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Nursing Processs
Assessment
Planning
implementation
Evaluation
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Triangulation Methods
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Definition of a Community
A cluster of people with at least one common characteristic (geographic location, occupation, ethnicity, housing condition) A group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society
Community
A community is a whole entity that functions because of the interdependence of its parts or subsystems. Eight subsystems plus the community core are identified.
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Community Core
1. Community core: history, socio-demographic characteristics, vital statistics, values/beliefs/religions
Eight Subsystems
2. Eight subsystems:
Physical environment Education Safety and transportation Politics and government Health and social services Communication Economics recreation
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Goal
The mission of community diagnosis is to:
Analyze the health status of the community Evaluate the health resources, services, and systems of care within the community Assess attitudes toward community health services and issues Identify priorities, establish goals, and determine courses of action to improve the health status of the community Establish an epidemiologic baseline for measuring improvement over time.
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Community Analysis
Community analysis is the process of examining data to define needs strengths, barriers, opportunities, readiness, and resources. The product of analysis is the community profile.
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Health Indicators
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Characteristics of Indicators:
should be valid, i.e., they should actually measure what they are supposed to measure; should be reliable and objective, i.e., the answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances; should be sensitive, i.e., they should be sensitive to changes in the situation concerned, should be specific, i.e., they should reflect changes only in the situation concerned, should be feasible, i.e., they should have the ability to obtain data needed, and; should be relevant, i.e., they should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of interest.
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Mortality Indicators
Mortality Rates
The traditional measures of health status. Widely used because of their ready availability.( death certificate is a legal requirement in many countries)
Crude death rates Specific death rates: age/disease Expectation of life Infant mortality rate Maternal mortality rate Proportionate mortality ratio Case Fatality rate
Morbidity Indicators
Morbidity rates
Incidence and prevalence Notification rates Attendance rates: out-patient clinics or health centers. Admission and discharge rates Hospital stay duration rates
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Disability Indicators
Disability rates
No. of days of restricted activity Bed disability days Work/School loss days within a specified period. Expectation of life free of disability
Nutritional Indicators
Anthropometrics measurements Height of children at school entry Prevalence of low birth weight Clinical surveys: Anaemia, Hypothyroidism, Nightblindness
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Doctor / Population ratio Doctor / Nurse ratio Population / Bed ratio Population / per health center
Utilization Indicators
Proportion of infants who are fully immunized in the 1st year of life. i.e..immunization coverage. Proportion of pregnant women who receive ANC. HospitalHospital -Beds occupancy rate. HospitalHospital -Beds turnturn-over ratio
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- Valid positive indicators does not often exist - Indirect measures are commonly used
Suicide & Homicide rates Road traffic accidents Alcohol and drug abuse.
Environmental Indicators
Measures of Pollution The proportion of people having access to safe water and sanitation facilities Vectors density
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Socio-economic Indicators
- Is not a direct measure of health status. - For interpretation of health care indicators.
Rate of population increase Per capita GNP Level of unemployment Literacy rates - females Family size Housing condition e.g. No. of persons per room
Proportion of GNP spent on health services. Proportion of GNP spent on health related activities. Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care
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Other Indicators
Indicators of quality of life. Basic needs indicators. Health for all indicators.
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Social Anatomy
Human anatomy deals with the structure of body which has different organs The society has a structure (anatomy) and satisfaction of society may be according to:
Socioeconomic group: upper class, middle class, lower class, working class Professional groups: doctors, engineers, nurses, businessmen, professors Religions Rural and urban communities also differ in their life pattern
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V and hospital V History and physical examination Routine studies, questions, observations, examinations, Tentative diagnosis preliminary to a Tentative status and chief problems complete work-up
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prognosis with alternatives patient Plan, procedure and program, community and understand, cooperation and participation
community involvement
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Unfreezing
Involves finding a method of making it possible for people To let go of an old pattern that was counterproductive in some way
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Refreezing
Is establishing the change as a new habit, so that it now becomes the standard operating procedure. Without this stage of refreezing, it is easy to backslide into the old ways.
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