Alamata techinic college

Training teaching and learning material

Sector: construction
OCCUPATION: masonry
UNITE OF COMPETENCE: LAY NATURAL STONE
LEVEL: II

CONTENT
TITLE
PAGE
INRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------3
SUMMARY OF LEARNINIG OUT COMES-----------------------------3
HOW TO USE THIS TTLM---------------------------- ---------------------3
LEARNING GUIDE---------------------------------------------------------------3
INFORMATION SHEET =1----------------------------------------------------4
OPERATION SHEET=1--------------------------------------------------------5
Self- check= 1-----------------------------------------------------------------------5
Model ANSWER=1--------------------------------------------------- ------------5
INFORMATION SHEET =2-------------------------------------- ------------7
OPERATION SHEET=2--------------------------------------------------------8
Self- check= 2----------------------------------------------------------------------8
Model ANSWER=2---------------------------------------------------------------8
INFORMATION SHEET=3---------------------------------------------------8
OPERATION SHEET=3--------------------------------------------------------9
Self- check= 3-----------------------------------------------------------------------9
Model ANSWER=3----------------------------------------------------------------9
INFORMATION SHEET=4----------------------------------------------------10
OPERATION SHEET=4-------------------------------------------------------18
Self- check= 4----------------------------------------------------------------------18
Model ANSWER=4---------------------------------------------------------------18
INFORMATION SHEET=5----------------------------------------------------19
OPERATION SHEET=5-------------------------------------------------------19
Self- check =5----------------------------------------------------------------------19
Model ANSWER=5---------------------------------------------------------------19
INFORMATION SHEET=6-----------------------------------------------------19
OPERATION SHEET=6--------------------------------------------------------21
Self- check =6----------------------------------------------------------------------21
Model ANSWER=6---------------------------------------------------------------21
INFORMATION SHEET=7----------------------------------------------------22
OPERATION SHEET=7-------------------------------------------------------22

LAP TEST-------------------------------------------------------------22
REFERANCES------------------------------------------------------- 22
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Introduction
This course aims to provide the learners with the knowledge, skill &
right attitudes.

SUMMARY OF LEARNINIG OUT COMES

after completing this training guide you should be to ;
LO1.Plan and prepare work
LO2. Bed stone into mortar
LO3 Dry bed stone and grout
LO4: Dry stone construction
LO5: Fix slab stone using metal ties and adhesives
LO6; Finish stone surfaces and joints
LO7; Cleanup work area, tools and equipments

HOW TO USE THIS TTLM

Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into
sections that cover all the skills & knowledge that you need.
Read information sheets &complete the self- check at the end
of each section to check your progress.
Read &make sure to practice the activities in the operation
sheets. Ask your trainer to show you the correct way to do
things or talk to more experienced person for guidance.
*when you are ready ask your trainer for instructional assessment
and provide you with feed- back from your performance.
LEARNING GUIDE
Learning activities
Special activities
Read topic plan & prepare
Answer self- check 1
Read topic: Bed stone into mortar

Refer to I formation sheet# 1

Compare your answer with model
answer# 1
Refer to information sheet# 2

Read topic: Dry bed stone and grout

Refer to information sheet #3

Answer self- check 3

Compare your answer with model

answer#3
Refer to information sheet #4
Refer to information sheet# 5

Read topic: Dry stone construction

Read topic- Fix slab stone using
metal ties and adhesives
Answer self- check

Refer to information sheet# 6

Read topic- Finish stone, brick &
block surfaces and joints

Refer to information sheet# 7

Read topic- Cleaning up work area
Refer to lap test
Performance lap test: Lay NATURAL
STONE

INFORMATION SHEET # 1
Lo#1 PLANAND PREPARE
Purpose: in this chapter you learn about how to plans &prepares
Plan and prepare: - Work instructions, including plans,
specifications, quality requirements and operational details are
obtained, confirmed and applied.
OHS requirements are followed in accordance with safety
plans and policies.

 Plant, tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are

consistent with the requirements of the job, checked for
serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported prior to
commencement.
Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance
with plans and/or specifications.
Materials appropriate to the work application are identified,
obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use.
Environmental protection requirements are identified for the
project in accordance with environmental plans and regulatory
obligations and applied
Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent
with the requirements of the job.
Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance
with plans and specifications .materials appropriate to the work
application are identified.
The work man site preparation begins before you starting any
work,
1. Building has been designed
2. Constriction documents have been approved
3. Main contractor has been appointed by the client to
construct the building.
This chapter describes the plan and prepare is detailed from the
worker view point.
THE WORK MAN INCLUDES THAT:
*the worker expected to carry out the building work.
* Using appropriate knowledge, skill, and attitude.
*using the most appropriate materials.
*Ensuring the health and safety regulations are observed
Materials handling & storage
There are several type tools used by a Mason. Hand tools, in general, ease
the work and accelerates the process, improves quality of work significantly
and they are very important for everybody who wants to do decent work so

that keep tools in perfect order. In addition tools and equipment also
represents highly valued assets. For this reasons
it is crucial necessary to handle tools and equipment with extra care. That
means cleaning after use, storing neatly, slightly greasing if necessary and
regular maintenance.
E.g.1 sprit level requires always to be handled with care and needs to be
checked from time to time weather it is still working accurate or not.
.
2 measuring tape when long horizontal measurements are needed, care
should be taken to avoid sag on the tape meters.
Storing materials
Proper way of storing material should be considered in schoolwork shops
and training area and this has to be adopted in the real work of construction
sites. It is use full to keep materials in a proper manner, to preserve materials
long lasting, to secure chemical character of the material, for easy access and
handling etc. In general proper way of storing material saves time and
money.

OPERATION SHEET# 1
OPERATIONTITLE: PLAN AND PREPARING
PURPOSE: to know more about plans and how is prepared
Conditions of situation: trainees how to make plan &prepares
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS:
MATERIA:
-Fixer, -T. Square
- paper
-Drawing board, -Set square
- Lead
PROCEDURE: * Prepare drawing board
Prepare tools used to draw plans that are
paper, fixer, lead, drawing board, set square,
T-square.
Prepare leads size by size 0.3,0.5,0.7
PRECAUTION: *use safety tools and materials.
*put drawing table on the level surface.
*care from sharp materials of drawing.
QUALITY CRITERIA: the students can evaluate his success in
performing the operation.

SELF CHECK # 1
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER
1. Which one of the following isnt used to prepare plane?
A, fixer
B .drawing board
C, builder square
D, none
2. The site worker man preparation of begins:
A, building has been designed
B, construction documents have been approved
C, main contractor has been appointed by the client to
construct the building. D, all
3. In the preparation of plane workers concludes that;
A, using appropriate knowledge, skill, and attitude
B. Efficiently and without delay.
C. Using the most appropriate materials.
D ALL,
E, none
Model answer
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
Your

trainer will check your answer after you complete this

information sheet.

INFORMATION SHEET # 2
Bed stone into mortar
Laying out working area for stone masonry

Sufficient working area and circulation access is very essential in

any type of construction, i.e., to dispose materials tools etc.
Therefore, working area or space for a mason should have enough
space to accommodate materials, tools, and suitable stands for the
working people including sufficient circulation space and accesses
for the whole process. And this helps to carryout the work with out
delay, and to the desired quality. In general well-organized
working area avoids accident, saves time and money.
As described above, in order to provide the mason with a set up
which allow him to carry out the process required efficiently,
effectively and economically, the site should be organized in
proper manner. Under this organization of site, a working space
arrangement or layout is important to carry out the work smoothly.
It is essential to arrange the layout of masons working area
properly, i.e.
Should be free of obstructions, which impede the masons and
their helper.
Supplies of mortar mixing materials (sand, cement and lime)
and masonry units (brick, blocks, stones etc.) should be
placed near the mix site.
The Supply of masonry units when delivered to the job site
should not be placed too close to the mortar mixing area as
splashes of mortar during mixing can discolor the unit
blocks.
The mortarboard or pan whichever used must be placed
approximately 60-70cm from the wall. This provides a clear
passage or access along the wall.
Do not place stone blocks too close to the mortarboard in
order to keep them clean.
In general, the materials should be paced in a way that the
mason may work with the fewest possible movements of the
feet, hands or body in getting the materials to the wall.
Use scaffolding for height 1.25 m.

Mortars for stone masonry

Generally 1:3 cement sand mortar is used for stone masonry
work. In order to increase the workability of mortar 15% of
cement should be replaced by lime. In order to protect limestone's
mortar from getting them stained white Portland cement mortar
should be used. Generally 1:12:6 (non - staining cement, hydrated
lime six parts of clean sand) should be used for stones liable to be
stained by cement mortar alone. Non - staining special waterproof
cements are also available. Rich mortar is used for pointing work
of stone masonry.
OPERATION SHEET# 2
OPERATIONTITLE: bad stone in to mortar
PURPOSE: to know more about bading stone in to mortar
Conditions of situation: trainees how to bad stone in to mortar
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS:
MATERIA:
-Trowel
- Cement
-Mortar board
-Sand
-Shovel
-Water
-Meter
-stone
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials
Prepare tools used to bad stone in to mortar
PRECAUTION: *use safety tools and materials.
*care from sharp materials of drawing.
QUALITY CRITERIA: the students can evaluate his success in
performing the operation.
SELF CHECK # 2
Answer the following questions
1. Write the advantage of stone?
2. Write ratio of cement sand mortar to used for stone masonry
work?
Model answer 2
1._______
2._______
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Your

trainer will check your answer after you complete this

information sheet.

INFORMATION SHEET # 3
Perform Dry bed stone & grout
Prepared stone appropriate to job is set in place dry and
supported as required by wedges packers & props.
Joints are prepared &grout is poured gradually as
required to fill voids.

Grouting
General information about grouting
Grouting is a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices
in masonry.
The mortar mix for grouting mortar depends first of all
on the width
Of the joint.
for small joint from 1to 2mmcan be filled with pure
cement, but
when the joint be come bigger sand has been added.
Up to 5mmit is also possible to add a small amount of tile
adhesive(ratio 2:1:2 parts of cement &1 part of adhesive).
To prepare the grouting mortar follows the steps
1. Fill the joint of the wall with appropriate joint filling board.
2. Wipe always diagonal over the tiles to fill the joint proper.
3. Grout in a space you can handle not too much .it you apply too
much at once The starting bonding goes too fast & you will not be
able to follow with the
washing.
4. Wait for the joint until they start bonding .this is the time you
start washing the joints with a clean sponge.
5. Clean the surface by pulling off the material diagonal from
the tiles.
6. Remove the remaining dust from the surface by wiping it with
a dry rag.
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Grouting of floor tiles

1. Fill the grouting slurry with asquisy.
2. Scatter dry material on the floor to pull the water out of the joint.
3. Rub off surplus material from the floor.
OPERATION SHEET# 3
OPERATION TITLE: Perform Dry bed stone & grout
PURPOSE: to know more how can you Perform Dry bed stone &
grout
Conditions of situation: trainees how can you Perform Dry bed
stone & grout
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
TOOLS:
Material:
-stone hammer
-peg
-nail
-tape
-profile board
-shovel
- cement
-trowel
- stone
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials
* set out working space
*leveling working space
SELF CHECK # 3
A) Answer the following questions
1. Write the steps to prepare grouting mortar?
2. What is grouting?
model answer 5
1______________
2______________

INFORMATION SHEET#4
Perform dry stone construction
Stone is prepared or selected in a manner appropriate to job & laid
to achieve maximum stability using chips. Flat faces & bettered
angles, on stones earth sods and clay.
Laying natural stones in walls
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Stone masonry wall is constructed using suitable mortar similar to

other types of masonry wall constructions. Horizontal and vertical
alignments in the process are almost carried out in the same manner i.e.
leveling with sprit level, straight edge, string, plumbing using plumb bob,
etc are carried out in the same procedure. But due to the irregular edges
and uneven sizes of stone blocks / units, Care should be taken in leveling,
aligning and providing vertical joints of the wall. Moreover, the hearting
(the inner portion between facing and backing) of a wall is filled with
crushed stones for proper packing with mortar to form homogeneous
mass of wall. Since natural stone blocks are heavier than the artificial
one's double scaffolding should be adapted to carryout the stone masonry
construction.

Erecting Natural Stone structures

Introduction to stone masonry
The art of building a structure in stone with any suitable mortar is said to
be stone masonry. It may be adopted for the construction of foundations,
columns, walls, arches, floors etc of a building. Dams, retaining walls and
other structures can also be built up in stones. Stones are available in nature
and after properly cutting and dressing to the proper shape they provide
strong, durable and economical material for the construction of buildings
and other similar structures.
Building stones used for stone masonry walls are natural materials obtained
from rock by suitable methods of quarrying. Stones when derived from
rocks are very irregular in shape and size. They are therefore, dressed for
proper bedding, thin joints and speedy construction. When such stone blocks
are laid with cement or lime mortar in systematic manner, they form a

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structural mass, which can resist load without disintegration. In general

proper bond should be maintained and formation of continuous vertical
joints should be avoided.
Advantages of stonewalls
Stone is Very common in Ethiopia and by nature it is:
More durable under normal conditions:
Less likely to develop cracks:
Greater load-bearing capacity:
Do not require further external surface treatment if they are semi or
fully dressed:
More attractive due to natural surface finish.
Terminologies in stone masonry
There are many terms relating to stone masonry work. But a few technical
terms of common use are described below:
1. Natural bed of stone: the original surface occupied by a stone during
its formation is called natural bed of the stone.
2. Bedding plane: the plane along which the stone can be separated into
different layers is called bedding plane.
3. Stringcourse: a horizontal course of masonry provided at different
levels projecting outside the wall to drain out water.
4. Corbel: a projecting stone which is usually provided to serve as
support for roofs, weather sheds, joists etc.
5. Cornice: a large molded course of stone masonry provided at ceiling
level of a roof which projects outside a wall surface of a building.

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6. Blocking course: it is another course of stone placed immediately

above the cornice to hold down and to prevent the cornice from
overturning.
7. Dripstone: a projecting molded stone having its undersurface
throated. It is provided on the inside of parapet wall to throw rain
water off the parapet wall.
8. Parapet: it is a projected wall constructed round the terrace of a
building above roofline. It is mainly provided to act as a fancy wall
for persons moving on the roof.
9. Throating: the process of cutting grooves in the soffit or underside of
a stone to give drip channel.
10. Molding: ornamental features given to construction members to
improve their appearance.
11. Grouting: The process of spreading and working of mortar or cement
slurry over stones or bricks to fill up their joints.
12. Through stone: The stone extending through the entire thickness of a
wall to increase its lateral stability is called through stone or bond
stone.
13. Coping: a molded stone covering the top of a masonry wall to prevent
rainwater from entering the wall.
14. Frieze: Stone course provided below the cornice.
15. Spalls: Chips of stones used for packing up and filling hollow spaces
in stone masonry.
16. Buttresses: a stepped masonry projections, which intend to provide
lateral strength to a wall.
17. Lacing course: a horizontal regular course of stone blocks provided
to strengthen a wall made of irregular courses of small stones.
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18. Abutment: Massive vertical structural element of masonry or

concrete provided at ends of arches or bridges to support against
movement.

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17

Classification and types of stone masonry

Depending upon the arrangement of stones in the construction, degree of
refinement used in shaping the stone and finishing adopted, stone masonry can be
classified as:

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1. Rubble masonry
2. Ashlar masonry
1. Rubble masonry
The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly dressed stones are
laid in a suitable mortar is called rubble masonry.
In this masonry, the joints of mortar are wider and also not of uniform
thickness.
Rubble masonry is further divided into the following four types:
i. Uncoursed rubble masonry
ii. Random rubble masonry
iii. Coursed rubble masonry
iv. Dry rubble masonry

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2.Ashlar Masonry
The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or
lime mortar is known as ashlar masonry. In this masonry, all the courses are
of uniform height; all the joints are regular, thin and uniform thickness. This
type of masonry is costlier in construction since it involves cost of dressing.
This masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural buildings, piers and
abutments of high bridges and arches.
Ashlar masonry is further sub-divided into the following types.
i.

Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar masonry;

ii.

Random coursed ashlar masonry;

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iii.

Rough tooled or bastard ashlar masonry;

iv.

Rock or quarry faced ashlar masonry;

v.

Chamfered ashlar masonry;

vi.

Block -in-course masonry;

vii. Ashlar Facing

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BRICK AND STONE COPING

Coping are provided at the top of prepared, garden wall,
boundary walls etc to protect the walls from rain water .
The essential quality of coping is that it should
efficiently throw of rain water.
OPERATION SHEET# 4
OPERATION TITLE: Perform dry stone construction
PURPOSE: to know more how can you Perform Dry stone
construction.
Conditions of situation: trainees how can you Performing Dry
stone.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
TOOLS:
Material:
-Stone hammer
-peg
-nail
-Tape
-profile board
-Shovel
- cement
-Trowel
- stone
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials
* set out working space
*leveling working space
Self check 4
Answer the following question

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1. What is coping?
2. What is grouting?
INFORMATION SHEET#5
Fix slab stone using metal ties and adhesives
Prepared stone slab are fixed to metal or masonry surface using
adhesives
Cement mortar or plaster.
Metal ties & dowels are used secure stone slabs are required.
Dowel cavities are filled with grout or slurry as required in job
specification.
OPERATION SHEET# 5
OPERATION TITLE: Fix slab stone using metal ties and
adhesives
PURPOSE:
Conditions of situation:
. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
TOOLS:
Materials:
-stone hammer
-peg
-nail
-tape
-aggregate
-shovel
- cement
-trowel
- stone
-bar
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials

INFORMATION SHEET # 6
Finish stone surfaces and joints
Stone and brick surfaces are finished as required by job
specifications,
Joints are cleaned or raked as required to achieve either final
appearance
Or as preparation for pointing.
Pointing mortars are adhesives are applied to joints are
required
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By job specifications.
Finishing of stone Joints
The object of finishing the joints is to impart better look to the
brickwork and to make it more waterproof. Merely drawing one
edge of trowel along the joints is detrimental for brickworks as
it may disturb the adhesion between the, mortar and the brick.
The finishing of joints as the brickwork proceeds is termed as
jointing where as finishing of joints after the brickwork has
been completed is known as pointing.
Pointing
It is the process of sealing the masonry unit joints with good
quality mortar. Sometimes it gives ornamental /architectural
appearance to the brick masonry work. Generally pointing is
done on outer or eternal exposed brick masonry surface.
1

Steps in pointing work

Preparation of background: - before pointing the
background has to be prepared by racking the joints to a
depth of 10 to 20 mm to give good bond. The racked joints
are brushed out to clear of the dust. The racked joints after
cleaning may be made wet for avoiding loss of moisture from
mortar by absorption.
Application of pointing: - The mortar will be pressed inside
the joint. The finishing of the joint can be done as per the
requirement.
Types of pointing
Flush pointing: - formed by pressing mortar inside the joints
and finishing it to outer surface of masonry units.
Half round or concave pointing: - this is modification over
flush pointing. Concave groove of approximate size is
formed at the center by special tools. This improves
appearance.

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- Weather struck pointing: this is also a modification over

flush pointing. Topside of mortar joint is pressed inside the
racked joint by about 10mm and made inclined up wards. It
is suitable for surfaces exposed to heavy rains, as it gives
good drainage. This is also known as cut or weathered or
struck pointing.
- Recessed pointing: - mortar is uniformly pressed inside the
racked joint by about 5mm or more. This gives good
appearance. And collects dust and may need regular cleaning.

OPERATION SHEET# 6
OPERATION TITLE: Finish stone, brick & block surface &
joints
PURPOSE: trainees know about finishing works
Conditions of situation:
. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
TOOLS:
Material:
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-Tape
-trowel

- nail
-cement
-water

PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials

Self check 6
Answer the following question
1. Write types of pointing?
2. Write steps of pointing?

INFORMATION SHEET #7
Clean up
Surfaces are cleaned as required by job, west materials are
disposed of
In an appropriate manner & in accordance with environmental
protection authority (EPA) requirement. Tools and equipments are
cleaned & stored.
Tools and materials
-broom
materials
-brush
-water
OPERATION SHEET# 7
OPERATION TITLE: clean up
PURPOSE: to clean up working area
Conditions of situation: trainees how to clean working area
. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
TOOLS:
Material:
-Broom
-water
-Brush
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials

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PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
LAP TEST
NAME_________________
DATE_____________
TIME STARTED_________
TIME FINISHING________
INSTRUCTION:1. Write tools and materials to preparing plan?
2. Write advantages of stone wall?
4. write Methods and procedure of laying the bricks
5. What is grouting?
7. Write steps in pointing work?
*The trainer will be evaluating at the finishing of the work.

Reference Books
1. A textbook of Building Construction
Author: - S.P.Arora
2. Motivate
Building Construction Principles & Practices
Author: - D.Walton
3. Building Construction
Author: -gatachew yimer

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