September 26, 2013 MAT240: Linear Algebra Assignment 2 Liliya Aliyeva 996102220

Chapter 2
1. Prove that if (v1 , . . . , vm ) spans V , then so does the list (v1 v2 , v2 v3 , . . . , vm1 vm , vm ) obtained by subtracting from each vector (except the last one) the following vector. Assume (v1 , . . . , vm ) spans V . Recall that span(v1 , . . . , vm ) = {a1 v1 + + am vm : a1 , . . . , am F} Let a1 = b1 , ai = bi bi1 for i = {2, . . . , m} , (b1 , . . . , bm F). Then, a1 v1 + + am vm = b1 v1 + (b2 b1 )v2 + + (bm1 bm2 )vm1 + (bm bm1 )vm = b1 v1 + b2 v2 b1 v2 + + bm1 vm1 bm2 vm1 + bm vm bm1 vm = b1 v1 b1 v2 + b2 v2 b2 v3 + + bm1 vm1 bm1 vm + bm vm = b1 (v1 v2 ) + b2 (v2 v3 ) + + bm1 (vm1 vm ) + bm vm

Since a span is the set of all linear combinations of (v1 , . . . , vm ), if (v1 , . . . , vm ) spans V then so does (v1 v2 , . . . , vm1 vm , vm ). 2. Prove that if (v1 , . . . , vm ) is linearly independent in V , then so is the list (v1 v2 , v2 v3 , . . . , vm1 vm , vm ) obtained by subtracting from each vector(except the last one) the following vector. Recall that a list (v1 , . . . , vm ) of vectors in V is linearly independent if the only choice of a1 , . . . , am F that makes a1 v1 + + am vm equal 0 is a1 = = am = 0. Since (v1 , . . . , vm ) is linearly independent, then a1 v1 + am vm = 0 only if a1 = = am = 0. From exercise 1 above, we know that a1 v1 + + am vm = b1 (v1 v2 ) + b2 (v2 v3 ) + + bm1 (vm1 vm ) + bm vm for a1 = b1 , ai = bi bi1 for i = {2, . . . , m} , (b1 , . . . , bm F). Hence if a1 = 0, then b1 = 0 and the same goes for the rest of bi . Then, a1 v1 + + am vm = 0 0v1 + + 0vm = = 0(v1 v2 ) + 0(v2 v3 ) + + 0(vm1 vm ) + 0vm = =0 Hence, if (v1 , . . . , vm ) is linearly independent so is the list (v1 v2 , v2 v3 , . . . , vm1 vm , vm ). 5. Prove that F is innite dimensional. This is an a priori proof. By denition, a list of vectors has nite length so it is impossible to have a list of vectors of innite length. And because there exists no list of innite length, there is no 1

list of vectors that can span F . (Recall that a vector space is nite dimensional if some list of vectors in it spans the space.) Ultimately, we can also derive this fact by contradiction. Assume that F is nite dimensional. Let dim F = n. We know that (1, 0, 0, . . . , 0), (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , (0, 0, . . . , 1) spans and is a basis of Fn (hence, dim Fn = n). But F = Fn so F cannot be nite dimensional. 6. Prove that the real vector space consisting of all continuous real-valued functions on the interval [0, 1] is innite dimensional. Proof by contradiction. Suppose the real vector space (V ) is nite dimensional, with dim V = n. Let the list of vectors (1, x, x2 , . . . , xn )be linearly independent (and it is of length dim V it is also a basis of V , by Proposition 2.16). However the list of linearly independent vectors (1, x, x2 , . . . , xn , xn+1 ) can equally be a basis of V since the choice of V s dimension (n) was arbitrary. Hence, we get two bases of dierent lengths,which according to Theorem 2.14(any two bases of a nite-dimensional vector space have the same length) is impossible. Hence, V is innite dimensional. 7. Prove that V is innite dimensional if and only if there is a sequence v1 , v2 , . . . of vectors in V such that (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) is linearly independent for every positive integer n. Recall that a list (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) of vectors in V is linearly independent only if whenever a1 v1 + + an vn = 0, a1 = = an = 0. Suppose there is a sequence v1 , v2 , . . . of vectors in V such that (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) is linearly independent for every positive integer n. Then a1 v1 + a1 v2 + + an vn + an+1 vn+1 + = 0 for a1 = = an = an+1 = = 0. Since this is true for every integer n so we can see that there does not exist a list of vectors in V (the list goes on and on, which is no list at all) that spans V , so V is innite dimensional. To prove it the other way suppose that V is innite dimensional. Then there does not exist a list of vectors in V that spans V . We can take a1 = a2 = = an = an+1 = = 0 so that the sequence of vectors in V v1 , v2 , . . ., a1 v1 + a2 v2 + + an vn + an+1 vn+1 + = 0, which means that (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) are linearly independent for all positive integers n. 8. Let U be the subspace of R5 dened by U = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) R5 : x1 = 3x2 andx3 = 7x4 }. Find a basis of U.