In this section, you can find a summary of the essential grammar points covered in this course, and a list

of irregular verbs. A full grammar reference is provided on pages 90109 in the Workbook (WB).

GRAMMAR
TENSES
TENSE OR STRUCTURE Present simple

SUMMARY

FORM POSITIVE
I/You/We/They work. He/She/It works.

NEGATIVE
I/You/We/They do not work. He/She/It does not work. I am not working. He/She/It is not working. You/We/They are not working. I/You/We/They have not worked. He/She/It has not worked.

QUESTION
Do I/you/we/they work? Does he/she/it work? Am I working? Is he/she/it working? Are you/we/they working? Have I/you/we/they worked? Has he/she/it worked?

USE FOR
facts and states habits and repeated actions stative verbs actions happening now temporary situations future use, to talk about planned events or arrangements present situations that started in the past past experiences, without specifying exactly when they took place completed actions or events in the past things which happened repeatedly in the past past states actions in progress at a specific time in the past past actions interrupted by other actions states or actions that happened before other events in the past past habits or situations that are no longer true in the present making predictions or giving opinions about the future spontaneous decisions predictions based on evidence plans and intentions

Present continuous

I am working. He/She/It is working. You/We/They are working. I/You/We/They have worked. He/She/It has worked.

Present perfect simple

Past simple

I/You/He/She/It/We/ They worked.

I/You/He/She/It/We/ They did not work.

Did I/you/he/she/it/ we/they work?

Past continuous

I/He/She/It was working. You/We/They were working. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They had worked. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They used to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They will work.

I/He/She/It was not working. You/We/They were not working. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They had not worked.

Was I/he/she/it working? Were you/we/they working? Had I/you/he/she/it/ we/they worked?

Past perfect simple

used to

I/You/He/She/It/We/ Did I/you/he/she/it/ They did not use to work. we/they use to work? I/You/He/She/It/We/ They wont (= will not) work. I am not going to work. He/She/It is not going to work. You/We/They are not going to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They wont (= will not) be working. Will I/you/he/she/it/ we/they work?

will for future use

be going to for future use

I am going to work. He/She/It is going to work. You/We/They are going to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ They will be working.

Am I going to work? Is he/she/it going to work? Are you/we/they going to work? Will I/you/he/she/it/ we/they be working?

Future continuous

future actions that take place over a period of time future actions that have already been planned events or actions that will be completed by a specific time in the future

Future perfect simple

I/You/He/She/It/We/ They will have been working.

I/You/He/She/It/We/ They wont (= will not) have been working.

Will I/you/he/she/it/ we/they have been working?

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TIME EXPRESSIONS
TIME EXPRESSIONS
an hour / day / week / month ago last month / year / Tuesday yesterday morning / evening when while

MODALS
MODAL VERB (OR
RELATED STRUCTURE)

USE OFTEN USED

with the past simple Example: He left an hour ago.

USE TO
talk about ability

can / cant could / couldnt be able to / not be able to must

express certainty express possibility

to link past simple and past continuous clauses Examples: He left while it was raining. When he left, it was raining. with the present perfect or the past perfect Examples: He has been here since midnight. He had been there for three years.

may / may not (NOT maynt) could / couldnt might / mightnt cant have to / dont have to need to / neednt must (BUT NOT mustnt) should / shouldnt ought to / oughtnt to mustnt

express impossibility express obligation

for since already just yet never / ever still after before until as soon as by the time

give advice make recommendations express prohibition

to link past simple and past perfect clauses Examples: By the time he left, the party had nished. He left as soon as the party nished.

MODAL PERFECT
must have + past participle cant have + past participle may / might have + past participle

USE TO
express a certainty in the past express an impossibility in the past express a possibility in the past suggest an alternative past action express a criticism of a past action

GERUNDS
VERBS
admit avoid cant stand cant imagine consider dont mind enjoy afford agree arrange ask choose decide expect hope begin hate like

AND

INFINITIVES
USE CAN BE USED WITH

could have + past participle should have + past participle

nish imagine mention miss practise report suggest learn manage pretend promise seem tempt want love prefer start

the gerund (-ing form) only

RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUN
when where

USE TO
refer to times refer to places refer to things refer to people express possession

to + innitive only

which / that who / that whose

RELATIVE CLAUSE
the gerund OR to + innitive Dening relative clause Non-dening relative clause

FORM
Shes the girl who helped me. The girl, who was very clever, helped me.

USE TO GIVE
essential information about the noun that they follow extra, non-essential information about the noun that they follow

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CONDITIONALS
FORM
First conditional <if + present simple>, <will + innitive> OR <will + innitive> <if + present simple> Second conditional <if + past simple>, <would + innitive> OR <would + innitive> <if + past simple> Third conditional <if + past perfect>, <would have + past participle> OR <would have + past participle> <if + past perfect>

REPORTED SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES

USE TO TALK ABOUT
possible or probable future events

DIRECT SPEECH
Present simple He said, I watch TV. Present continuous He said, I am watching TV. Present perfect simple He said, I have watched TV. Past simple He said, I watched TV. will He said, I will watch TV. can He said, I can watch TV. must He said, I must watch TV.

REPORTED SPEECH
Past simple He said he watched TV. Past continuous He said he was watching TV. Past perfect simple He said he had watched TV. Past perfect He said he had watched TV. would He said he would watch TV. could He said he could watch TV. have to He said he had to watch TV.

hypothetical present and future situations

hypothetical events in the past

THE PASSIVE
TENSE
Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous Past perfect will be going to

ACTIVE
open is opening has opened opened was opening had opened will open is going to open

PASSIVE
is opened is being opened has been opened was opened was being opened had been opened will be opened is going to be opened

REPORTED SPEECH: REPORTING VERBS

VERB
declare explain say suggest agree offer promise invite order tell apologize (for) suggest

REPORTED SPEECH FORM

verb + that clause Example: He declared that he loved her.

verb + to + innitive Example: She offered to pay for the tickets. verb + object + to + innitive Example: He told her to sit down. verb + gerund Example: She apologized for being late.

Active:

The driver subject

opened verb

the door. object

subject Passive: The door

USE

verb (by + agent) was opened (by the driver).

We use the passive to emphasize the action (= the verb) rather than who or what carried out the action (= the agent).

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