HW09 - angular momentum conservation and statics: in which we observe the quantity

sin n u =
rp rp
L r p r p to be conserved over the course of a reaction (Ch. 11: P42, P50, P61, P69). Then, in
chapter 12, we find force-sums on complicated structures (Ch. 12: P10, P21, P25, P28, P37, P49).

chapter 11, problem 42: the indicated Figure
gives the torque t that acts on an initially
stationary disk that can rotate about its center like a
merry-go-round. The scale on the t axis is set by
4.0
S
N m t = . What is the angular momentum of
the disk about the rotation axis at times (a) t = 7.0 s
and (b) t = 20 s?

The results may be found by integrating Eq. 11-29 with respect to time, keeping in mind that L
i

= 0 and that the
integration may be thought of as adding the areas under the line-segments (in the plot of the torque versus
time, with areas under the time axis contributing negatively). It is helpful to keep in mind, also, that the area
of a triangle is
1
2
(base)(height),

7.0 20 0
0 0 0
( )
( ) ( )
(7.0 ) ; (20 ) ; (0 ) ;
s s
i
d t
t d t dt dt
dt
s dt s dt s dt
t
t t t
= = = =
= = = = =
} } }
} } }
L
L L L
L L L 0 L
(1.1)

(a) We find that L

= 24
2
kg m / s at t = 7.0 s. (b) Similarly, L

= 1.5
2
kg m / s at t = 20 s.

chapter 11, problem 50: The rotor of an electric motor has rotational inertia
3 2
2.0 10
m
I kg m

= about
its central axis. The motor is used to change the orientation of the space probe in which it is mounted. The
motor axis is mounted along the central axis of the probe; the probe has rotational inertia
2
12
p
I kg m = about
this axis. Calculate the number of revolutions of the rotor required to turn the probe through 30 about its
central axis.

We use conservation of angular momentum:
I
m
e
m
= I
p
e
p
.

The respective angles u
m
and u
p
by which the motor and probe rotate are therefore related by
I dt I I dt I
m m m m p p p p
e u e u = = =
z z


which gives
u
u
m
p p
m
I
I
= =


=

12 30
2 0 10
180000
3
kg m
kg m
2
2
c hb g
.
.

The number of revolutions for the rotor is then

N = (1.8 10
5
)/(360/rev) = 5.0 10
2
rev.


Chapter 11, problem 61: The uniform rod (length
0.60 m, mass 1.0 kg) in Fig. 11-54 rotates in the
plane of the figure about an axis through one end,
with a rotational inertia of 0.12 kg m
2
. As the rod
swings through its lowest position, it collides with a
0.20 kg putty wad that sticks to the end of the rod. If
the rods angular speed just before collision is 2.4
rad/s, what is the angular speed of the rod putty
system immediately after collision?

Angular momentum is conserved in this process:
i f i i f f
L L I I e e = = . Solving for the desired
f
e , and noting
that
i rod
I I = and
f rod putty
I I I = + ,

2
2 2 2
(0.12 )( 2.4 )
1.5 ;
0.12 (0.20 )(0.60 )
rad
i rod i i s
f i
f rod putty
kg m I I I rad
I I I I mL kg m kg m s
e e
e e

= = = = =
+ + +
(1.2)

The in the final answer (1.2) indicates that it really isnt too much trouble to define clockwise as + or
(conventionally, it is negative). Also, notice we did not need the information about the uniform rods 1.0 kg
mass (only its length).

Chapter 11, problem 69: A certain gyroscope consists of a uniform disk with a 50 cm radius mounted at the
center of an axle that is 11 cm long and of negligible mass. The axle is horizontal and supported at one end. If
the disk is spinning around the axle at 1000 rev/min, what is the precession rate?

The precession rate can be obtained by using Eq. 11-46 with r = (11/2) cm = 0.055 m. Noting that I
disk
= MR
2
/2
and its angular speed is

2
2 (1000)
1000 rev/min rad/s 1.0 10 rad/s,
60
t
e = = ~
we have
2
2 2 2 2
2 2(9.8 m/s )(0.055 m)
0.041 rad/s.
( / 2) (0.50 m) (1.0 10 rad/s)
Mgr gr
MR R e e
O= = = ~

chapter 12, problem 10: The system in Fig. 12-26
is in equilibrium, with the string in the center
exactly horizontal. Block A weighs 40 N, block B
weighs 50 N, and angle | is 35. Find (a) tension
T
1
, (b) tension T
2
, (c) tension T
3
, and (d) angle u .

(a) The tension
1
T can be determined by the equation
1
0
y
F =

at the point where string-1 terminates,

1
solve for T 1
1, 1 1
40N
0 cos 49N;
cos cos 35
A
y y A A
w
F T w T w T |
|
= = = = = =

(1.3)

(b) The tension
2
T can be determined by the equation
2
0
x
F =

at the point where string-2 meets string-1,

2
solve for T 2
2, 1, 2 1 2 1
0 cos0 sin sin (49N)sin35 28N;
x x x
F T T T T T T | | = = = = = =

(1.4)

(c) the tension
3
T is obviously the Pythagorean resultant of the forces
2
T and
B
W , as can obviously be seen by
writing the x and y force-balances at the point where string-2 meets string-3,

3 2 3, 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3, 3, 2
3 3,
0
(28 ) (50 ) 57 ;
0
x
x
x y B y
B y
F T T
T T T T W N N N
F W T
= = +
= + = + = + = +
= = +

(1.5)

(d) The angle of string 3 (measured from vertical) is

1 1
28
tan tan 29 .
50
x
y
T
T
u

| |
| |
= = =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .





chapter 12, problem 21: The system in Fig. 12-
36 is in equilibrium. A concrete block of mass 225
kg hangs from the end of the uniform strut of mass
45.0 kg. For angles 30.0 | = and 45.0 u = , find
(a) the tension T in the cable and the (b) horizontal
and (c) vertical components of the force on the strut
from the hinge.


(a) Two angles for later convenience: (1) the angle between the cable and the strut, o, and (2) the angle between
the strut and any vertical force, |,
45 30 15; 90 45 45; o u | | = = = = = (1.6)

Denoting M = 225 kg and m = 45.0 kg, and as the length of the strut, we compute torques about the hinge. Let
into the page be negative, and out of the page be positive; using the right hand rule. The struts CM-
coordinate is at / 2, so the massive struts torque is as if the whole mass of the strut is concentrated there,

( )
( )
2
1
2 solve for T 3 2
0 sin ( )sin ( )sin sin
sin sin
sin 6.63 10 ;
sin sin
i i i T Mg strut CM
r F T Mg mg
Mg mg M m
T g N
t u o | | t t t
| |
|
o o

= = = + + = + +
+ +
= = =

(1.7)

(b) Despite the complications (i.e., three torques) of the above-analysis, the only two elicitors of reaction-forces
at the hinge are T, Mg, and mg; of these, only T has an x-component (specifically, a negative-x component),

3
0 cos = cos30 = 5.74 10 N;
x x x x x
F T F T F F T | = = + = +

(1.8)

(c) As advertised in part-b, the forces -Mg, -mg, and -T
y
show up in the y-directions force-balance,

solve for F
3
0 sin30 5.96 10 N;
y
y y y y
F F Mg mg T F Mg mg T = = = + + =

(1.9)

chapter 12, problem 25: In Fig. 12-40, what
magnitude of (constant) force applied horizontally
at the axle of the wheel is necessary to raise the
wheel over an obstacle of height h = 3.00 cm? The
wheels radius is r = 6.00 cm, and its mass is m =
0.800 kg.

We consider the wheel as it leaves the lower floor. The floor no longer exerts a force on the wheel, and the only
forces acting are the force F applied horizontally at the axle, the force of gravity mg acting vertically at the
center of the wheel, and the force of the step corner, shown as the two components f
h
and f
v
. If the minimum
force is applied the wheel does not accelerate, so both the total force and the total torque acting on it are zero.




We calculate the torque around the step corner. The second diagram indicates that the distance from the line of
F to the corner is r h, where r is the radius of the wheel and h is the height of the step.
The distance from the line of mg to the corner is r r h rh h
2
2
2
2 + = b g . Thus,

F r h mg rh h = b g 2 0
2
.
The solution for F is

2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2(6.00 10 m)(3.00 10 m) (3.00 10 m) 2
= (0.800 kg)(9.80 m/s )
(6.00 10 m) (3.00 10 m)
13.6 N.
rh h
F mg
r h



=

=

Note: The applied force here is about 1.73 times the weight of the wheel. If the height is increased, the force
that must be applied also goes up. Next we plot F/mg as a function of the ratio / h r . The required force
increases rapidly as / 1 h r .





chapter 12, problem 28: In Fig. 12-43, suppose the
length L of the uniform bar is 3.00 m and its weight
is 200 N. Also, let the blocks weight W = 300 N
and the angle 30.0 u = . The wire can withstand a
maximum tension of 500 N. (a) What is the
maximum possible distance x before the wire
breaks? With the block placed at this maximum x
(pretending the string doesnt break), what are the
(b) horizontal and (c) vertical components of the
force on the bar from the hinge at A?


(a) the torque-balance about point-A determines the max distance the block can stand on the beam,

( )
max
1
, max max 2
solve for x
max
max
0 sin ( )sin ( ) sin90 ( ) sin90
sin / 2 (500 N) sin30.0 (200 N) / 2
3.00 m 1.50m;
300 N
i wire block rod CM i i i bar
b
r F L T x W L W
T W
x L
W
t t t t u u
u
= = + + = =
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .

(1.10)

(b) The x-reaction-force F
x
is due to
,
0
x i
F =

, in which there are two forces: the (negative) x-component of

tension, and the (positive) reaction-force,

solve for F
, max max
0 cos = cos = 433N;
x
x i x x x x
F T F T F F T u u = = + = +

(1.11)

(c) the y-reaction force F
y
is due to
,
0
y i
F =

; unlike the x-direction (1.11), there are four forces in this

balance,

solve for F
, max max
0 sin = + sin = 250N;
x
y i y y block bar y b y b
F F T W W F T W W F W W T u u = = + = +

(1.12)





chapter 12, problem 37: In Fig. 12-49, a uniform
plank, with a length L of 6.10 m and a weight of 445
N, rests on the ground and against a frictionless
roller at the top of a wall of height h = 3.05 m. The
plank remains in equilibrium for any value of u >
70 but slips if u < 70. Find the coefficient of static
friction between the plank and the ground.

The free-body diagram below shows the forces acting on the plank. Since the roller is frictionless, the force it
exerts is normal to the plank and makes the angle u with the vertical.

Its magnitude is designated F. W is the force of gravity; this force acts at the center of the plank, a distance L/2
from the point where the plank touches the floor.
N
F is the normal force of the floor and f is the force of
friction. The distance from the foot of the plank to the wall is denoted by d. This quantity is not given directly
but it can be computed using d = h/tanu.

The equations of equilibrium are:

horizontal force components:
vertical force components:
torques:

( )
2
sin 0
cos 0
cos 0.
N
L
N
F f
F W F
F d fh W d
u
u
u
=
+ =
=


The point of contact between the plank and the roller was used as the origin for writing the torque equation.

When u = 70 the plank just begins to slip and f =
s
F
N
, where
s
is the coefficient of static friction. We want to
use the equations of equilibrium to compute F
N
and f for u = 70, then use
s
= f /F
N
to compute the coefficient
of friction.

The second equation gives F = (W F
N
)/cosu and this is substituted into the first to obtain
f = (W F
N
) sinu/cosu = (W F
N
) tanu.

This is substituted into the third equation and the result is solved for F
N
:

( )
2
2
/2 cos + tan
(1 tan ) ( / 2)sin
= ,
+ tan (1 tan )
N
d L h
h L
F W W
d h h
u u
u u
u u

+
=
+


where we have used d = h/tanu and multiplied both numerator and denominator by tan u. We use the
trigonometric identity 1+ tan
2
u = 1/cos
2
u and multiply both numerator and denominator by cos
2
u to obtain
2
= 1 cos sin .
2
N
L
F W
h
u u
| |

|
\ .


Now we use this expression for F
N
in f = (W F
N
) tan u to find the friction:

f
WL
h
=
2
.
2
sin cos u u

Substituting these expressions for f and F
N
into
s
= f/F
N
leads to

u u
u u
s
L
h L
=
2
.
2
2
sin cos
sin cos


Evaluating this expression for u = 70, L = 6.10 m and h = 3.05 m gives

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
6.1m sin 70 cos70
= = 0.34.
2 3.05m 6.1m sin70 cos 70
s

chapter 12, problem 49: In Fig. 12-58, a 103 kg
uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both
of radius 1.20 mm. Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long
and 2.00 mm shorter than wire B. The log is now
horizontal. What are the magnitudes of the forces
on it from (a) wire A and (b) wire B? (c) What is the
ratio d
A
/d
B
?


(a) Let F
A
and F
B
be the forces exerted by the wires on the log and let m be the mass of the log. Since the log is
in equilibrium, F
A
+ F
B
mg = 0. Information given about the stretching of the wires allows us to find a
relationship between F
A
and F
B
. If wire A originally had a length L
A
and stretches by AL
A
, then
AL F L AE
A A A
= / , where A is the cross-sectional area of the wire and E is Youngs modulus for steel (200 10
9

N/m
2
). Similarly, AL F L AE
B B B
= / . If is the amount by which B was originally longer than A then, since
they have the same length after the log is attached,
A B
L L A = A + . This means

F L
AE
F L
AE
A A B B
= + .
We solve for F
B
:
F
F L
L
AE
L
B
A A
B B
=

.
We substitute into F
A
+ F
B
mg = 0 and obtain

F
mgL AE
L L
A
B
A B
=
+
+

.
The cross-sectional area of a wire is

A r = = =

t t
2 3
2
6
120 10 452 10 . . m m
2
c h
.

Both L
A
and L
B
may be taken to be 2.50 m without loss of significance. Thus

2 6 2 9 2 3
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) (2.50m) (4.52 10 m ) (200 10 N/m ) (2.0 10 m)
2.50m 2.50m
866N.
A
F

+
=
+
=


(b) From the condition F
A
+ F
B
mg = 0, we obtain

2
(103kg) (9.8m/s ) 866 N 143N.
B A
F mg F = = =

(c) The net torque must also vanish. We place the origin on the surface of the log at a point directly above the
center of mass. The force of gravity does not exert a torque about this point. Then, the torque equation becomes
F
A
d
A
F
B
d
B
= 0, which leads to

143N
0.165.
866 N
A B
B A
d F
d F
= = =