0.09 p.u. which provides sufficient impedance area for protection of the positive-sequence leakage reactance including some of the fault resistance effect. Zone 2 is defined to be a high-speed backup of the LV bus bar. If 50 meters is the length of the secondary cables between the transformer and the 25kV bus bar, the radius of Zone 2 for each circle of the apple characteristic is set to be 0.105 p.u. given that the impedance

Z ab =

Va Vb Ia Ib

(5)

Where Va and Vb are the estimated voltage phasors, and Ia and Ib are the estimated current phasors. An apple characteristic is the impedance plane chosen for the transformer protection. This characteristic can be formed using two circles with equal radius, and is defined as the union of the two circles. The apple characteristic is classified as an impedance zone element, which checks whether or not a sample described by inputs R and X, lies inside a specified region on the impedance plane. This shape provides satisfactory protection within the protection zone of the transformer and also serves as a backup protection for system elements connected to the transformer, such as bus bars or feeders. In this particular situation, the apple shape is distorted since the two circles do not intersect each other. In addition to this impedance characteristic, an Out of Step element is added to contemplate the power swing phenomenon. When the impedance locus traverses from the outer power swing blocking zone 3 to the inner zone 2, the Out Of Step (OOS) element checks the time taken to do so

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

of a single core cable is 0.29248 Ohms/km/Phase [8]. CTs and PTs are located around the terminals of the transformer as per Fig.1. Under normal configuration with the BTB opened, the infeed is coming from the HV side. Thus, faults are seeing forward by the HV terminals and backward by the LV terminals. Each circle represents the positivesequence leakage reactance of the transformer in zone 1. When a fault is located on the primary side, the upper circle protects both transformer windings. Likewise, when the fault is located on the secondary side, the lower circle protects them. The model is designed for a non-repetitive single-shot breaker operation since autoreclosing is normally blocked when a transformer is present in the circuit [9]. Also, in accordance with the overcurrent coordination criterion, the transformer protection should be selectively coordinated with the first downstream overcurrent protective device [10]. Thus, zone 2 of the impedance characteristic is set to obey this criterion, although faults on the HV side outside the transformer protection zone 1 might be detected by zone 2. Nonetheless, the infeed from the LV side is weak under normal operation with distributed generation connected to the 25kV bus bar, and consequently backup protection for faults on the HV bus bar is not expected. A. Single Line Faults A solid single line to ground fault (SLG) is applied on phase a of the transformer at 95% of the primary and secondary windings with a load angle of 16 degrees. The fault is produced at 0.3 s after the transformer energization. Behavior of phase a impedance when a fault is applied at 95% of the primary winding of the transformer is shown in Fig. 5. The same characteristic for a fault applied on the secondary winding is shown in Fig. 7. Since the impedances seen by the impedance algorithm vary between these two cases, the calculated impedance magnitudes and tripping times also vary between them. These parameters are clearly shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 8 where the impedance trajectories are drawn. The impedance trajectories show that the fault is applied with zero arc resistance and that final fault resistance and reactance lie inside the first zone circles. Also, these figures not only illustrate the impedance plane of phase a but also the tripping time at the bottom of each figure. The tripping time is named width of the aperture or time window of the simulation, which is 0.6 s. In these types of figures the y axis corresponds to reactances x and the x axis corresponds to the resistances r. The magnitudes with subscripts up and down belongs to the impedance characteristic. It should be observed that internal faults within the last 10% of the winding result in a terminal current of much less than the rated full-load current of the transformer causing undetectable amounts of current [11]. Moreover, for a singlephase fault on a transformer secondary winding, the corresponding primary current will depend on the transformation ratio between the primary winding and the short-circuited secondary turns. This also varies with the position of the fault, so that the fault current in the

transformer primary winding is proportional to the square of the fraction of the winding that is short-circuited. Faults in the lower third of the winding produce very little current in the primary winding, making fault detection by primary current measurement difficult or undetectable [12]. Principally, the transformer earth impedance and the voltage to ground at each winding affect considerably the sensitivity of the differential protections creating an unprotected zone at the end of the winding close to the neutral. Nevertheless, this algorithm is able to rapidly detect and isolate faults up to 95% of the primary and secondary winding for single line-to ground faults and phase-to-phase faults, even when the infeed on the secondary side is insignificant. Utility practices and theory dictate that incipient faults and turn-to-turn faults that are within the 5% left of the winding are not protected with differential protections or mechanical protections such as Buchholz relay [13]. The model utilized to test internal transformer fault is shown in Fig. 4. The model contains eight mutually coupled windings to simulate internal single line-to-ground, double line and double line-to-ground faults on the primary and secondary windings of the transformer. In the figure below, five windings connected in delta represent the primary windings and the other three windings connected in wye correspond to the secondary side. The first two windings from top to bottom compose the winding of phase A on the primary side. They are connected in series and the first of the two windings is modeled to be 95% of phase A winding while the 5% left is modeled on the second winding. Same situation for the next two windings which corresponds to phase B. Phase C is not beaked down in this figure. As indicated the faults are applied to a 95% fraction of the faulty winding from the transformer terminals. This model computes two matrices of order 8 represented by [R] and [L], where [R] contains eight resistances and [L] includes eight self inductances and fifty six mutual inductances among the coils. The resistances and inductances have been calculated using electromagnetism theory and reference papers [14] [15].
Terminals where the fault is produced

Fig. 4. Model with eight-phase mutually coupled windings to simulate internal faults on the primary and secondary windings.

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

Fig. 5. Calculated impedance of phase a for a SLG fault at 95% of the primary winding. Fig. 8. Impedance Trajectory for a SLG fault at 95% of the secondary winding b.

Fig. 6. Impedance Trajectory for a SLG fault at 95% of the primary winding a.

B. Double Line-to-Ground Faults A solid double line to ground fault is applied on phase ab of the transformer with the previous system conditions. As seen from Fig. 9 to 12, the amplification of the secondary current magnitudes produces a faster tripping for faults on the secondary side of the transformer. As well, the magnitude of the impedance on the secondary side decreases due to the same amplification. Both characteristics are also reflected on the SLG faults. Both simulations, SLG and double line to ground, require the special component exposed in Fig. 4. The fault resistance effect is taken into consideration for all simulations. In order to avoid misoperation of the algorithm the voltages and currents seen at the fault inception are estimated to calculate the fault impedance and to compensate the voltages and currents of the faulty phase accordingly. It is important to highlight that most of the faults have been identified between less than one to four cycles of the fundamental frequency, only for the most stringent fault 95% of the winding the tripping time extends to around six cycles of the fundamental frequency. Although faults between phases within a transformer are relatively rare [12], this model has identified and isolated phase-to-phase faults applied at 95% of both windings in less than six cycles of the fundamental frequency.

Fig. 7. Calculated impedance of phase b for a SLG fault at 95% of the secondary winding.

Fig. 9. Calculated impedance of unit ab for a double-phase to ground fault at 95% of the primary winding.

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

and c of the impedance algorithm, when a fault is applied at the primary and secondary bushings of the transformer, respectively, is shown in Figs. 13 and 15. The impedance trajectory for phases a, b and c for the same fault is shown in Figs. 14 and 16. The proposed three-phase fault is only evaluated on the bushings of the primary and secondary sides given that this type of fault frequently emerges on this area. Fault on the secondary side has been detected and isolated in less than 4 cycles while faults on the primary are detected in less than 1 cycle of the fundamental frequency.

Fig. 10. Impedance Trajectory for a double-phase to ground fault at 95% of the primary winding.

Fig. 13. Calculated impedance of phases a, b and c for a threephase fault on the bushings of the primary side.

Fig. 11. Calculated impedance of unit ab for a double-phase to ground fault at 95% of the secondary winding.

Fig. 14. Impedance Trajectory for a three-phase fault on the bushings of the primary side.

Fig. 12. Impedance Trajectory for a double-phase to ground fault at 95% of the secondary winding.

C. Three Phase Faults A solid three-phase fault is applied on the primary and secondary transformer bushings. Based on the aforementioned conditions the fault is produced at 0.3 s after the transformer energization. Behavior of the units a, b

Fig. 15. Calculated impedance for a three-phase fault at the bushings of the secondary windings.

TORRES, OSMAN AND MALIK: IMPEDANCE ALGORITHM FOR PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS 8 [4] Pentti Mhnen and Tapio Hakola, The Rogowski coil and the voltage divider in power system protection and monitoring, Vesa Virtanen, ABB Transmit and ABB Substation Automation Oy, Vaasa, Finland. [5] PSCAD / EMTDC Version 4.2.1 Users Guide, Manitoba-HVDC Research Centre Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2006. [6] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, Electric Power Research Institute, California, 1994. [7] Richard C. Dorf, The Electrical Engineering Handbook CRC Press, 1997. [8] Mike Andrusiw, TransAlta Utilities Corporation, Facilities Planning, June 1998. [9] Power System Relaying Committee, IEEE Guide for Automatic Reclosing of Line Circuit Breakers for AC Distribution and Transmission Lines, IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE-SA Standard Board, ANSI, January 2003. [10] James J. Burke, Power Distribution Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press, 1994. [11] Power System Relaying Committee, IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers, IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE-SA Standard Board, ANSI, March 2000. [12] AREVA, Third Edition of the Protective Relay Application Guide (PRAG), AREVA T&D, 1987. [13] J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J. Domin, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, pp 346, CRC press, 2006. [14] P. Bastard, P. Bertrand and M. Meunier, A Transformer Model for Winding Fault Studies, IEEE Transactions on power Delivery Vol. 9, N 2, pp 690-699; April 1994. Fig. 16. Impedance Trajectory for a three-phase fault at the bushings of [15] P. Bertrand, A. Devalland, P. Bastard, A Simulation Model for the secondary windings. Transformer Internal Fault, Base for the Study of Protection and Monitoring Systems, Electricity Distribution, 1993. CIRED, 12th International Conference on 17-21 May 1993 Page(s):1.21/1 - 1.21/5 vol. IV. CONCLUSIONS 1.

An alternative solution for the protection of a power transformer is presented. The primary and secondary magnitudes of the currents and voltages are inputs for the three components of this impedance algorithm, which are: the FFT phasor estimation, the edge detection technique and the impedance scheme. The results show that primary and secondary faults are fully discriminated and detected within 95% of the windings. Also, faults on the primary and secondary bushings have been tested successfully. The major benefit of this algorithm is the ability to rapidly detect and isolate faults at 95% of the transformer windings in contrast with the uncertain operation of the differential protections for single line-to-ground faults. Since the differential protection does not operate for faults outside the transformer protection boundaries, the advantage to employ this algorithm as a backup protection of the downstream protective devices is unique. Furthermore, this impedance algorithm can be extended to transmission line protection when needed making the adaptability of this device stronger than others. V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

VII. BIOGRAPHIES
R. E. Torres (SM05) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from National Technological University, Tucuman, Argentina, in 1998. In 2001 he received a MBA degree in management from the Tucuman Foundation Institute. Currently, he is working towards a M.Sc. degree at the University of Calgary, Canada. His over 8 years of employment experience includes transmission utilities, consulting companies and residential projects. His special fields of interest include protection and control and power system operation. A. H. Osman (M03) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt in 1991 and 1996 respectively, and the PhD. degree from the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 2003. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Calgary. His areas of interest include power system engineering, microprocessor protection relaying, and power electronics. O. P. Malik (M66-SM69-F87-LF00) graduated in electrical engineering from Delhi Polytechnic, India, in 1952, and obtained the M.E. degree in electrical machine design from the University of Roorkee, India, in 1962. In 1965 he received the PhD. Degree from the University of London, England, and D.I.C. from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. He became professor at the University of Calgary in 1974 and is a faculty professor emeritus. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (London), and a registered Professional Engineer in the provinces of Alberta and Ontario, Canada.

The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the HVDC Research Center, especially Dharshana Muthumuni in the development of the transformer model. VI. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] CIGRE. Study Committee 34. Working Group 01. Final Report: Reliable Fault Clearance and Back-up Protection. Sweden, 1997. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Power System protection, Volume 3, pp. 53-79, Electricity Association Services Limited, 1997. Ivo Brncic, Zoran Gajic and Torbjorn, Transformer Differential protection Improved by Implementation of Negative-Sequence Curents, ABB Power Technologies, AB, Sweden, 2006.