Refresher on Point Defects

Vacancies form during solidification, and as a result of atomic vibrations. Equilibrium number of vacancies increases exponentially with temperature. Self interstitial is atom crowded into interstitial void . In metals this induces large distortions due to high packing factors, and is not highly probable (will exist in low concentrations). - Impurities always exist - Alloys have higher "impurities" -Solvent is host element, solute is element in minor concentration. - Solid solution if random, uniform dispersal of impurities. - Substitution if radii within ~15% (brass is copper .128nm and zinc .133nm -- up to 35% zinc soluble) - Interstitial atoms must be much smaller than host atoms (carbon .071nm is interstitial when added to iron .124nm, with max. concentration ~2%).
William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Solubility Limit:
Maximum concentration of solute dissolvable in solvent

Phase: Homogeneous portion of system with uniform physical and chemical properties (sugar-water, solid sugar)
William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Equilibrium Phase Diagrams

Examples for common materials Binary phase diagram examples

Microstructure of Multiple Phases

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Determination of Phase Amounts

Lever Rule:
%? = L2/(L1+L2) %? = L1/(L1+L2)

L1

L2

Lead

Tin

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Determination of Phase Amounts

Lever Rule:

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Lever Rule Examples

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Lever Rule Examples

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Iron-Carbon System
Steel is not a widely used aerospace material, but if you can understand the iron-carbon system you can apply this to aerospace alloys Well spend significant amount of time on iron-carbon, and you should be able to identify the various phases - Examples, Unit cell structures

Microstructure of Ferrite and Austenite

BCC FCC

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Eutectoid Composition
Single solid ==> Two other solids (e.g. Austenite ==> Ferrite + Cementite)

Diffusion
Material transport by atomic movement Diffusion Couple - Two bars of different material brought into contact - Couple heated for extended period at elevated temperature (below melting point of either) - Couple cooled to room temperature - Alloy region will exist in location of couple, where atoms have diffused into one another
William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Diffusion Couple
- Two bars of different material brought into contact - Couple heated for extended period at elevated temperature (below melting point of either) - Couple cooled to room temperature - Alloy region will exist in location of couple, where atoms have diffused into one another

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Diffusion Mechanisms
Vacancy diffusion: interchange of atom in lattice position and vacancy

Interstitial diffusion: Migration of atom from one interstital position to neighboring empty interstitial position

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Hypoeutectoid Alloy
Austenite

(less than eutectoid): 0.022 to 0.77 wt % C small a particles form along original ? grain boundaries

Ferrite

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Microstructure of Hypoeutectoid Steel

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Hypereutectoid Alloy
Austenite

(greater than eutectoid): 0.77 to 2.11 wt % C small cementite particles form along original ? grain boundaries

Ferrite

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Microstructure of Hypereutectoid Steel

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Alloy Elements Affect Phase Diagram:

Shift in position of eutectoid is significantly altered by presence of alloying elements

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Cast Irons (2.11% C to 4.5% C)

Phase Diagram Microstructure Gray iron (graphite flakes) Ductile iron (graphite nodes) malleable iron (graphite clusters)

Intermediate Solid Solutions:

Six different solid solutions for copper-zinc system Locally behaves as any single or two-phase system

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Ceramic Phase Diagrams

Components are often compounds sharing common element (e.g. oxygen)

(same form as isomorphous copper-nickel)

(similar to lead-magnesium diagram)

William D. Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1985

Isothermal Transformation