UNIT CONVERSION Length 1in = 0.0254m 1ft = 0.3048m 1yd = 0.9144m 1mi = 1609.34m Mass 1lb = 453.

6g 1ton = 1x106g 1oz = 28.35g Volume 1dm3 = 1L 1ml = 1x10-3L 1cm3 = 1x10-3L 1m3 = 1x103L 1in3 = 0.016L 1ft3 = 28.32L 1qt = 0.946L 1gal = 4.55L 1pt = 0.473L

TEMPERATURE F = 9/5C + 32 C = 5/9(F 32) K =273.15 + C DENSITY Density = Mass Volume

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS States that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction. The mass of substances produced (products) by a chemical reaction is always equal to the mass of the reacting substances (reactants). LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION No matter what is its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts by mass. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS Tells that in two compounds of the same elements, the mass fraction of one element relative to the other element changes in increments based on ratios of small whole numbers. 1

ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element having different atomic masses.

A Z

Mass number Symbol of atom of isotope

Atomic symbol Atomic no.

MASS PERCENT FROM THE CHEMICAL FORMULA Mass % element X = moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol) mass (g) of 1 mol of compound X 100

STOICHIOMETRY Quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. MOLE CONCEPT 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions, formula units, etc. Avogadros Number = 6.022 x 1023 MOLAR MASS (M) Mass per mole of its entities (g/mol) MOLECULAR MASS Sum of the atomic masses in the molecule EMPIRICAL FORMULA Represents the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound. MOLECULAR FORMULA The true or actual ratio of the atoms in a compound.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION In a balanced equation, the number of elements are stoichiometrically equivalent LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS Limiting reactant the reactant that runs out first in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product formed Excess reactant the reactant present in greater quantities than necessary. THEORETICAL, ACTUAL, AND PERCENT YIELDS Theoretical yield the calculated maximum yield Actual yield the amount of the product actually obtained Percent Yield the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield % Yield = actual yield X 100 theoretical yield

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Molarity (M) expresses the concentration in units of mole of solute per liter solution M= moles of solute liters of soln Dilution MconcVconc = MdilVdil where: M molarity of dilute and concentrated solutions V volume of dilute and concentrated solutions