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Existence of Nontrivial Weak Solutions to Quasi-Linear Elliptic Equations with Exponential Growth
WANG Chong
Department of Mathematics, the George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA. Received 13 June 2012; Accepted 1 December 2012
Abstract. In this paper, we study the existence of nontrivial weak solutions to the following quasi-linear elliptic equations
n u + V ( x )|u|n2 u =
f ( x , u) , |x|
n
( n 2),
where n u = div(|u|n2 u), 0 < n, V : R n R is a continuous function, f ( x, u) is continuous in R n R and behaves like eu n1 as u +. AMS Subject Classications: 35J20, 35J60 Chinese Library Classications: O175 Key Words: Trudinger-Moser inequality; exponential growth.
1 Introduction
Consider nonlinear elliptic equations of the form
p u = f ( x, u),
in ,
(1.1)
where is a smooth bounded domain in R n , and p u = div (|u| p2 u). Br ezis [1], Br ezis-Nirenberg [2] and Bartsh-Willem [3] studied this problem under the assumptions that p = 2 and | f ( x, u)| c(|u| + |u|q1 ). Garcia-Alonso [4] studied this problem under the assumptions that p n and p2 n. When = R n and p = 2, Kryszewski-Szulkin [5], Alama-Li [6], Ding-Ni [7] and Jeanjean [8] studied the following equations in stead of (1.1): u + V ( x)u = f ( x, u), in R n .
Corresponding author.
http://www.global-sci.org/jpde/
26
In this paper we consider quasi-linear elliptic equations in the whole Euclidean space
n u + V ( x)|u|n2 u =
where n u = div(|u|n2 u), 0
f ( x, u ) , | x|
n
(n
2) ,
(1.2)
is continuous in R n R and behaves like eu n1 as u +. D. Cao [9] and Cao-Zhang [10] studied problem (1.2) in the case n = 2 and = 0. et al. [12, 13] and Alevs-Figueiredo [14] studied problem (1.2) in general Panda [11], do O et dimension and = 0. When = 0, (1.2) was studied by Adimurthi-Yang [15], do O 4 al. [16], Yang [17], Zhao [18], and others. Similar problems in R or complete noncompact Riemannian manifolds were also studied by Yang [19, 20]. We dene a function space E with the norm u
Rn
u W 1,n (R n ) :
Rn
V ( x )|u |n d x <
(|u| + V ( x)|u| )d x
1 n
(1.3)
Rn
(|u|n2 u + V ( x)|u|n2 u )d x =
Rn
f ( x, u ) d x. | x|
If a weak solution u satises u( x) 0 for almost every x R n , we say u is positive. Throughout this paper we assume the following two conditions on the potential V ( x): (V1 ) V ( x) V0 > 0; 1 (V2 ) The function V ( belongs to L1/(n1) (R n ). x) We also assume that the nonlinearity f ( x, s) satises the following: ( H1 ) There exist constants 0 , b1 , b2 > 0 such that for all ( x, s) R n R + ,
| f ( x, s) |
b1 s
n 1
+ b2 e
0 | s | n 1
kn n 2 k 0 | s | n 1
k=0
k!
f ( x, t )dt
s f ( x, s );
( H3 ) There exist constants R0 , M0 > 0, such that for all x R n and s > R0 ,
F ( x, s) M0 f ( x , s ) ;
27
( H4 )
s 0+
lim sup
n | F ( x, s) | < sn
u E,u =0
|u|n
dx |x|
C p s p 1 ,
n 0 ( n ) n
( n 1)( p n) n
Sp ,
Rn
(|u|n + V ( x)|u|n )d x) (
|u| p Rn |x| d x)
1 p
1 n
u E,u =0
= inf
u E,u =0
|u| p Rn |x| d x)
1 p
k!
t 0, t < 0,
0,
where l N is an integer, C p is as in ( H5 ), : [0, ) R is a smooth function such that 0 1, 0 on [0, A], 1 on [2 A, ), and | | 2/ A, where A is a large constant, say A > 4n1 . For details we refer the reader to in [20, Proposition 2.9]. Other examples were also given in [16] and [18] respectively.
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2 Compactness analysis
We will give some preliminary results before proving Theorem 1.1. Dene a function : N R R by n 2 k s sk ( n, s) = es = . (2.1) k ! k= n 1 k ! k=0 Let s 0, p 1 be real numbers and n 2 be an integer, then there holds (see [17])
p
( n, s)
(n, ps).
(2.2)
Problem (1.2) is closely related to a singular Trudinger-Moser type inequality [15]. That is, for all > 0, 0 < n, and u W 1,n (R n ) (n 2), there holds e | u | n 1
Rn
n
n 2
k | u | n 1 k! k=0
kn
| x|
d x < .
(2.3)
) n and > 0, (1 n
e | u | n 1 sup
( | u|n + |u|n )d x 1 Rn
Rn
n 2 k | u | n 1 k=0
kn
k!
| x|
d x < .
(2.4)
In this paper, we also need the following result which is taken from Lemma 2.4 in [17]. That is, if V : R n R is continuous and (V1 ), (V2 ) are satised, then for any q 1, there holds E Lq (R n ) compactly. (2.5) Dene a functional J : E R by J (u) 1 u n
n
F ( x, u ) d x, Rn | x|
s
where 0 < n, u is the norm of u E dened by (1.3), F ( x, s) = 0 f ( x, t)dt is the primitive of f ( x, s). Assume f ( x, u) satises the hypotheses ( H1 ), then there exist some positive constants 1 > 0 and b3 such that for all ( x, s) R n R, F ( x, s) b3 n, 1 |s| n1 ,
n
29
Lemma 2.1. Assume V ( x) V0 in R n , (H1 ), (H2 ) and (H3 ) hold. Then for any nonnegative, compactly supported function u W 1,n (R n )\{0}, there holds J (tu) as t + . Proof. We follow the line of [15]. ( H2 ) and ( H3 ) imply that there exists R0 > 0 such that for all s > R0 , s F ( x, s) = lnF ( x, s) , s F ( x, s) s therefore, s R0 It follows that F ( x, s)
F ( x, s) . F ( x, R0 )
F ( x, R0 ) R0 s .
Let c1 = F ( x, R0 ) R0 , then we have for all ( x, s) [0, +), F ( x, s) c1 s c2 , which is under the assumption that u is supported in a bounded domain and c2 is a positive constant. This implies that J (tu) tn u n
n
c1 t u d x = tn | x|
u n
c1 t n
u dx . | x|
Since > n, this implies J (tu) as t +. Lemma 2.2. Assume that V ( x) V0 in R n , (H1 ) and (H4 ) are satised. Then there exist > 0 and r > 0 such that J (u) for all u = r. Proof. According to ( H4 ), there exist , > 0 such that if |s| n | F ( x, s) | < . |s|n Therefore for all x R n , |s| , we have F ( x, s) n |s| . n , (2.7)
(2.6)
On the other hand, according to ( H1 ), we can obtain that for any |s| F ( x, s) where C = b1 n||
( 0 | | n 1 ) k k! k= n 1
C | s | n + 1 R ( 0 , s ) , b + 2n , | |
( 0 | s | n 1 ) k . R ( 0 , s ) = k! k= n 1
| u | n +1 R ( 0 , u ) dx | x| Rn
C u
n +1
(2.9)
which is taken from Lemma 4.2 in [15]. According to the denition of , we get
|u |n dx Rn | x|
Thanks to (2.8), (2.9), and (2.10), we obtain J (u) 1 u n 1 u n
u n .
(2.10)
|u |n dx n | x| Rn u n n C u n
n
Rn
| u | n +1 R ( 0 , u ) dx | x|
n +1
= u
u n
n 1
C u
(2.11)
which is due to > 0. Therefore, according to (2.11) and (2.12), for all u J (u) r r n 1 = rn . 2n 2n for all u = r.
= r,
Lemma 2.3. Critical points of J are weak solutions of (1.2). Proof. Though the proof is standard, we write it for completeness. Dene a function g(t) = J (u + t ), namely g( t) = 1 n
Rn
F ( x, u + t ) d x. | x| Rn
By a simple calculation, g ( t)
t =0
= J (u + t )
t =0
= J ( u ) .
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Clearly we have f 1 ( t)
t =0
= =
t =0
n 2 |u|n2 u = n|u|n2 u , 2 n n 2 | u | 2u = n | u | n 2 u , 2
Rn
f 2 ( t) f 3 ( t)
t =0
f ( x, u ) d x. | x|
Rn
(|u|n2 u + V ( x)|u|n2 u )d x
Rn
f ( x, u ) d x. | x|
(2.13)
Rn
(|u|n2 u + V ( x)|u|n2 u )d x
Rn
f ( x, u ) d x = 0. | x|
Hence we get the desired result. Lemma 2.4. Assume (H5 ) is satised, then there exists a function u p E which satises u p = S p , and for t [0, +), we dene J (tu p ) There holds max J (tu p ) <
t 0
tn up n
Rn
F ( x, tu p ) d x. | x|
n 1
1 n n n n 0
(2.14)
Proof. Similar to [18], assume {uk } is a bounded positive sequence of functions in E which satises |u k | p d x = 1 and uk S p . Rn | x| Meanwhile we assume that uk u p in E, uk u p in Lq (R n ) for all q 1, uk ( x) u p ( x) almost everywhere. Using the Holder inequality and the Mean Value Theorem, we can easily prove that for any > 0, there exists a constant K such that when k > K ,
Rn
|uk | p |u p | p d x < . | x| |u p | p d x = 1. | x|
Therefore,
Rn
|u k | p dx | x|
Rn
(2.15)
lim inf uk = S p .
(2.16)
Since uk u p weakly in E, we know uk u p weakly in Ln (R n ). According to the denition of weak convergence and the Holder inequality, we get
Rn
|u p |n d x
lim inf
Rn
|uk |n d x.
(2.17)
V ( x )|u k |n d x
Rn
V ( x ) |u p |n d x.
(2.18)
Thanks to (2.17) and (2.18), (2.16) holds. Meanwhile, by the denition of S p , we know Sp u p . Therefore, we know u p = S p . According to ( H5 ), we have F ( x, tu p ) dx | x| Rn Due to the denition of J (tu p ) and (2.19), we have J (tu p ) Let f ( t) = tn n tp Sp Cp . n p tn n tp Sp Cp , n p S pn Cp tp p
1 pn
Cp
tp . p
(2.19)
and by calculation we know for any real number t, f ( t) This means tn n If we set pn Cp > ( ) p then we have p n Sp 1 < n np n C pp n In view of ( H5 ), we get (2.14) immediately.
np pn pn n
.
np
S pn C p
pn p n Sp n . np pn Cp
n 0 ( n ) n
( n 1)( p n) n
Sp ,
n n n 0
n 1
33
Lemma 2.5. Assume that (V1 ), (V2 ), (H1 ), (H2 ) and (H3 ) hold and {uk } E be an arbitrary Palais-Smale sequence of J, i.e., J ( u k ) c, J ( u k ) 0 in E as k , where E denotes the dual space of E. Then there exists a subsequence of {uk } (still denoted by {uk } ) and u E such that uk u weakly in E, uk u strongly in Lq (R n ) for all q 1, and u k ( x ) u ( x ), a. e.in R n , f ( x, u ) f ( x, u k ) , stronglyin L1 (R n ), | x | | x | F ( x, u k ) F ( x, u ) , stronglyin L1 (R n ). | x| | x| Furthermore, u is a weak solution of (1.2). Proof. Assume {uk } is a Palais-Smale sequence of J . Since J (uk ) c, we obtain 1 u n k According to (2.13), we know
n
Rn
F ( x, u k ) d x c, as k . | x|
(2.20)
| J (uk ) | =
Rn
Rn
f ( x, u k ) dx | x| (2.21)
k ,
Rn
f ( x, u k ) uk d x | x|
k uk .
(2.22)
F ( x, u k ) dx | x|
n,
Rn
u k f ( x, u k ) d x. | x|
(2.23)
Then considering ( n 1) uk 1 n uk
n
Rn
= J (uk )+
2|c| + k uk .
(2.24)
34
According to (2.24), its easy to prove that uk is bounded. Due to (2.20) and (2.22), we get u k f ( x, u k ) F ( x, u k ) d x C, d x C, (2.25) | x| Rn Rn | x| where C is a constant which depends only on and n. According to (2.5) we obtain that for some u E and any q 1, up to a subsequence, uk u strongly in Lq (R n ). Then we know uk u almost everywhere in R n . Next we will prove that up to a subsequence
k
lim
Rn
| f ( x, u k ) f ( x, u ) | d x = 0. | x|
(2.26)
Due to f ( x, )
Rn
Rn
Due to
f ( x, u ) L1 (R n ), | x| lim f ( x, u ) d x = 0. | x|
we know
+ |u|
f ( x, u ) d x < , | x|
(2.28)
|uk | M
|uk | M
| f ( x, s) |
n
b1 + b2 e0 M
n n 1
| s | n 1 .
(2.30)
| f ( x, uk ( x))|
Since
C1 |uk ( x)|n1 .
35
according to the generalized Lebesgues dominated convergence theorem, we know lim f ( x, u k ) dx = | x| f ( x, u ) d x. | x| (2.32)
k |u k |< M
|u|< M
According to (2.28), (2.29) and (2.32), we can prove that (2.27) holds. Therefore we get (2.26). By ( H3 ) and ( H1 ), we obtain that F ( x, u k )
n n 1
C1 |uk |n + C2 f ( x, uk ),
where C1 =(b1 /n)+ b2 e0 R0 and C2 = M0 . According to (2.5), (2.26), and the generalized Lebesgues Dominated Convergence Theorem, we know lim
| F ( x, u k ) F ( x, u ) | d x = 0. | x| Rn
Using the knowledge of (4.26) in [15], we know uk ( x) u( x) almost everywhere in n n R n and |uk |n2 uk |u|n2 u weakly in L n1 (R n ) . Let k in (2.21), and then we obtain that
Rn
(|u|n2 u + V ( x)|u|n2 u )d x
Rn
f ( x, u ) d x = 0, | x|
J (uk ) 0,
and
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According to Lemma 2.5, we know that up to a subsequence u u weakly in E, k q n uk u strongly in L (R ), for any q F ( x, u k ) F ( x, u ) lim dx = d x, k R n | x | Rn | x| u is a weak solution of (1.2).
1,
Next we will prove that the solution u which we get in the above is nontrivial. Suppose u 0. Due to F ( x, u) 0 for all x R n , we get lim F ( x, u k ) dx = Rn | x| F ( x, u ) d x = 0. Rn | x| (3.1)
Rn
F ( x, u k ) d x = c > 0. | x|
(3.2)
lim
uk
= n c > 0.
(3.3)
(3.4)
According to (3.3) and (3.4), we know there exists some 0 > 0 and K > 0, such that uk
n
n n 0 n 0
n 1
(3.5)
for all k > K . According to (3.5), we can choose q > 1 sufciently close to 1 such that q 0 u k
n n 1
0 0 n , n 2
(3.6)
| f ( x, u k ) u k |
It follows that
| f ( x, u k ) u k | dx | x| Rn
b1
Rn
|u k |n d x + b2 | x|
| u k | ( n , 0 | u k | n 1 ) d x. | x| Rn
(3.7)
37
Letting 1/q + 1/q = 1, and according to (3.6), (3.7), the Holder Inequality, (2.2), and (2.4), we have
| f ( x, u k ) u k | d x b1 n | x| R
b1
Rn
|u k |n d x + b2 | x| |u k |n dx + C | x|
|u k |q dx Rn | x| |u k |q dx Rn | x|
1 q
( n , q 0 | u k | n 1 ) dx n | x| R as k .
1 q
1 q
Rn
0,
(3.8)
This is in contradiction with (3.3). Thus the solution u of (1.2) is nontrivial. Testing Eq. (1.2) with u , the negative part of u, we conclude that u 0. Hence u 0.
Acknowledgments
The author is supported by the China Scholarship Council.
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