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Chapter 3 1.

Nucleus is the largest organelle and it keeps a copy of the genetic material DNA and has a nuclear membrane to keep contents from the rest of the cell -Mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell b/c generates most of the energy -Cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane surrounding the entire cell separating one cell from the other - Cytoplasm is fluid that fills the cell and maintains the cells shape - Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that usually surrounds the nucleus and plays role in protein synthesis 2. Somatic cells are body cells [46 chromosomes] Gametes are sex cells (sperm and ova) [23 chromosomes] 3. Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine AT CG 4. 1. Strand of DNA unzips to form templates 2. Template plus nucleotides (freefloating) yield daughters 5. From one original parental cell involves 1 DNA replication followed by ! cell division (diploid cell [having full set of chromosomes]) 6. Haploid [containing one chromosome from each pair] 1 DNA replication followed by 2 cell divisions * Each parent contributes only of the genetic material (cross-over) random mix or recombination and the genetic material is called haplotypes 7. Dominant visible manifestation of the gene * Recessive the hidden part of the gene 8. Each physical unit passes from parent to offspring independent of other physical units and it applies to genes from different chromosomes * Two alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent, during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm 9. Genotype is the pair of alleles and phenotype is the actual physical appearance 10. Mutation = genetic change * gene flow = new genetic material from 1 pop to another of the same species (sickle-cell anemia) *genetic drift = random change in the frequency of alleles (tsunami on Philipines) *natural selection = survival of the fittest 11. Enzymes (catalyze chemical reaction lactore) structural protein (give structure/support to tissues keratin hair) gas transport proteins (carry vital gases to tissues (hemoglobin oxygen) antibodies (part of immunie system anti-A) hormones (regulate metabolism insulin) mechanical proteins (carry out specific functions or work actin and myosin help muscles contract) nutrients (provide vital nutrients to tissues ovalbumin main protein in white eggs) 12. DNA is the base and RNA does the job in the ribosome DNA unzips mRNA attaches free floating RNA nitrogen bases mRNA (codon) goes to ribosomes on the Endo Reti translation as mRNA to translate the message by ribosome ribosome reads 3 nitrogen bases and makes tRNA anticodon amino acids are attached by peptide bond then we stop! Vocab Genome = complete set of genes in an individual cell Homoplasmic = nuclear DNA, which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type Heteroplasmic = it can differ among different parts of a persons body or even within the same kinds of cells Karyotype = complete set of chromosomes Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) = variatons in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base Cross-over = homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic info during meiosis Recombination = exchange of genetic material resulting from a cross-over Haplotypes = a group of alleles units or blocks of genetic material

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