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70, No. 4, 1998: Literature Review (Jun., 1998), pp. 601-620 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25045074 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 17:02
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Industrial
Wastes
Agricultural
H?ctor M. Poggi-Varaldo,
Carlos Estrada-V?zquez,
wastes
(more
than
6 hours)
was
(1996) developed a ruminant assay for rapidly estimating plant residue decomposability in the field, using a Tian et al
bag nylon assay decomposability that only takes 3-4 days. of plant residues, measured Results using showed that the ruminant
pling methods for slurry and solid manure were tested for bias and reproducibility in the determination of total phosphorous and nitrogen content of the samples (Derikx et al, 1997). Sam
pling methods taken either porting methods were based on during loading after vehicle loading. were unbiased. in which samples techniques or from the from the hose It was demonstrated were trans
can be used for rapidly estimating the decomposability of plant residues in the field. Baldock et al (1997) assessed the extent
of natural of decomposition (wood, peat, com organic materials in surface litter layers, and organic materials) forest layers posts, Chem of mineral solid-state soils using 13C-NMR spectroscopy. de the decomposition of wood with associated changes on a strong wood between the interaction of species pended of the microbial decom examined and the species composition of a single the derivation poser general community, making ical index applicable et al Argauer to wood (1997) unlikely. decomposition conventional extraction
that most
compared
pro
fraction found
Compost
materials
of composts an acceptable
cedures (using acetonitrile) with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using C02 for determining 10 pyrethroids by gas chroma
tography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) and electron
stitute for peat from the physical properties standpoint. Lawther et al (1996) characterized the alkali-labile
and alkali-insoluble components losic fractions lignin of alkali-labile from wheat free-phenolic straw. The monomers
lignin
capture detection (ECD) in fortified lettuce and meat samples. The GC-ITMS method proved satisfactory for analysis of let
tuce, whereas GC-ECD proved more suitable for residue analy
lic and /7-coumaric acid (about 80% of the total). Six hemicellu
were extracted successively from dewaxed wheat
sis of meat samples. An SFE (C02 at 272 atm and 50?C for 20 minutes) for the Chromatographie determination (both ECD
used either flame of in strawberries insecticides, photometric a number or nitrogen of commonly pesticides, detection) phosphorus used organochlorine and dichloroanilide
organophosphorus
magnetic
(1996) and
resonance
1996). Liang et al
(stockpiled 13C-NMR and soils using
characterized
two manures
composted) and pyrolysis-field carbon aromatic tracts were to be richer carbon and
similar,
ex and stockpiled composted manure extract the composted appeared and carboxylic in protein carbon, carbon, phenolic the stockpiled than carbon in poorer carbohydrate
Aliphatic manure
concentrations
and
aldicarb oxime]
[2-methyl-2
(methylsulfinayl)propanal-O-(methylcarbamoyl)
dicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl) from water oxime] samples. ylcarbamoyl) from 80 to 95%. three compounds ranged sulfone
oxime] and al
all
manure
extract.
Stark and Hart (1996) evaluated a diffusion technique for preparing salt solutions, Kjeldahl digests, and persulfate digests for 15N analysis. Oxidative digestion of samples with H202 using
a high-pressure matographic double-vessel determination bomb of S042, wastes was followed providing by a convenient ion-chro an
Page et al
methods lite for
(1997) compared
thiazopyr A was
two liquid-solid
and its monoacid a modification extraction with
extraction
metabo of a Mon
alytical method
samples, recoveries compounds zothiophene) including of
santo method
liquid-solid
silica-based
sediments FeS,
octadecyl (18C) extraction disks followed by GC determination. Method B was based on liquid-solid extraction with graphitized carbon black followed by high-performance liquid Chromato graphie (HPLC) determination. Using method B, the parent
and acid metabolites the need without A oped are analyzed of thiazopyr derivatization. for metabolite multiresidue determination simultaneously
as environmental
ples, including 11 agricultural waste samples (6 plant and 5 animal) and 3 nonbiological (2 sediment and 1 vehicle exhaust
dust) samples. The method allows simultaneous and labor-sav
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Industrial
Wastes_ and water concentrations of metribuzin accurately predict as a screening tool for and showed potential of metribuzin in stream samples. in the
to triazines, and organochlorine organophosphorus longing in vari and amides anilides, anilines, carbamates, compounds, ous soil samples et The of consisted al, 1996). (Bao procedure a mixture extraction of with methanol/water (3/1, v/v), samples on workstation and enrichment by SPE membrane clean-up,
ciently stream
determination
Empore? C-18 disks and analysis by GC-ITMS. A sensitive method for analysis of phenothrin and itsmetabolite 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (PEA) in agricultural products by GC with GC ECD and GC-ITMS with chemical ionization was reported (Hir
ahara et al, 1997a). reextracted Samples were extracted either with acetone
column chromatography
Before GC-ECD analysis,
PEA was derivatized with hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol and di isopropylcarbodiimide. Hirahara et al (1997b) compared the esterification by either methyl and pentafluorbenzyl for Chro matographie analysis (GC-ECD and GC-MS) of 9 phenoxy acid herbicides in agricultural products. Methylation was superior to
pentafluorobenzylation for the simplicity of manipulation, but
In a review, Skinner et al
environmental
of agriculture (on fauna and flora, water impacts as well as the economic in the United bodies and humans, costs) were with pesticides, associated compounds, nitrogen Kingdom and soil erosion. farm livestock wastes,
was inferior for the sensitivity of GC and GC-MS. A method for rapid determination of 95 kinds of pesticide residues in
agricultural products by solvent extraction, gel permeation chro
Uri (1997) studied the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural produc
tion on the use. environment, particularly regarding pesticide and fertilizer
matography (GPC) clean-up, and GC-MS-SIM (GC/mass spec trometry with selected ion monitoring) was developed by Ogawa et al (1997a). Eighty-six pesticides spiked into five
kinds posed method, of agricultural which recoveries gave good by products was to be satisfactory considered GC-MS-SIM method was the pro for the
Changes
examined Andalucia,
et al, of deinten 1996). The pattern (Douglas Spain terraces abandonment of irrigated and sification and sometimes was described the for environmental impact consequential county The of Trevelez, structure and Spain. distribution of herbaceous were
species
T) in nuts (Kawasaki et al, 1997). Ogawa et al. (1997b) re ported on the determination of acephate and methamidophos in agricultural products by GC-flame photometry detection. The detection limits of acephate and methamidophos were 0.01 ppm
for agricultural products.
examined in cultivated fields and in adjacent habitats in light of herbicide use and tillage (Jobin et al, 1997). The extent to which grazing intensities of animal production systems in the uplands of the United Kingdom caused impacts
on vegetation, soils, fluenced landscape birds, value mammals, and water and invertebrates were and reviewed in quality
(Milne,
range benefits of
that suggests
to obtain
that a
A simple and rapid method for the determination of methio carb in artichokes by HPLC with ultraviolet detection was de scribed (Cabras et al, 1996). It was found that the decay rate of methiocarb residues in artichokes could be ascribed to the dilution effect due to head growth.
Finizio et al (1997) determined octanol-water partition coef
significant
Wilke (1997) reviewed the effects of nonpesticide organic pollutants from agricultural origin on soil microbial activity. A study aimed at determining which factors influence the
lands from agricultural of runoff frequency to the pollution of related of France gion Leman (Vansteelant et al, 1997). The both Hortonian traditional and and non-Hortonian intensive practices and reduce runoff were in the Chablais the waters of re Lac that
ficients (log #ow) for 87 chemicals representing themain classes of pesticides by means of 3 different estimation methods (re
verse-phase culation with HPLC, from water concentration-logarithm and the solubility), values of all from available and and cal of polarity, results were compared On the basis of a literature. data, a selected of value values for and
showed
biosensors Amperometric or butyrylcholinesterase linesterase of organophosphate determination (Skladal et al, 1996). Also,
based
the potential predicting at the watershed agriculture two Canadian was monitored watersheds,
were and
where
carbamate toxicity
is dominant,
on a continuous
anticholinesterase
March
ments collected from theMorava River in the Czech Republic, and the influence of both point (large cities) and nonpoint (agri culture) sources (NPSs) of pollution was determined.
A magnetic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test
1994 and February 1995. Sharpley et al (1996) studied the loss of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus in runoff over 13 years (1980 to 1992) from
two adjacent extensively Okla. gullied native grass watersheds (3.8
[4-amino-6-(l,l-dimethylethyl)
was evaluated to results for from its re a GC/
comparability
MS
water
in stream
able to effi
In studies conducted from 1984 to 1989 in the Daly Basin (dryland agriculture in northwest Australia) by Dilshad et al (1996), conventionally tilled catchments produced 1.5-2 times
more runoff and lost 1.5-6 times more soil than did their no
602
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
70, Number
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Industrial Wastes
tillage was
counterparts or
(all
catchments
were
within
soil
conserva
best practicable environmental option was found to be spatial redistribution of high-nutrient export risk sources to areas of the
catchment with the greatest intrinsic nutrient retention capacity. the major in animals
Nutrients.
duction of environmental
Atkinson
large quantities problem factors between
and Watson
of linked
gional significance of land use changes. Sen et al (1997) measured the rate of soil loss from fields sown with crops during the rainy season and examined the
factors determining the erosion rates in the Pranmati watershed,
of
India, which is characterized by settled organic farming on ter raced slopes. Soil loss from different crop covers was in the
range of 0.300-0.658 tonne/ha year on low sloping terraces,
more holistic farming systems and potential for integration into ' ' the impact of livestock on 'wildlife' (plant and animal) biodiv
ersity. The to be ucts that allow of systems these waste development prod was seen at sites of primary crop production as a sustainable to this problem. solution reused
1 to 7 tonne/ha/y on medium
64.39 tonne/ha year on highly
to
Moody
sus
and Aitken
approach
Mary (1997) reviewed aspects of nitrogen hazards to environ ment and crops. The impact of the 1991 European Community
environmental on a sample to reduce water guidelines pollution by was of U.K. simulated dairy producers of waste were application of nitrates genotoxicity been discussed. and nitrites, contami nitrates (Rigby,
pollution
watershed)
by agricultural activities in the Kromeriz district of the Czech Republic in the period 1989 to 1994. Windemuller et al (1997) examined the degradation of the south Florida ecosystem and Lake Okeechobee, Fla, which are
important water resource areas, as a consequence of agricultural
runoff from the Everglades Agricultural Area. They also devel oped and calibrated a model (DUFLOW) with the intention of estimating sediment and chemical transport flowing into the
water bodies.
In two growing seasons, 1990/1991 and 1991/1992, the rela tionships between nitrogen fertilization (with pig manure and mineral nitrogen) and yield, nitrogen uptake by the grain, and
the nitrogen leaching in the subsequent percolation period were
Gosselin et al (1997) determined groundwater water quality from 1 808 wells and complied a database that included water quality data (N03-N, pesticides, and coliform bacteria) and
site-specific water quality contamination data collected at each location the for domestic, rural in Nebraska. in rural In general, drinking of nitrate degree water wells has re
in northwest
were studied
in southeast
1997). Nitrogen
well area. with soil
domestic
mained generally unchanged or has only slightly increased since the last statewide assessment conducted from 1985 to 1989.
Bacterial decreased. contamination has either remained the same or has
Jordan et al (1997a) measured annual discharges of water, sediments, and nutrients from 17 Chesapeake Bay watersheds with differing proportions of agricultural lands on the inner,
Plain, In all regions and outer Coastal of the Coastal Plain. mean the flow-weighted concentrations of nitrogen spe as the proportion of crop increased cies in watershed discharge increased. land in the watershed central, In another charges Jordan paper, of water, sediments, et al (1997b) measured from annual dis
Posnikoff and Knapp (1997) analyzed source control costs for deep percolation emissions from irrigated agriculture, using
a farm-level water were model. chosen while costs area, Crop to maximize accounting of those and applied system, irrigation the net benefits of agricultural for the environmental damages
emissions.
and nutrients
10 watersheds
An interdisciplinary modeling
sented, and a set of policy scenarios
ing losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil from agricultural land (Vatn et al, 1997). Comparison of the effects of input oriented measures (fertilizer taxes) and policy measures directed
toward more direct conducted; and changes also, farm were ment costs, the effects effects in the agronomic practices on emission levels, were documented. on the abate
with differing proportions of agricultural lands in the Piedmont physiographic province of the Chesapeake Bay drainage. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus to silicon in discharges differed
greatly among waters. watersheds, potentially affecting nitrogen, phos
growth in the
Ekholm
internal
et al
on
(1997) assessed
the nutrient
distributional
loading the
concentrations
the impact
on the surface on nitrogen of agriculture and phosphorus loading catchments and waters of two contrasting (Johnes agricultural was used to forecast the potential Heathwaite, 1997). The model
LiteratureReview 1998
603
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Industrial Wastes
manee
of
specialized,
relatively
simple,
unsaturated
zone
years 1992/1993
of nitrogen was
transport model (TDNIT) in simulating nitrogen transport dy namics in soils against a widely accepted model (EPIC) as well as documented field studies (a corn cultivation series) in the study area. The TDNIT model performed well in predicting
nitrate relatively cation. below the root zone; however, loadings amount reduced of total mineralization it predicted and denitrifi a
long-distance atmospheric deposition. In a regional et al study, Mueller N (N03-N) in water collected samples 10 midwestern 1989, 1990, and states 1994. to in the U.S. Nitratestreamflow,
Kohn et al
ment on
upstream
in
the dairy farm and performed sensitivity determine the relative of manipulating importance in and crop selection tion, manure management, gen losses from that by the farm. increase 50% would Improvements the conversion increase total
nitro reducing in animal diet and feed farm nitrogen nitrogen effi to
of
ated with poorly drained soils and were weakly correlated with
population water with density.
Vandervoet
agricultural the impacts use to combat
nitrates sector. of
stock-breeding cally.
agricultural
efficiency
Vanderploeg et al (1997) estimated the role that agriculture has played in N03 contamination of groundwater in Germany;
national statistical data on fertilizer and fodder use and agricul
tural productivity for 1951 to 1990 were analyzed. The Seymour aquifer in Texas has been identified as con taining elevated levels of nitrate in groundwater (Chowdhury
and Lacewell, to estimate the 1996). nitrate A biophysical percolation and simulation response model functions was for used this
on phosphate
dards in minimizing
In lysimeter experiments, Sarwar and Kanwar (1996) showed significant reductions in both nitrate-nitrogen and metolachlor
concentrations table (WT) in the groundwater by maintaining concentrations of Lowest depths. in the groundwater at 0.15-m depth. in water were shallow water nitrate-nitrogen observed when WT
in soil from poultry and swine phosphorus environmental and to determine potential treatments. of alum hydrosolids Application sive may ings amounts of bioavailable water phosphorus quality and
manure
application from these impacts to soils with exces watersheds financial sav
in sensitive provide
Pesticides/Insecticides/Herbicides.
dressed
Vanderwerf
(1996) ad
a two-part what factors should be taken into question: to assess pesticide environmental and how consideration impact,
through
movement respectively) and to the shallow systems groundwater was be A satisfactory found similarity tracers, Cl~ curves; breakthrough WT the rhodamine in contrast, and atrazine
between
1996).
evolved
creation
the U.S.
for
International Kuchler be
how food
research consumers on
resources from
could
curves soil
through
Goderya
chemicals sources:
10 fruits
to four
on farm
pesticide
604
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
70, Number
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Industrial Wastes
postharvest
pesticide
use,
pesticides
used
on
imported
foods,
and canceled pesticides that persist in the environment. A pilot study was designed to test refined and newly devel
oped protocols and evaluate dietary exposure to farmers and
used and their toxicity levels and the proportion of land under cultivation could be used to discriminate significantly between
extinct and declining versus stable and increasing guinea fowl
their families in the household associated with current and for mer applications of pesticides (Melnyk et al, 1997). The results
showed that potential dietary exposures exceeded values ex
populations. Efficient, intensive farming practices have not only compressed the period in the farming year over which food is available to the guinea fowl but also reduced the suitability of
farmlands as wildlife habitat.
pected for farmers and their families for several of the pesticides in this study, particularly those being applied and cancelled
pesticides that persist in the environment.
The livers of 24 helmeted guinea fowl N. meleagris were collected from six deciduous fruit farms in the Elgin District, Western Cape province, South Africa, from February 1994 to January 1995 and were analyzed for pesticide residues (Little
et al, p,pf 1997). isomers The of /?-isomer endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, and l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(/7-chlorophenyl) ethylene
Abdullah et al (1997) reviewed the ecotoxicology and impact of pesticides in tropical paddy fields, with the emphasis on rice cultivars. They concluded that the most widely accepted form of control measure is the integration of multiresistant cultivars with reduced use of pesticides. Effective training of the paddy farmer has also been identified as the key to successful imple
mentation of integrated pest management strategies.
ethane (DDD) (DDE) and l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) were detected in all of the guinea fowl sampled.
Antibacterials from intensive farming were can be a source of
1996); possi
in terrestrial
Castillo et al (1997) reviewed 18 articles on the ecotoxicol ogy of the high use of pesticides in tropical aquatic ecosystems of Central America. They identified major research needs, in cluding studies on fate and degradation in tropical conditions;
acute ture, on and chronic and and humidity, toxicity other to native species; characteristics of of pesticides on effects tropical of tempera conditions
to labora subjected and pea) and on corn, millet, carrot, tory tests in vitro (barley, rate alteration to determine and bioaccu land (barley) growth was concentration determined in an aqua mulation; flumequine culture floating station cases. at the outflow of the ponds and in a basin under
toxicity; and
effects
tropical
ecosystems.
Sparling et al (1997) studied the toxicity of the insecticide temephos (Abate?) to green frog tadpoles. The toxicity of freshly applied and aged residues of piri
miphos-methyl and malathion was assessed against adult beetle
Typhaea stercorea (Tigar and Pinniger, 1996). Maize was treated with each pesticide at doses of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg and stored at a constant 25?C and 70% relative humidity. After 12
weeks' storage, only pirimiphos-methyl had gave broken effective control
of an environmental chemicals
agricultural
recommended.
Everts
assessment toxicants trol in wet
(1997) reviewed
in arid were zones. identified (2)
for risk
by con in
the number of
negative and sec
zones,
large-scale
protection
dry and ephemeral wet zones, (3) refuse and obsolete pesticides in dry zones, and (4) mining. Vandervalk (1997) discussed the major differences in the
composition, when munities and the structure, and compared for implications desert animals functioning to temperate risk insecticide of desert animal com terrestrial assessment. ecosystems The rela
of the direct the combination applications, pesticide on predator of pesticide effect populations application mite as a result of
and
atrazine
inputs of
1997),
contaminant
studies
con
tion of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethylene)
the most persistent organochlorine compound, has
(DDE),
occurred or
been reported for most parts of Mexico. The majority of the DDE values in birds fromMexico were similar to those reported
in birds from the southwestern U.S. during the same years.
spicatum (Eur
rate of
recommended
Because DDT is still used for malaria control and may still be used in agriculture in Chiapas, Mexico, this state is probably
the one where most migrant fowl species Numida have would still be at a signifi in
2 mg/L or less stimulated total algae community growth in both laboratory and field experiments. Reduced community growth
and metabolism at high laboratory concentrations of 100 mg/L
and Crowe,
acetanilide)
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Wastes Industrial
stream in Nebraska microcosms were studied et al, (Spawn at in a greenhouse, atrazine from Walnut Creek, a tributary transects stream, to the alluvial
18 stream
located
in central Iowa
flood plain
6 alachlor concentrations
concluded that composition and biomass
river's
alachlor
(Squillace et al,
Walnut Creek the conductive average vertical
from
to
Thurman and Fall?n (1996) reported on the use of the ratio of deethylatrazine to atrazine (DAR) to record the first major runoff of herbicides from NPS corn fields to surface water in
the midwestern U.S. The DAR dramatically then decreases from 0.5
was due in part aquifer fast groundwater velocities; through the streambed
conductivity
to <0.1
event of of
d to 5 m/d.
Geographic information systems and statistical methods were
used to identify the major factors affecting pesticide leaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in Tulare County, Cali
fornia simazine diuron, of et al, of bromacil, and diuron, 1997a). Residues (Zhang in groundwater the 1980s. Bromacil, increased during and simazine contamination demand. interactions, were The positively Goss model a pesticide correlated was used
of water
of herbicides.
to crop diversity and water to examine soil-pesticide nation index was developed.
and
contami
tions of up to 1-3
samples. Atrazine was deethylatrazine, zine. A survey of
in a few individual
followed and by alachlor, deisopropylatra New
The pesticide content of agricultural soil and groundwater was investigated by monitoring three sampling sites located in Northern Italy and cultivated with maize crop (Guzzella et al, 1996). High concentrations of pesticide were determined in the
the deeper the con horizons, whereas,in layers superficial tamination values less than 0.2 pglkg. reached The of triazines simazine, (atrazine, ametryne, transportation was to surface and cyanazine) in and groundwater investigated an et basin in France catchment al, (Garmouma experimental soil 1997). Also, the phenylureas were studied (isoproturon, in the surface linuron, waters diuron, from and
metolachlor,
pesticides were
throughout were
(1996).
sampled no were
pesticides
chlortoluron)
January
value for drinking water, indicating that all the water tested was suitable for drinking. Wood and Anthony (1997) determined the frequency and level of aquifer contamination by herbicides in the Canadian
on natural focusing prairie, fers a few hectares in area, small surficial draining aqui springs of in southern Saskatchewan. None
1992 to December 1993. The main herbicides found in the stream of Fosse Rognon were the atrazine (30-2 450 ng/L), the simazine (10-1 880 ng/1), and the isoproturon (10-1 800 ng/
L); the contamination the groundwaters, those areas. found the overstepped atrazine concentration application (5-1 of 700 periods. ng/L) In and
(5-1
a reduction
Fourteen (four),
atrazine
were losses of four herbicides and runoff evaluated Leaching over a in two tillage from 1989 to 1990 systems period, 2-year were at recom Herbicides and Hall, (Watts 1996). applied mended rates (1.7 kg and 2.2 kg active loam. ingredient/ha) to conven
thion-methyl
sory level,
LHAL,
(one), pendimethalin (one), propanil (two), or trifluralin (one, above the LHAL) at eight locations. The pesticide's proximity to the wells during mixing, rinsing, or loading was considered
a greater influence or chemical site-specific Herbicide compounds to be groundwater characteristics. were prevalent on contamination than
clay mass
seasonal
among of
leachate discharged
studies
and
in groundwater
across
Iowa, being detected in 70% of the 106municipal wells sampled during the summer of 1995 (Kolpin et al, 1997). The occurrence of herbicide compounds had an inverse relation to well depth
a positive occurrence of and major aquifer relation herbicide types to dissolved-oxygen was compounds Iowa, being concentration. different detected among in 82.5% The the of
an untilled,
slope mulch-covered
and
across
the alluvial, 81.8% of the bedrock/karst region, 40.0% of the glacial-drift, and 25.0% of the bedrock/nonkarst region aquifers.
A shallow aquifer in central South Dakota was monitored for
from
1991 to 1994.
than did cyan longer was overall tillage practice, persistence than for for the conventional-till the longer in the soil profile than did leached deeper
606
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
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_Industrial alachlor under whereas the reverse was true under con
Wastes
no-till,
(1997) investigated the behavior of four different distinctly pesticides (aldicarb, simazine,
simulated interface. redox conditions was Aldicarb
(DFB) and fenitrothion (FEN), were studied by batch equilib rium method under laboratory conditions (pH 5.5, 20?C) using an organic soil (soil 1) and a silty clay loam soil (soil 2) col
lected aram to both from et al, soils a boreal 1997). forest in northern was however, Ontario, more Canada (Sund Diflubenzuron to FEN; adsorbed strongly between the two soils,
under anaerobic than under aerobic rapidly low oxygen reductive both and conditions, were some re formed. Simazine showed but the overall concentrations. were more transformation These rate de compounds, in low-oxy sorp
compared
soil 1 showed stronger affinity for the chemicals than did soil 2. The Freunlich model fit the adsorption isotherms better than
did Langmuir about and linear models. Desorption studies showed
that the adsorbed DFB was firmly retained by the soil matrix,
and only The 16-27% was desorbed. However, the desorption soil particles of
Lehr et al. (1996) determined the biod?gradation pathway of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon [Af-(4-isopropylphenyl)
Af',N'-dimethylurea] in soils and acetone extracts of the herbi
tefluthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied in a simulated rainfall runoff system (Zhou et al, 1997). Sorption results
showed that the partition due of coefficients (Kp and K^) of in the true were deter
[ring-U-14C]-labeled
isopro
of the total up to 80% represented model for the pathway of isoproturon suggested.
degradation
supernatants
analyzed.
Murphy et al (1996) determined volatile and dislodgeable residues following insecticide application of trichlorfon (TCF,
dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethylphosphonate) fos (IZ, 0-5-chloro-l-isopropyl-l//-l,2,4-triazol-3-yl-O,0-di ethylphosphorothioate) creeping bentgrass man and exposure to a (Agrostis 10-m palustris radius plot of or isazo
Working with Malaysian agricultural soils, high Freundlich were observed for adsorption distribution coefficients [ATads(f)] 1 and and and 417), and (83.8 419) paraquat (28.7 glyphosate lower values for 2,4-D (0.57 and 5.26) and lindane (2.65 and
14.1) in a sandy loam and a muck soil, respectively, were ob
"Penncross" hu
Huds.)
for assessing
served (Cheah et al, 1997). The temperature dependence (four levels in the range 4 23?C) of sorption of the herbicide linuron, W-(3,4-dichloro
phenyl)-Af-methoxy-/V-methylurea, was investigated isotherms (Brucher were
possible toxicity. Trichlorfon-dislodgeable never exceeded 1 % of applied in the absence residues compound with TCFof irrigation, and whereas, irrigation, IZ-dislodgeable residues were quotients = exposure 1 means never than 0.5% of applied greater compound. in the range 1.5-14.3 for dermal/inha (HQs) were found insecticide following application no adverse to humans). effects rates were measured in surface soils
and Bergstrom,
sandy soils
and one
satisfactorily described with the Freundlich model, and some general patterns were sorption changed significantly (Kd values
changed by a factor up to 15 at low linuron concentrations),
mineralization
management agricultural practices of annual application plot receiving rotation [CR] plot with corn-soybean-wheat [CC] atrazine corn
L.) and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa (L.) Roth] with reduced use
of during years) Systems the Ohio Management a C02-14C using Evaluation Area site at technique in Piketon,
1997).
temperature
over a 9-year on the conducted period experiments movement in sandy soils of triazines, and degradation alachlor, were et al. (1996). In and metolachlor summarized by Ritter two experiments, and simazine atrazine than were in the groundwater frequently was no nazine. There large difference between ment, conventional alachlor was tillage detected were detected and more cya metolachlor
in pesticide transport In another and no-tillage. experi the in approximately 20% of period; Protec
the total uptake per pot was relatively small (below 2 mg/pot). According to Beyers andMyers (1996), carbaryl (1-naphthyl
methylcarbamate) to control and malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate, a hazard models were S
to July over a 3-year from May samples were the 2 ppb U.S. Environmental above
phosphorodithioate),
infestations Thus, pose
insecticides used
to aquatic estimated and mala relevant accuracy use be to
(U.S. EPA) drinking water standard. et al (1996) described the fate of two triazole
and flusilazol, was whatever an in a silt soil. Results compound nature of the demon being Flutriafol immobile the in soil, soil.
meta-analysis) in freshwater
programs.
suggested
their
was slightly to moderately mobile in the different soils. A predictive model of the behavior of pesticides in soils (BPS) was described in detail (Kozak and Vacek, 1996). The
model The consisted model was of three databases tested under and laboratory four computing and field modules. conditions,
10 for
Literature
Review
1998
607
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Industrial
and
examples
given.
days
later,
organic starch,
materials, cellulose,
results indicated that the BPS model, even in the first version, could be considered a useful tool for prediction of pesticide
behavior in soil.
casein,
1997) that
to
or three kinds of sludges, compost, a Results of 1%, respectively. proportion matter inhibition of organic decomposition onto caused of cadmium by the adsorption A osum planted Hegi.) cultivar (Cichorium chicory and the uncultivated plants
straw, with
that
sorption, allowed
(Canada
and
a number
fleabane) (Erigeron canadensis L.) and dog fennel (Eupatorium capillifolium (Lan) Small) were evaluated for their ability to
act and as index vanadium plant at for soil cadmium, chromium, nickel, species two field had been sites where these metals
sandy Ulti
may may fennel have have may
thresholds had
strategies be
for pesticide implications important cause resistance is no evolution growth population, migration eled proach. vidual tion, process. the all In the selection the regional pressure time
mol/L
(EDTA)
model,
the of independent rate of the the growth and the resistant al?ele,
surface
affected
to resistance.
released.
in terms
metals investigated metals and (copper and zinc) partitioning (<8, 8-12, 12-19,
Model
19-31,
31-42,
available to pesticides the energy affecting as opposed to the amount of energy growth, Life-history to toxic stress times. 1.1, was used to assess and characteristics than L. rubellus, made
available L.
Can from southern Ontario, pm) of river bed sediment and extraction have been (Stone by sequential analyzed some elements of The concentrations 1996). major Droppo, (silicon, aluminum, magnesium, and phosphorus) to correlate determined and with metal calcium, potassium, and organic the elemental sodium, inorganic
resulting
recovery SYNOPS
compare
sediment
risk potential for the environment of active ingredients of plant protection products (Gutsche and Rossberg, 1997). It consisted
of five main pesticides, assessment calculated steps: assessment of the assessment of the application exposure risk, of of environmental related and biological visualization of pattern of chemicals, the
lead
concentrations
composi size. Zinc and grain speciation size. with increased decreasing grain
indices,
For Big Creek and Big Otter Creek, respectively, the highest concentrations of zinc (326 and 230 mg/kg) and lead (158 and 67 mg/kg) were found in the smallest (<8 mm) fraction, whereas the copper levels (619 and 1 281 mg/kg) were most
abundant in the second smallest (8-12 pm) fraction. Estimates
The DRAINAGE
by incorporating a
component drain flows to simu (Kumar
of metal yields
sediment than smaller 31 pm.
in
flow and a preferential component pesticide in subsurface late pesticide concentrations and Kanwar, in the drain predicted 1997). water The overall
atrazine
of pesticide appearance timings were well Annual, by the model. predicted in flows were drain losses with subsurface
A logistic regression model was developed to predict the likelihood that selenium would exceed the U.S. EPA chronic criterion for aquatic life (5 mg/L) in irrigated agricultural areas
of the western U.S. (Nolan that and Clark, 1997). of the U.S. models water indicated was almost the concentration to exceed Logistic selenium EPA regression in surface aquatic sediments. life
close agreement with the observed losses for 1990 and 1991 (1.1% difference). Heavy Metals. Hattori (1996a) determined the decomposi
tion of organic matter with previous of with cadmium adsorption
certain
solids concentration
cretaceous
(OMACd)
in soil.
Microbiological.
of grazing, northwest ratios of to was
Edwards et al
runoff
was of to the soils. Decomposition solution added als, a CdCl2 extent to a greater was than that in the soils inhibited OMACd results a CdCl2 added. had been to which solution Overall,
by mi
continued of various
watertreatment pathogens
to a gley
S. typhimurium
608
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
70, Number
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Industrial Wastes
long
from
fluoroquinolone-resistant waste streams and municipal resistant Escherichia and coli one in the U.S.
bacteria
for
Merschak, 1997). A spring application of dairy cattle slurry (300 kg total nitrogen/ ha) on high- and low-fertility sites resulted in higher
microbial biomass carbon during the growing season than on a
locations
(Pillai et al,
tant to either
SOIL SUPPLEMENTS?FERTILIZER
Nutrient Availability
viewed the application tural wastes for nutrient Five composts of
within
1996).
earth (Dystric manure Cam
and Dynamics.
composts supply and from
Bhardwaj (1997) re
protection. and mixtures
trial on brown
bisol)
separate
in Lauterbach
and combined
(sugarcane
filtercake,
of municipal
on the surface leaching et al, in
solid wastes
of at
67, 134, 268, and 402 kg nitrogen/ha year) as well as of mineral fertilizer (0, 93, 203, 240, and 313 kg nitrogen/ha year) applied
after total grassland nitrogen turning content of on yield, removal of plants, nitrogen et al, the soil (Hulsbergen 1996). and
an Oldsmar 100-tonne/ha
columns)
Nitrogen mobilization and nitrogen immobilization of 42 composts from different compost plants of the district of
Northrhine-Westfalia (Germany) were investigated in a pot
occurred
by humic and a
substances
experiment (Scherer et al, 1996). The composts differed in the composition of the inputmaterial (30% plant residues/70% biogarbage; 70% plant residues/30% biogarbage; 100% plant residues), degree of decomposition (fresh compost or highly matured compost), and carbon/nitrogen relation (13/1 to 28/1).
Reversed lation near cycle model, Quebec parameter related modeling AgriFlux, City, was a using performed conceptual and N03~ concentrations from to simu a field
in their
Canada, values
at 30?C and for 33 weeks incubated capacity, content soil-water and Portnoy, and optimal (Hadas 1997). The small difference between the composts that a similar indicated rate constant could fit the insoluble component decomposition of any Two compost. chemical indixes were effective in estimating potentially
(Larocque
identify nitrogen representative and Banton, Three 1996). nitrogen transformations that
parameters
to the organic
of humus of pool
mineralizable nitrogen (N-O) in soils and determining if these indices could be used to differentiate the impact of cultural practices on the nitrogen-supplying capacity of soils (Jalil et al, 1996). Keeling et al (1996) demonstrated that the use of 0.028 M
and glucose waste-derived an appropriate compost) effect extra source resulted of N2-fixing in increased bacteria grass (Lolia (green per
concentrations values.
that compared
(1997) reviewed the works in last 15 years on the isotope techniques for studying phosphorus cycling in agricul Di et al
tural and rus forest and soils. isotopes examined They their measurements the properties of phospho with together techniques in the soil, dissolution phosphorus and organic inorganic phosphorus of organic phosphorus of phosphorus release and and litter decomposition immobi and re
for measuring and decomposition sources applied lization tention in forest in the soils,
of
tended period.
in a dryland conducted farm, which study was sativa esculenta) SQason)ILens crop Oryza (rainy assess of ammoniathe size of viable community A oxidizing season and bacteria and mineralization, was under to rotation, and nitrite
rates rates
activity probing
rates
by nitrogen matter fertilizer and organic (Jha inputs of chemical a dry season had et al, The mineral 1996). pools nitrogen whereas and nitrification mineralization maximum, nitrogen
as affected
of sulfur
rates were highest during the rainy season and lowest during
the summer related nitrogen Intact forest Alps with season. Nitrogen-mineralization soil moisture and inversely rate was with the size positively of mineral
from a mixed 40-cm diameter, (11-cm depth) a Norway the Calcareous stand in northern spruce were to study in a laboratory of Austria used experiment and
[E(h)] of
Literature
Review
1998
609
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Industrial Wastes
-300,
-150,
0,
+150,
and
+300
mV
only
or
in combination
con
esculentum),
strawberry
(Fragaria
ve sea),
and
Gerbera
with three pH values of 6, 7, and 8 (Atta et al, 1996). Effects on Crops. Water extracts from different kinds of
composted on manures and from stockpiled dairy manure were
daisy
per,
dangerous
compared with soil solution and distilled water for their effects
initial plant and root development of germination, growth, cress extracts from and 1997). Water (Pare et al, composted decreased the rate of germination stockpiled dairy manures manures. to biomature composted compared extracts Water from coffee of the compost residue produced and activated sludge were selectively inhibitory to seed germi
of tomato and mustard (L. esculentum) yields (Brassica on a silt-loam grown soil, j?ncea) plants, low-pH, compacted were com in plots treated with generally significantly higher and composted than in plots sewage posted yard wastes sludge of commercial applications receiving nitrogen-phosphorus
species The
nation of some legumes (Nagaoka et al, 1996). Germination rate of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium
pratense duced extracts show bicolor re sativa seeds were L.) (Medicago to 2, 29, and 73% of the control, water respectively, by of the compost the extracts did not (20 g/L). However, L.), and alfalfa any inhibition to seed African (Brassica of germination millet (Eleusine rapa L.) at the sorghum coracana same (Sorghum Gaertn.),
soil pH, organic matter increased significantly of phosphate and magnesium tent, and the available supplies the soil. Heavy contents metal of edible parts of plants of health concern.
not
Choudhary et al
in crop production and composition ported gumes, nutrient tassium. rus, to be oilseeds, and
Moench),
and Komatsuna
concentration.
effective
vegetables,
concentration, Manure
2-ethylhexylphthalate
spectrometry.
nitrogen, phosphours, soil nitrogen, increased application and sodium. calcium, magnesium, of manure application and magnesium. increased
especially
germination growth for Tagetes spp. L. "Lemondrop", roseus Don. "Little Pinkie", vinca;
phosphorus,
(1997) determined that broiler house litter con taining recycled boric acid-treated paper (for poultry bedding) Wilkinson
and its composts Similar were did not pose and a toxicity hazard to bermudagrass to the nonboron
"Royalty Cherry", Kitamura mat.) sporum Xfraseli Glow", blends tobira Dress., Ait.
petunia; DendranthemaXgrandiflorum "White Diamond", chrysanthemum; "Wheeleri", photinia; and sweet mock orange; sabina containers and urban
Juniperus
manure nitrogen
alone or in combination with urea at applied as a nitrogen source levels was evaluated for manure the third did not
post mixture (UC Mix) (Burger et al, 1997). For most plants studied, a CGW:UC Mix blend containing at least 25% UC Mix
was for required The agronomic to sesame adequate aspects growth of some on development. waste compost organic sandy Different soil were rates and appli
cations
plied in quantities sufficient to supply 120 kg nitrogen/ha and 180 kg nitrogen/ha, it produced significantly more rice grain
as urea. After than the same rates of nitrogen three cycles yield of rice-wheat matter the organic in the soil increased rotation, the amount with to a plot. of manure applied a very Six different two of them with materials, organic evolved being MSW, MSW) of view sludge, organic matter formed (peat and leonardite) a and the other sludge, sludge four an and point
biosolids,
and MSW
composts,
O'Brien
flower sods
sewage recently (sheep a mixture and a compost from of sewage were characterized from a chemical/biochemical and by ryegrass growth and MSW (Pascual et al,
manure,
woodchips,
sods with
mixed MSW
and biosolids,
1977).
to seed germination, and stand establishment, respect over seasons two and of bloom occurred in diversity intensity mature waste and in agricultural biosolids compost compost.
(raw materials)
Composting transformed either fresh olive mill wastewaters (OMW) or sludge from pond-stored OMW mixed with appro
priate plant waste materials (carriers) et al, into organic fertilizers
in the organic extracts of observed with the raw phytotoxicity or decreased some time after their addi The a noticeable positive resid
the presence
Effects
from lignite
between 1996). A comparison contents of plants cultivated with did not generally reveal important with from
or mined residues vegetable (green compost) were on either tested for their influence soil (leonardite) or et al, characteristics (Canarutto cracking microaggregation from green 1996). Hum?tes (in the range of 1 000 compost composted
experiment
was
performed
compost
prepared
8 000 mg/kg
dose-independent gates.
bark and sewage sludge to evaluate its suitability for amending growing media (Pinamonti et al, 1997) used in the soilless
cultivation of cucumber (Cucumuis sativus), tomato (Lycopersi
g/kg) of pel
70, Number 4
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Industrial Wastes
letized
mixtures
of
sewage
sludge
and
other
waste
materials
yield
was
observed
in fresh manure
treatment
without
atrazine,
(peat and cotton "gin trash") on the soil physical and chemical
properties of a cracking clay from eastern Australia was investi
probably
among
crop,
gated in a laboratory study (Hulugalle, 1996). In comparison with untreated soil, application of the pellets increased soil acid
ity, electrical and decreased conductivity, exchangeable cardboard nitrate-nitrogen, calcium and and sodium. organic carbon
ganic fertilizer did not bring any significant increase in soil nitrogen biomass due to the high basal organic matter content
of soil. The relationship between microbial numbers and rate of ap
Application
and pulp and
of the plow horizon, decreased its density, and enriched the soil with organic matter (Kulikova et al, 1996). It promoted the
development processes of in the strong soil. root systems and stimulated biological
plication and biod?gradation products (mainly C02 and NH3 evolution) of CM and municipal refuse (MSW) was determined using the data obtained during field incubation studies under center-pivot sprinkler irrigation inCentral Saudi Arabia (Magid
et al, 1996). Microbial of manure application economic tween ha and 8.25 33.0 rates of tonne/ha numbers and with increased incubation of CM tonne/ha with time. rate increasing The optimum occurred 16.5 be tonne/
An Acadia silty clay (SC) and a Pugwash sandy loam were each fertilized with three rates of either composted chicken manure (CM), fresh CM, or synthetic fertilizer (Cooper and Warman, 1997). The sandy loam, which was relatively high in
organic enzyme carbon, activity did not (DHA) higher in dehydrogenase increases experience to organic due whereas amendments, or fertilizer treat DHA than manure
tonne/ha,
Adachi
cellulose
et al
on biological of rice
A 20-year-long
long-term effects of
to determine the
tonne DM/ha
occur effect
every third year for a period of 12 years, followed by an amount of 15 tonne/ha every year for the last 8 years) on yield and soil fertility (Diez and Krauss, 1997). Compost application caused
increasing higher nutrients values. Cooperative and processing from which on-farm of feedlot composting manure (COFC, with crop as the combination stover to produce nitrogen for yields in the soil, mineralization all crops, improved in the course of time and and pH accumulated soil organic and increased structure, matter
europaea was
in microbial
meability
Soil crust of on
treated
increasing anti-wind-erosion
potential erosion
untreated soil started at wind speeds of 6 m/s, both for the flat
and rough before surface. application started. tonne/ha (on DM
and
The fulvic acid (fua) fractions of two samples of composted solid wastes (urban [urfua] and livestock [lsfua] wastes), com
mercialized to be used in agriculture as organic correctives or
in restoring Canada.
to a desurfaced
fertilizers, were analyzed for their affinity toward copper(II) at = 6 (Da Silva et al, 1997). The amount of binding sites pH were 0.21 mmol/L, and the logarithms of the corresponding
constants 4.21 and 4.51, (Kf) were respec stability for urfua and lsfua. The differences detected between tively, from natural soils could these fua samples and those extracted extent to humification the small be attributed relatively mainly fua of the present anthropogenic samples. conditional The terbutryn, transformations pendimethalin, and dimefuron) were monitored of eight in herbicides (atrazine, 2,4-D, and simazine, metsulfuron compost-soil incuba
fine-loamy, mixed
southern Alberta, hog manure, concentration the variation extractable
Typic Haploboroll
The
(Lethbridge series) in
amendments were Nitrate-nitrogen 71% whereas depth both as in
of
to 15-cm
explained
The by ments before the
methyl, mixture
during
laboratory
mineralization
consumption
composting
other wastes
facilities and
and granular
Literature
Review
1998
611
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Industrial Wastes
activated plant
carbon simultaneously
biofilters
at a wastewater concentrations
fertilizers. in these
This case
system studies
helped and,
natural therefore,
enemies decreased
func the
VOCs
(Webster et al,
increases stress, pH had
1997). Microorganisms
in microbial and domination little effect densities,
on both media
application of pesticides. Callaghan et al (1997) studied the codigestion of cattle slurry and waste milk under shock loading conditions in 1-L laboratory
digesters and found that CH4 to above concentration in the biogas methane receiving of all
hydrocarbons.
Biocycle
Alberta, remediate The nitrogen using of
Canada,
concentration
and
oil-contaminated
the CHC13
fumigation-extraction decreased
method
(Joergensen et al,
the percentage
using carrier.
activated 5-day
biochemical
to C02, but
residues. The
mand (BOD5, filtered and unfiltered) and filtered chemical oxy gen demand (COD) (>60%) were achieved at LR as high as 10.4 g unfiltered COD/L-day. Combined anaerobic digestion of OMW and piggery effluent
was filter. performed Total et al, 1997) (Marques COD removal efficiencies whereas in an upflow anaerobic were of 70-77% yield of 0.341
achieved
consistently,
the methane
compost
chlorophenol and
developed
kinetic experiments (Gavala et al, 1996). An organic LR of 3.84 g COD/L day was found to be safe for a digester operating
on OMW, a year-round basis, and piggery-dairy et al. (1997) fed sequentially wastewaters. material with piggery, piggery the
Converti
used
balances
to evaluate
agricultural Aerobic.
Wastewater.
corn of
respectively at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days and LR of 0.36 kg BOD/m3 day. The removal rates of nitrogen (NH4+-N and total Kjeldahl nitrogen [TKN]) and phosphorus
(TP) were Fermented 36.3, 52.9, swine of and solid 61.1%, waste respectively. was to acetate compared to improve SBRs nutrient difference either and TP was acetate removals no or for re found fer
under
ion concentration,
pH (Namasivayam et al,
a first-order rate equation. 10.0
supplementation moval (Lee et al, between mented and 89%, the swine
bench-scale 1997). No
reactors waste:
of 90 supple
respectively.
(receiving
mentation)
respectively. A trickling after
anaerobic
lagoon
1997).
efficiencies for TP ranged from 37 to 52% (one to four cycles), but long-term phosphorus removal would be limited by the
of the gravel. capacity sorption to nitrate-plus-nitrite-nitrogen verted and Smith used Scott (1997) to a bioreactor aerator and Up to 24% (N03 a ceramic of TKN + N02-N). membrane coupled system waste. was con
Grapefruit
digester. on weeds of wastes
Chickens
thereby
of for combining the alternate functions food filter for remediating process industry
612
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
70, Number
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_Industrial The to
Wastes
0.2-pm
membrane
provided
markedly
superior
aeration
a traditional sparger and kept permeate suspended solids (SS) below 50 mg/L, despite an SS input of 1 510-3 800 mg/L. Composting. Antler (1997) briefly reviewed new Canadian compost standards. DeWilde (1997) discussed the acceptance
criteria for degradable carbohydrates to the European related composted, The important role of farm in wastes sugar intended to be activities. industry in the conversion
natural aeration (NA) under high moisture conditions (76%) (Sartaj et al, 1997). For the selected configuration of aeration pipes and schedule, PA had a higher process rate than NA and provided adequate oxygen without the adverse effect of cooling
as observed more effective in the case of FA. However, nitrogen, NA was less laborious, higher in conserving and maintained
temperatures (>55?C) for a longer time than did the other two
to methods. Spent sawdust) to and litter, was a mixture composted of partially composted in windrows with pig manure and without and the
composting
composting
(Biocycle,
transferring the impact farm
1996a). Walker
compost of new companies business
(1997)
technology
entering 1997).
composting
(New
addition of a commercial bacterial product (odor control organic fertilizers) (Tiquia et al, 1997). The rate of composting was significantly slower in the windrow that contained no bacterial product and that only had its moisture content adjusted at the beginning of the experiment. Decomposition was incomplete in
this set even after day 91. In the other sets, the decomposition was composting infrared spectros
composting
inMassachu
rate was faster and the spent litter became stabilized by day 56.
The evaluated matter of organic degradation during Fourier transform by a quantitative
composting
projects in California, USA (California farm, 1997). Oshins (1996) discussed the differences between agricultural
and commercial of compost review the role composting teas in agriculture of distinction. and An article discussed microbial associated
copy (FTIR) analysis technique (Tseng et al, 1996). Three re gions of the FTIR spectra were used for quantification: 1 070 974, 1 705-1 614, and 2 995-2 887 1/cm, which correspond
to polysaccharides and aromatic and aliphatic compounds, re spectively.
1996).
systems systems, composting to manage 1997). Regional in the U.S. animal ef were
discussed (Regionally coordinated, 1997). A comparison of windrow composting methods for handling solid and liquid wastes in pig farms was made by Haywood (1997).
A ratio A composting was farm wastes described machine low-cost method for high (Low cost, carbon 1997). device short was was that pro time from developed out carried to nitrogen
Physicochemical and biological parameters of a composting system (olive-mill solid residues plus OMW) were compared with respect to their potential use for themonitoring and evalua tion of the rate of field-scale processes (Papadimitriou and Balis, 1996).
Oxygen consumption, microbial growth, and urease activity
with
(Inaba
composting be
1997). Casein-hydrolyzing protease showed a high initial activity, which sharply decreased after 2 weeks. At the end of the thermophilic phase, both phenols and lignin were reduced by about 70%. Composting enhanced diazotrophic microflora et al,
as indicated by nitrogenase enteritidis was activity, used which increased at the end
composting it through
sawdust
monitoring biowaste composting effectiveness (Knop et al, 1996). Although the input indicator bacteria were eliminated in
every case until the end of container composting, Salmonella
dose of the liquid to be absorbed (Barrington et al, 1997). Two different piles prepared with OMW sludge and either
maize straw or cotton waste as bulking suitable agents were composted the
by the Rutgers static pile system in a pilot plant, with the aim
of ascertaining of maize of the most conditions for degrading led to a lower miner of
(Paredes et al,
waste
1996). The
at the end of the active the organic matter phase total nitrogen lower losses volatilization, by NH3~ matter with less of humic an characteristics. intensive in-vessel a mixture was used compost of extracted as the
The phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter (spent litter) was evaluated during further composting (Tiquia et al, 1996). Phytotoxicity was only evident during the earlier stage of composting (first 14 days). Seed germination and root elonga tion reached 100% (same as the control) toward the end of the
composting. extractable posting. The copper concentrations and zinc, of and NH4+-N water the major inhibitors, com declined during
solid
The quality of different products obtained through the com posting of the solid residue that results from the flocculation of theOMW was evaluated (Negro and Solano, 1996). To facilitate
composting, lignocellulosic olive husk) Pyrolysis-field lyze organic the residue residues and of flocculation (straw, at mass by vine was shoots, mixed olive scale. was of used cow to ana manure with different and branches,
was
added content
to the compost of the compost by the process. peat was (PA), and
of OMW
with
composted ionization
laboratory
matter
formed
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Industrial
Wastes_
(Vanbochove et al,
were detected phase, philic the cooling
branes not only produced permeate with less than 100 mg/L of
TOC The but also gave of a reasonable pollutant source flux of 46-66 (fescue L/m2 pasture hour. treated effects area
During large increased. and n-fatty acids During carbohydrates of carbohydrates concentrations increased, phase,
in relatively
with poultry
length from
whereas
complex The method
dimeric
plant
lignins and
on removal
waxes
carbon
fumigation-extraction and ninhydrin-reactive of microbial carbon biomass soil to rewetted gave by composts valuable the prod
in terms
in
ag wastes of stabilization
included) achieved
TP, and TOC removal from runoff ranged from 12 to 75%, 22 to 67%, 22 to 82%, 21 to 66%, and 8 to 30% respectively. Mersie and Seybold (1997) described the design, construc
tion, and operation runoff water. of tilted beds to investigate the effectiveness
uct (Mondini et al, 1997). Coal ash mixed with organic by-products
litter manure, in a compost commercial Combined posting and sawdust, process were pine bark) as a means of converting et al, (Brodie 1996). and Treatments. system 2 weeks 1997). and for A green
switchgrass
Switchgrass
Infiltration was
combined waste was com in switchgrass, clay and switchgrass, Two forested et al, 1997)
64, 26,
loam
loam with
loam with switchgrass, sandy loam without sandy respectively. switchgrass, filter zones were forested evaluated (Verchot of their effectiveness for removing nitro
without
in terms
rates of growth and repro of attaining is capable good result in a more and that VC in fresh green waste could to composting. material content) (lower VS compared facultative waste stabilization treating pond wastewater parlor) transformation anaerobically was studied ability of the
factor key controlling pollutant nitrogen the clayey runoff. Therefore, soils of the as the sandy be as effective coastal plain authors.
studied
other
shed (milking pretreated dairy to investigate demand the oxygen and to assess
effluent
whereas
for ammonia
wetlands and
Scirpus
Cyfluthrin remaining in rinsates was decreased to 0.5% of the original concentration on day 80. On day 80, 0.6% of the
original The release manure MZ effects of odor concentration of five nuisance remained. pit volatile et al, additive products from compounds All the five on the commercial and (Zhu
quality of agricultural runoff in the Delta of the Ebro River (northeast Spain) in 1993 (Comin et al, 1997). Emergent mac
rophytes mg A accumulated day, between which 20 mg accounted nitrogen/m day and nitrogen/m for between 66% 100 and
swine
were
examined
1996).
lagoon effluent
of three
(Hill et al,
of dual
consisted
The potential of utilization of two types of natural zeolite and three samples of synthetic zeolite in the treatment of pig
slurry view in various stages amounts 1997). of wastewater treatment process were
to determine BOD5,
supernatant considerably
bacteria, was
Burton
reviewed
of
treatments
for
Ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) were tested as potential methods of treating poultry abattoir chiller tank efflu ent for recycling (Zhang et al, 1997). Several UF membranes removed all bacteria and achieved the required 90% light trans mittance but failed to meet the total organic carbon (TOC)
target. membranes. However, Both the TOC of effluent criterion thin film was met the commercial composite by NF mem
technologies
are already
treatment.
614
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
70, Number
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_Industrial H?ctor mental M. is a full Anaerobic with the Environ professor Processes Research and tal Impact Assessment. Tex. H.L.; Carr, L.E.; P.N. Cheremisinoff (Ed.). Gulf G.A.;
Wastes
Poggi-Varaldo and
Publ.
Co.,
Biotechnology
Houston, Brodie,
Development Group of the Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering at CINVESTAV. Carlos Estrada-V?zquez is an
associate associate IPN M. ogy, professor with the Basic professor inMexico. Correspondence CINVESTAV 14-740, Mexico at TESE. Noem? Rinderknecht-Seijas at ESIQIE Sciences Division to H?ctor should be addressed del D.F., IPN, 07300, Dept. of Biotechnol Mexico. is as
Biermann,
E.K.; Coal
skey,
J.R.
Sei. Utilization, Topsoil L. (1997) Temperature of Linu Brucher, J., and Bergstrom, Dependence ron Sorption to Three Different Soils. J. Environ. Agricultural 26, 1327. Qual, Green Burger, D.W.; Hartz, T.K.; and Forister, G.W. (1997) Composted as a Container Medium Waste Amendment for the Production of Ornamental Cabras, Plants. Hortscience, 32, 1, 57. E.V. L.; and Minelli, P.; Angioni, A.; Melis, M.; Spanedda, and Persistence of Methiocarb inArtichokes. (1996) Determination J. Food Sei., 8,4, 317. F.J.; Luecke,
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TEMIS
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Tansel (1997) presented a review of the automotive waste publications in 1996 in the areas of solid wastes, liquid wastes,
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