70 60 50 HRC 40 30 20 10 f 30 f 70 mm 0 10 20 30 Jominy distance, mm 40 Jominy curve

Prediction of hardness distribution Input data: Steel grade: C. 4732 (SAE 4140H) ; B. NO. 43111 Quenching conditions: oil-UTO-2;20 C; Om/s Diameter for hardening, mm: 30 Results of computer aided prediction: Calculated hardness: Diameter = 30mm Surface, hrc ....... 3/4 Radius ............... 1/2 Radius ............... 1/4 Radius ............... Center .................... = 55.3 = 54.3 = 53 = 51.5 = 51.1

Graphic presentation (yes = 1, no = 0) Another diameter (yes = 1, no = 0) Diameter for hardening, mm: 70 Diameter = 70 Surface, hrc ....... 3/4 Radius ............... 1/2 Radius ............... 1/4 Radius ............... Center .................... = 53.1 = 46.4 = 40.7 = 39.6 = 39

Graphic presentation (yes = 1, no = 0) Another diameter (yes = 1, no = 0)

FIGURE 5.66 An example of computer-aided prediction of hardness distribution for quenched round c ic , H.M. Tensi, and W. Luty, bars of 30 and 70 mm diameter, steel grade SAE 4140H. (From B. Lis Theory and Technology of Quenching, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.)

5.6.4.1 Selection of Optimum Quenching Conditions The use of above relationship and stored data permits the selection of optimum quenching condition when a certain hardness value is required at a specified point on a bar cross section of known diameter and steel grade. Figure 5.68 illustrates an example where an as-quenched

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65 1 60 Hardness, HRC 55 50 45 40 35 30 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Distance from the surface, mm 25 30 35 3 2 7 4 5

9 40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Steel grade: SAE 6150 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 6150 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 4135 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 6150 H, Water, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 6150 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 4135 H, Water, 20C, 1m/s, Steel grade: SAE 4140 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 0 m/s, Steel grade: SAE 4140 H, Oil UTO 2, 20C, 0 m/s, Steel grade: SAE 4140 H, Mineral oil, 20C, 1.67m/s,

D = 40 mm D = 30 mm D = 40 mm D = 40 mm D = 40 mm D = 70 mm D = 30 mm D = 80 mm D = 80 mm

Obtained by experiment Computer-aided prediction Prediction according to GerberWyss method

FIGURE 5.67 Comparison of the hardness distribution on round bar cross sections of different diameters and different steel grades, measured after experiments and obtained by computer-aided prediction c ic , H.M. Tensi, and as well as by prediction according to the GerberWyss method. (From B. Lis W. Luty, Theory and Technology of Quenching, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.)

Actual diameter 60 HRC 55 Hq = 51 50 Hq H'q 45 40

Measured hardness on Quenching conditions: the test specimen 1 Blended mineral oil: 20C: 1 m/s 2 Blended mineral oil: 20C: 1.6 m/s 60 3 Blended mineral oil: 70C: 1.0 m/s 50 4 Salt both-AS-140: 200C: 0.6 m/s HRC
Jominy curve for the steel grade: 55 C.4732 (SAE 414OH) B. No. 89960

50 2 48 2 Hardness tolerance 45

12

3 4

40

40

35

35

30 S3/4R

30 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 S3/4R E3/4R E'3/4R Distance from quenched end, mm

c ic , H.M. FIGURE 5.68 An example of computer-aided selection of quenching conditions (From B. Lis Tensi, and W. Luty, Theory and Technology of Quenching, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.)

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hardness of 51 HRC (Hq) at (3=4)R of a 40-mm diameter bar made of SAE 4140H steel is required. Using the stored hardenability curve for this steel, the equivalent Jominy distance E3=4R yielding the same hardness can be found. Using E3=4R and the actual diameter D, hypothetical quenching intensity factor I3=4R can be calculated according to Equation 5.34. That equation also applies to the test specimen of 50-mm diameter and can be written as I3=4R 7:05 E3=4R  1:495 (5:44)

By substituting the calculated value of I3=4R and D 50 mm, the equivalent Jominy distance E3=4R corresponding to (3=4)R of the specimens cross section, can be calculated:
0 E3 =4R

10:85 I3=4R 0:668

(5:45)

For calculated E 3=4R, the hardness of 48 HRC can be read off from the Jominy curve as shown in Figure 5.68. This means that the same quenching condition needed to produce a hardness value Hq 51 HRC at (3=4)R of a 40-mm diameter bar will yield a hardness Hs of 48 HRC at (3=4)R of the 50-mm diameter standard specimen. The next step is to search all stored hardness distribution curves of test specimens made of the same steel grade for the specific quenching condition by which the nearest hardness Hq has been obtained (tolerance is +2 HRC). As shown in Figure 5.68, the required hardness may be obtained by quenching in four different conditions, but the best-suited are conditions 1 and 2. The special advantage of computer-aided calculations, particularly the specific method described, is that users can establish their own databanks dealing with steel grades of interest and take into account (by using hardened test specimens) the actual quenching conditions that prevail in a batch of parts using their own quenching facilities.

REFERENCES
rmebehandeln, Carl Hanser, Munich, 1. G. Spur (Ed.), Handbuch der Fertigungstechnik, Band 4=2, Wa 1987, p. 1012. 2. K.E. Thelning, Steel and Its Heat Treatment, 2nd ed., Butterworths, London, 1984, p. 145. 3. M.A. Grossmann, M. Asimov, and S.F. Urban, Hardenability of Alloy Steels, ASM International, Cleveland, OH, 1939. 4. Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 2, American Society for Metals, Cleveland, OH, 1964, p. 18. 5. M.A. Grossmann, M. Asimov, and S.F. Urban, Hardenability its relation to quenching and some quantitative data, Hardenability of Alloy Steels, ASM International, Cleveland, OH, 1939. rterei Tech. Mitt. 6. A. Moser and A. Legat, Determining hardenability from composition, Ha 24(2):100105 (1969) (in German). 7. D.J. Carney and A.D. Janulionis, An examination of the quenching constant H, Trans. ASM 43:480496 (1951). 8. C.A. Siebert, D.V. Doane, and D.H. Breen, The Hardenability of Steels, ASM International, Cleveland, OH, 1997. 9. C.F. Jatczak, Hardenability in high carbon steel, Metall. Trans. 4:22672277 (1973). 10. Metals Handbook, ASM International, Cleveland, OH, 1948, p. 499. 11. C.F. Jatczak and D.J. Girardi, Multiplying Factors for the Calculation of Hardenability of Hypereutectoid Steels Hardened from 17008F, Climax Molybdenum Company, Ann Arbor, MI, 1958. 12. W.E. Jominy and A.L. Boegehold, Trans. ASM 26:574 (1938).

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