Beams and Columns With Higher-Order Polynomial Eigenfunctions

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5
Beams and Columns with Higher-Order
Polynomial Eigenfunctions
a fourth-order polynomial. The natural question that arises is this: can these
structures possess eigenfunctions that are representedby polynomials of degree
greater than four? The reply to this question is shown to be in the afrmative, if
some conditions are met.
5.1 Family of Analytical Polynomial Solutions for Pinned
Inhomogeneous Beams. Part 1: Buckling
5.1.1 Introductory Remarks
The closed-formsolutions for buckling of columns were reportedby Engesser
(1893), Tukerman (1929), Duncan (1937) and Elishakoff and Rollot (1999). The
latter studies concentrated on pinned columns under axial compression. The
second-order differential equation was employed:
D(x)
d
2
W
dx
2
+Pw = 0 (5.1)
where W(x) is the buckling mode, P the compressive force, D(x) the exural
rigidity and x the axial coordinate. For the exural rigidity variation, given as
D(x) =
_
1
3
7
(x/L)
2
_
D
0
(5.2)
where L is the length and D
0
is the exural rigidity at the origin of the
coordinates, Duncan (1937) suggested the buckling mode
W(x) = A[7(x/L) 10(x/L)
3
+3(x/L)
5
] (5.3)
203
2005 by Issac Elishakoff
In Chapters 2 and 4 the modes that was forced as the beam or column was
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204 Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures
leading, upon substitution of Eqs. (5.2) and (5.3) into Eq. (5.1) the buckling load
P
cr
=
60
7
D
0
/L
2
(5.4)
Elishakoff and Rollot (1999) studied several additional cases in which the
closed-form solution is available. It is instructive to report here one of the
cases. For the exural rigidity variation
D(x) =
_
1 +
_
1
5
_
x/L
1
4
_
1
5
_
2
(x/L)
2
_
(5.5)
They derived the buckling mode
W(x) = A[x/L 2(x/L)
3
+(x/L)
4
] (5.6)
resulting in the buckling load
P
cr
= 3
_
5 1
_
2
D
0
/L
2
(5.7)
We note that in the two cases studied by Duncan (1937) and Elishakoff and
Rollot (1999), the buckling mode is represented as Duncan polynomials, pro-
posed by Duncan (1937) in the context of the BoobnovGalerkin method.
Namely, Eq. (5.3) represents the fth-order polynomial, where as Eq. (5.6)
constitutes a fourth-order polynomial.
Naturally, the following question arises: are there buckling problems in
which the buckling modes will be represented by polynomials of higher
degree? The present section attempts to answer this question. We pose the
inverse problem of reconstructing the exural rigidity of the column in order
that a pre-selected polynomial function serves as an exact mode shape of
the buckling of inhomogeneous columns. We consider, here, two kinds of
buckling problems, namely the buckling of an inhomogeneous beam under a
compressive axial load P, formerly studied by Elishakoff (2000a), for the spe-
cialized case, and the buckling of an inhomogeneous beam under an axially
distributed load q(x), earlier treated by Elishakoff and Gud (2001), with the
aid of the fourth-degree polynomials. Here, we study the feasibility of having
higher order polynomials as exact mode shapes.
5.1.2 Choosing a Pre-selected Mode Shape
We treat, here, the problem of reconstructing the exural rigidity of an
inhomogeneous column subjected to a buckling load, when its mode shape
is known as a pre-selected polynomial function that satises the boundary
conditions. The pre-selected mode shape is identied here as a deection of a
uniform beam under the various distributed loads. Consider a uniform beam,
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Beams and Columns with Higher-Order Polynomial Eigenfunctions 205
pinned at both its ends, and subjected to the load q(x) = q
0
x
n
. The governing
differential equation reads:
D
0
d
4
w
dx
4
= q
0
x
n
(5.8)
where w(x) is the static displacement due to the load q
0
x
n
, D
0
is the uniform
exural rigidity and xthe axial coordinate. We introduce the non-dimensional
coordinate
= x/L (5.9)
where L is the length. Equation (5.8) becomes
EI
d
4
w
d
4
=
n
(5.10)
The solution of this equation that satises all boundary conditions of the
pinnedpinned column reads:
w() = L
n+4
()/D
0
(n +1)(n +2)(n +3)(n +4)
() =
n+4
1
6
(n
2
+7n +12)
3
+
1
6
(n
2
+7n +6)
(5.11)
Note that such an approach to construct the mode shape is in line with an
observation that the buckling mode sin() of the uniform pinnedpinned
column, can be viewed as the proportional response of the uniform beam
without an axial force but subjected to the transverse load sin(); whereas
this observation is not needed to solve the problem of the uniform column,
it is useful to solve the problem of the inhomogeneous column, in order to
formulate the postulated mode shape.
5.1.3 Buckling of the Inhomogeneous Column under an Axial Load
Consider the polynomial function () given in Eq. (5.11). We address the
following problem: can the function () serve as an exact mode shape for
the inhomogeneous beam under a compression load P and under an axially
distributed load? The answer to this question was shown to be in the afrm-
differential equation that governs the buckling of the column under the axial
load P reads:
d
2
dx
2
_
D(x)
d
2
W
dx
2
_
+P
d
2
W
dx
2
= 0 (5.12)
ative for n = 0 (see Elishakoff, 1999). We deal here with cases n > 0. The
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is a static displacement and P is the buckling load.
With the non-dimensional coordinate = x/L, and for W() (), the
differential equation (5.12) becomes
d
2
d
2
_
D()
d
2
d
2
_
+PL
2
d
2
d
2
= 0 (5.13)
We emphasize again that we postulate the buckling mode W(x) to coalesce
with the function () that is proportional to the static displacement w()in
Eq. (11). At rst glance, this postulate may appear to be an articial one. Yet, it
will be shown, that it leads to uncovering of a series of closed-form solutions.
Inorder toachieve the same order inbothterms inthe governingdifferential
equation (5.13), the exural rigidity is taken as a second-order polynomial:
D() = b
0
+b
1
+b
2
2
(5.14)
Substitution of Eqs. (5.11) and (5.14) into both terms of the left-hand side in
Eq. (5.13) yields
d
2
d
2
_
D()
d
2
d
2
_
= (n +3)(n +4)
_
2b
1
6b
2
+(n +1)(n +2)b
0
n
+(n +2)(n +3)b
1
n+1
+(n +3)(n +4)b
2
n+2
_
(5.15)
PL
2
d
2
d
2
= PL
2
(n +3)(n +4)(
n+2
) (5.16)
Note that the left-hand side of the differential equation (5.13) becomes a poly-
nomial, which must vanish for any within [0;1]. This forces all coefcients
of the polynomial equation to be zero. Therefore, we have to collect the terms
with the same power of on the left-hand side of Eq. (5.13), and require that
their coefcients vanish. In view of Eqs. (5.15) and (5.16), we consider two
main cases: n < 2 and n 2.
Let us rst treat the simplest case n=0; the governing equation yields the
following set of algebraic equations
b
0
b
1
= 0
6b
1
6b
2
PL
2
= 0
144b
2
+12PL
2
= 0
(5.17)
where now we consider an inhomogeneous column with exural rigidity
D(); W
G
is the buckling mode in contrast to w(x) in Eq. (5.8), where the latter
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From the last equation of the system (5.17), we get
P
cr
= 12b
2
/L
2
(5.18)
Since the critical compressive load is positive, b
2
must be negative. The rest
of the equations in (5.17) yield
b
1
= b
2
b
0
= b
2
(5.19)
The exural rigidity is, then,
D() = (1 +
2
)b
2
= (1 +
2
)|b
2
| (5.20)
We note that Eq. (5.18) agrees with the result of Elishakoff (2001d). Figure 5.1
portrays the variation of D()/|b
2
| for within [0; 1].
When n = 1, instead of (5.17) we arrive at
b
1
= 0
6b
0
6b
2
PL
2
= 0
b
1
= 0
20b
2
+PL
2
= 0
(5.21)
0.1
0
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
2
FIGURE 5.1
Variation of D()/|b2|with for the inhomogeneous beam under an axial load P, when n=0
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1.4
0
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
2
FIGURE 5.2
Variation of D()/|b2| with for the inhomogeneous beam under an axial load P, when n=1
whose solution is
P
cr
= 20b
2
/L
2
(5.22)
b
0
=
7
3
b
2
b
1
= 0 (5.23)
The exural rigidity is then
D() =
_
7
3
+
2
_
b
2
=
_
7
3

2
_
|b
2
| =
_
1
3
7
2
_
7
3
|b
2
| (5.24)
Note that Eq. (5.24) essentially coincides with Duncans (1937) solution given
in Eq. (5.2) with D
0
7|b
2
|/3. We obtained it not by guessing, but by using
the polynomial representations. Figure 5.2 depicts the variation of D()/|b
2
|
when belongs to [0;1].
Concerning the general case n 2, we obtain from Eqs. (5.15) and (5.16),
the following homogeneous set of algebraic equations for four unknowns,
namely b
0
, b
1
, b
2
and P:
b
1
= 0
b
2
PL
2
= 0
b
0
= 0
b
1
= 0
(n +3)(n +4)b
2
+PL
2
= 0
(5.25)
The solution of the system (5.25) is trivial with b
0
= b
1
= b
2
= P = 0.
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As is seen, by postulating the buckling mode shapes given in Eq. (5.11) with
n = 0 and n = 1 we obtain, respectively, the solutions given by Elishakoff
(2001d) and Duncan (1937).
Here, we are interested in the buckling of an inhomogeneous beam under
a distributed axial load. The problem is posed as follows: nd the exural
rigidity D(x) of the inhomogeneous column so that the polynomial function
() given in Eq. (5.11) serves as an exact mode shape of its buckling under an
axially distributed load. The differential equation that governs the buckling
of the column under the axial distributed load q(x), reads
d
2
dx
2
_
D(x)
d
2
W
dx
2
_
d
dx
_
N(x)
dW
dx
_
= 0 (5.26)
where
N(x) =
_
L
x
q(u) du, q(u) =
m
i=0
q
i
u
i
(5.27)
With the non-dimensional coordinate = x/L, and for W() (), Eq. (5.26)
becomes
d
2
d
2
_
D()
d
2
d
2
_
L
2
d
d
_
N()
d
d
_
= 0 (5.28)
The distributed axial load is rewritten as
q() =
m
i=0
q
i
L
i
i
= q
0
m
i=0
g
i
L
i
i
(5.29)
We introduce the parameters
g
i
= q
i
/q
0
for i = 0, 1, . . . , m (5.30)
The axial load N reads
N() =
_
1
q() d = q
0
L
m
i=0
g
i
i +1
(1
i+1
) (5.31)
5.1.4 Buckling of Columns under an Axially Distributed Load
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Therefore, the differential equation (5.28) is rewritten as
d
2
d
2
_
D()
d
2
d
2
_
+q
0
L
3
d
d
_
m
i=0
g
i
i +1
(1
i+1
)
d
d
_
= 0 (5.32)
In order to achieve the same polynomial order both terms of Eq. (5.32), the
exural rigidity is taken as a polynomial of degree m+3,
D() =
m+3
i=0
b
i
i
(5.33)
We consider now special cases.
5.1.4.1 Uniformly distributed axial load (m = 0)
We consider various possible values of n. Consider rst n = 0; the governing
equation (5.32) yields the following homogeneous set of four equations for
ve unknowns, namely for b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, b
3
and q
0
:
24(b
1
b
0
) q
0
L
3
= 0
72(b
2
b
1
) 12q
0
L
3
= 0
144(b
3
b
2
) +30q
0
L
3
= 0
240b
3
16q
0
L
3
= 0
(5.34)
which is solvable up to an arbitrary constant, which is taken here as the
coefcient b
3
. The buckling intensity equals
q
0,cr
= 15b
3
/L
3
(5.35)
The other coefcients are:
b
0
= b
3
b
1
=
3
8
b
3
b
2
=
17
8
b
3
(5.36)
so that the attendant exural rigidity reads:
D() =
_
1 +
3
8

17
8

2
+
3
_
b
3
(5.37)
Note that Eq. (5.35) coincides with Elishakoff and Guds (2001) solution.
It is shown in Appendix C that only trivial solutions are deduced when
n1, by this method.
Figure 5.3 represents the variation of the exural rigidity in this case.
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0.3
0
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.9
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
3

FIGURE 5.3
Variation of D()/|b
2
| with for the column under axially distributed load P, for m = 0
5.1.4.2 Linearly varying distributed axial load (m = 1)
When n = 0, instead of (5.34), we get
24b
1
+24b
0
q
0
L
3
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
q
0
L
3
(72 +7g
1
) = 0
144b
3
+144b
2
+q
0
L
3
(30 +6g
1
) = 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+q
0
L
3
(16 +12g
1
) = 0
360b
4
10q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
(5.38)
We have six unknowns for ve equations. We choose b
4
as an arbitrary
constant to obtain q
0,cr
:
q
0,cr
= 36b
4
/g
1
L
3
(5.39)
The coefcients determining the boundary exural rigidity D() read
b
0
= 6(g
1
+2)b
4
/5g
1
b
1
= 3(4g
1
+3)b
4
/10g
1
b
2
= (23g
1
+51)b
4
/10g
1
b
3
= 4(g
1
3)b
4
/5g
1
(5.40)
For n1, no non-trivial solution is derivable, as shown in Appendix D.
5.1.4.3 Parabolically distributed axial load (m = 2)
Consider the case n=0; the differential equation (5.32) produces a homogen-
eous linear algebraic system of six equations for seven unknowns, specically
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the coefcients b
i
in the exural rigidity and the critical load q
0
:
24b
1
+24b
0
q
0
L
3
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
q
0
L
3
(72 +7g
1
+4g
2
) = 0
144b
3
+144b
2
+q
0
L
3
(30 +6g
1
+3g
2
) = 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+q
0
L
3
(16 +12g
1
) = 0
360b
5
+360b
4
+q
0
L
3
(10g
1
+10g
2
) = 0
504b
5
8q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
(5.41)
leading to the critical value of q
0,cr
,
q
0,cr
= 63b
5
/g
2
L
3
(5.42)
and the coefcients in D(),
b
0
= (115g
2
+168g
1
+336)b
5
/80g
2
b
1
= (115g
2
+168g
1
+126)b
5
/80g
2
b
2
= (165g
2
+322g
1
+714)b
5
/80g
2
b
3
= (15g
2
+28g
1
84)b
5
/20g
2
b
4
= (3g
2
+7g
1
)b
5
/4g
2
(5.43)
The critical load in (5.42) is identical to the result obtained previously by
Elishakoff and Gud (2001) by other means. When n = 1, we have
40b
1
7
3
q
0
L
3
= 0
120b
2
+120b
0
q
0
L
3
_
20 +
37
3
g
1
+
20
3
g
2
_
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
+q
0
L
3
_
30
7
3
g
2
_
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
20 +30g
1
+
20
3
g
2
_
= 0
600b
5
+600b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
25 +
50
3
g
2
_
= 0
840b
4
15q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
1120b
5
35
3
q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
(5.44)
which represents a homogeneous set of seven algebraic equations for seven
unknowns. In order to nd a non-trivial solution the determinant of the sys-
tem must be zero. This condition is expressed by the simple linear equation
11g
2
+36 = 0, resulting in
g
2
= 36/11 (5.45)
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Due to the negative sign of the parameter g
2
, we check the sign of the load
N(). We substitute Eq. (5.40) into the expression for the load N() given in
Eq. (5.31), for m = 2. We obtain
N() = q
0
L
_
(11g
1
2) 22 11g
1
2
+24
3
_
/22 (5.46)
which is not negative for arbitrary values of the parameter g
1
. In the follow-
ing, we consider the parameter g
1
so that the load is compressive. Upon
substitution of Eq. (5.39) into equations of the set (5.38), we get for the
critical load
q
0,cr
= 88b
5
/3L
3
(5.47)
Since the critical load is positive, the coefcient b
5
must be negative. The
coefcients in the exural rigidity read
b
0
=
_
253
189
g
1
+
14
45
_
b
5
b
1
= 77b
5
/45 b
2
=
_
176
105
g
1
2
15
_
b
5
b
3
= 26b
5
/3 b
4
= 11g
1
b
5
/21
(5.48)
For the exural rigidity to agree with a realistic problem, it must be non-
negative for any in [0;1]. A necessary condition to fulll is the non-negativity
of the coefcient b
0
. Since the coefcient b
5
this condition is
expressed as follows:
253
189
g
1
+
14
45
0 or g
1

294
1265
0.2324 (5.49)
1
For n = 2, instead of (5.38) we get the following eight equations for seven
unknowns:
60b
1
4q
0
L
3
= 0
180b
2
q
0
L
3
(30 +19g
1
+10g
2
) = 0
360b
3
+360b
0
+q
0
L
3
(45 4g
2
) = 0
600b
4
+600b
1
+30q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+q
0
L
3
(30 +15g
1
+35g
2
) = 0
1260b
3
36q
0
L
3
= 0
1680b
4
21q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
2160b
5
16q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
(5.50)
Figure 5.4 depicts the exural rigidity for various values of the parameter g ,
whereas Figure 5.5 portrays the corresponding load N().
is negative
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2
0
4
6
8
10
12
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
5
g
1
=5
g
1
=4
g
1
=3
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
FIGURE 5.4
Variation of the exural rigidity
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
N
(
)
/
q
0
L
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
g
1
=3
g
1
=4
g
1
=5
FIGURE 5.5
Variation of N()
To obtain a non-trivial solution the matrix of the system (5.50) must have a
rank less than 7. According to Uspensky (1948), a matrix is of rank p if it
contains minors of order p different from 0, while all minors of order p+1
(if there are such) are zero. Therefore, the matrix of (5.50) admits a rank
less than 7, if all minors of order 7 are zero. This condition yields a set of
eight linear algebraic equations among which two are identically zero, and
the rest reduce to the following two equations with two unknowns, namely
the parameters g
1
and g
2
:
38,516,954,112g
2
+142,216,445,952g
1
= 213,324,668,928
19,999,187,712g
1
= 35,554,111,488
(5.51)
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0.2
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
N
(
)
/
q
0
L
FIGURE 5.6
Variation of N()
whose solution is
g
1
=
16
9
g
2
=
472
39
(5.52)
Note that the load N() is entirely determined by (5.52). We check whether
it is compressive. Substitution of (5.52) into (5.31), for m = 2, results in the
load N():
N() = q
0
L
_
251
117

8
9
2
+
472
117
3
_
(5.53)
which is positive (see Figure 5.6) and, therefore, it does not correspond to
a compressive load. We conclude that for m = 2, there can be a non-trivial
solution, yet the system is not realistic. It is shown in Appendix E that when
n 3, only trivial solutions are produced.
5.1.4.4 Cubically distributed axial load (m = 3)
Consider n=0; the governing differential equation again yields a homogen-
eous set of seven equations for eight unknowns:
24b
0
24b
1
q
0
L
3
= 0
72b
1
72b
2
q
0
L
3
(12 +7g
1
+4g
2
+3g
3
) = 0
144b
2
144b
3
+q
0
L
3
(30 +6g
1
+3g
2
+3g
3
) = 0
240b
3
240b
4
q
0
L
3
(16 12g
1
+g
3
) = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 216 #14
360b
4
360b
5
q
0
L
3
(1 +10g
1
10g
2
) = 0
504b
5
504b
6
q
0
L
3
(8g
2
9g
3
) = 0
672b
6
7q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
(5.54)
which is solvable expressing all unknowns in terms of b
6
, which is regarded
as a parameter. We get thus, for the critical value of the buckling load,
q
0,cr
= 96b
6
/g
3
L
3
(5.55)
and the coefcients b
i
in the exural rigidity
b
0
= (177g
3
+230g
2
+336g
1
+672)b
6
/105g
3
b
1
= (177g
3
+230g
2
+336g
1
+252)b
6
/105g
3
b
2
= (243g
3
+330g
2
+644g
1
+1428)b
6
/105g
3
b
3
= (33g
3
+120g
2
+224g
1
+672)b
6
/105g
3
b
4
= (15g
3
24g
2
+56g
1
)b
6
/21g
3
b
5
= (15g
3
+32g
2
)b
6
/21g
3
(5.56)
We note that Elishakoff and Gud (2001) deduced the same result for the
critical load in (5.55) as part of their general case.
Consider now n=1; this time, we obtain a set of eight equations for eight
unknowns,
40b
1
7
3
q
0
L
3
= 0
120b
2
+120b
0
q
0
L
3
_
20 +
37
3
g
1
+
20
3
g
2
+5g
3
_
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
+q
0
L
3
_
30
7
3
g
2
_
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
20 +30g
1
+
7
3
g
2
+
8
3
g
3
_
= 0
600b
5
+600b
3
+q
0
L
3
(25 +
50
3
g
2
) = 0
840b
6
+840b
4
+q
0
L
3
(15g
1
+15g
3
)
1120b
5
35
3
q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
1440b
5
10q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
(5.57)
In order for this homogeneous linear algebraic system to have a non-trivial
solution, its determinant must vanish, leading to the following determinantal
equation:
2,861,236,244g
2
+9,364,045,824 = 0 (5.58)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 217 #15
from which we get the following expression for the parameter g
2
:
g
2
=
36
11
(5.59)
We remark that this expression, suprisingly, coincides with the parameter g
2
obtained for the parabolically varying axial load in Eq. (5.45). We have to
verify whether the load obained for g
2
given in Eq. (5.59) corresponds to a
compressive load. The load N()is given by
N() = q
0
L
_
(11g
3
+22g
1
4) 44 22g
1
2
+48
3
11g
3
4
_
/44 (5.60)
One of the parameters g
1
or g
3
can be treated as an arbitrary constant, while the
other ischosen straight forwardly enough so that the load N()remains neg-
ative for within [0; 1]. Once the parameters g
1
and g
3
are chosen judiciously,
the critical buckling load is given by
q
0,cr
= 144b
6
/g
3
L
3
(5.61)
The coefcient of the exural rigidity are
b
0
= (6,677g
3
+12,650g
1
2,940)b
6
/1,925g
3
b
1
= 42b
6
/5g
3
b
2
= (4,873g
3
+15,840g
1
+1,260)b
6
/1,925g
3
b
3
= 156b
6
/11g
3
b
4
= (11g
3
18g
1
)b
6
/7g
3
b
5
= 54b
6
/11g
3
(5.62)
Likewise, the non-negativity of the exural rigidity, for the problem to be
realistic, can be checked directly. For n = 2 instead of (5.57) we obtain
60b
1
4q
0
L
3
= 0
180b
2
q
0
L
3
_
30 +19g
1
+10g
2
+
15
2
g
3
_
= 0
360b
3
+360b
0
+q
0
L
3
(45 4g
2
) = 0
600b
4
+400b
1
+q
0
L
3
(30g
1
4g
3
) = 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
30 +15g
1
+35g
2
+
15
2
g
3
_
= 0
1260b
6
+1260b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
36 +
45
2
g
3
_
= 0
1680b
4
21q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
2160b
5
16q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
2700b
6
27
2
q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
(5.63)
which represents a homogeneous set of nine algebraic equations always for
eight unknowns. In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the matrix of the
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 218 #16
system (5.63) must have a rank less than 7. According to Uspenskys (1948)
denition of the rank, the matrix of (5.63) admits a rank less than 7, if all
minors of order 8 are zero. This conditions yields a set of nine linear algebraic
equations with three unknowns as the parameters g
i
whose solution is
g
1
=
8
45
g
3
+
16
9
g
2
=
398
195
g
3
472
39
(5.64)
where g
3
is an arbitrary parameter. The load obtainable from substitution of
Eq. (5.64) into (5.31) for m = 3, is
N() = q
0
L[(5020 +799g
3
) +2340 +(2080 +208g
3
)
2
(1592g
3
+9440)
3
+585g
3
4
]/2340
(5.65)
Anecessary condition for N() to be compressive is
5020 +799g
3
0 (5.66)
or g
3
5020/799 6.29. From Eq. (5.66) we note that the parameter g
3
has
to be negative. Hereinafter g
3
is taken to satisfy the condition (5.66). Hence,
uponsubstitutionof (5.54) into the set (5.53), we arrive at the following critical
buckling load:
q
0,cr
= 200b
6
/g
3
L
3
(5.67)
Since the critical value of the buckling load is positive and g
3
is negative, the
coefcient b
6
must be negative. The coefcients of the exural rigidity read
b
0
= (17,462g
3
113,465)b
6
/2,457g
3
b
1
= 40b
6
/3g
3
b
2
= (11,153g
3
+66,980)b
6
/1,053g
3
b
3
= 2(9g
3
20)b
6
/7g
3
b
4
= 4(g
3
+10)b
6
/9g
3
b
5
= 16(199g
3
+1,180)b
6
/1,053g
3
(5.68)
We conclude that the coefcients in the exural rigidity and the critical buck-
ling load are given, respectively, in (5.62) and (5.61), provided the distributed
buckling load equals
q() = 1 +
_
8
45
g
3
+
16
9
_

_
398
195
g
3
+
472
39
_
2
+g
3
3
(5.69)
In order for the problem to be physically realizable, we demand that the
exural rigidity remains non-negative when belongs to the interval [0;1].
This requirement forces the value of the exural rigidity at =0 to be positive,
leading to the following inequality:
113,465 +17,462g
3
0 (5.70)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 219 #17
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
g
1
=5
g
1
=3
g
1
=4
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
1
D
(
)
/
b
6
FIGURE 5.7
g
1
=5
g
1
=3
g
1
=4
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
6,000
8,000
10,000
0
12,000
14,000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
N
(
)
/
q
0
L
FIGURE 5.8
Variation of N()
for g
3
113,465/17,4626.5. Figure 5.7 depicts the exural rigid-
ity for various values of the parameter g
3
, while Figure 5.8 presents the
corresponding distribution of N(), for the buckling value q
0
.
5.1.4.5 Quartically distributed axial load (m = 4)
Let us take n=0; the governing differential equation again yields a
homogeneous set of eight equations for nine unknowns:
24b
0
24b
1
q
0
L
3
= 0
72b
1
72b
2
q
0
L
3
_
12 +7g
1
+4g
2
+3g
3
+
12
5
g
4
_
= 0
144b
2
144b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
30 +6g
1
+3g
2
+3g
3
+
12
5
g
4
_
= 0
240b
3
240b
4
q
0
L
3
(16 12g
1
+g
3
) = 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 220 #18
360b
4
360b
5
q
0
L
3
(10g
1
10g
2
g
4
) = 0
504b
5
504b
6
q
0
L
3
(8g
2
9g
3
) = 0
672b
6
672b
7
q
0
L
3
_
7g
3
+
42
5
g
4
_
= 0
864b
7
32
5
q
0
L
3
g
4
= 0
(5.71)
whichis solvable byexpressingall unknowns interms of b
6
, which is regarded
as an arbitrary parameter. We get for the critical value of the buckling load,
q
0,cr
= 135b
7
/g
4
L
3
(5.72)
The coefcients b
i
in the exural rigidity read
b
0
= (434g
4
+531g
3
+690g
2
+1008g
1
+2016)b
7
/224g
4
b
1
= (434g
4
+531g
3
+690g
2
+1008g
1
+756)b
7
/224g
4
b
2
= (574g
4
+729g
3
+990g
2
+1932g
1
+4284)b
7
/224g
4
b
3
= (70g
4
+99g
3
+360g
2
+672g
1
2016)b
7
/224g
4
b
4
= 5(14g
4
+45g
3
+72g
2
+168g
1
)b
7
/224g
4
b
5
= (154g
4
+225g
3
480g
2
)b
7
/224g
4
b
6
= (45g
3
22g
4
)b
7
/32g
4
(5.73)
We note that Elishakoff and Gud (2001) deduced the same result for the
critical load in (5.60) as a particular case analysis. They did not consider,
however, the case for which n 1.
Consider now n = 1; we obtain a set of nine equations for nine unknowns:
40b
1
7
3
q
0
L
3
= 0
120b
2
+120b
0
q
0
L
3
_
20 +
37
3
g
1
+
20
3
g
2
+5g
3
+4g
4
_
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
+q
0
L
3
_
30
7
3
g
2
_
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
20 +30g
1
+
20
3
g
2
+
8
3
g
3
+4g
4
_
= 0
600b
5
+600b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
25 +
50
3
g
2
7
3
g
4
_
= 0
840b
6
+840b
4
+q
0
L
3
(15g
1
+15g
3
)
1120b
7
+1120b
5
+q
0
L
3
_
35
3
g
2
+14g
4
_
1440b
6
10q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
1800b
7
9q
0
L
3
g
4
= 0
(5.74)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 221 #19
The determinantal equation reads
243,465,191,424g
4
+51,502,252,032g
2
+168,552,824,832 = 0 (5.75)
from which we get the following expression for the parameter g
2
g
2
=
26
55
g
4
36
11
(5.76)
The critical buckling load is given as
q
0,cr
= 200b
7
/g
4
L
3
(5.77)
The coefcients of the exural rigidity are, therefore,
b
0
= (6,677g
3
+12,650g
1
+1,372g
4
2,940)b
7
/1,386g
4
b
1
= 35b
7
/3g
4
b
2
= (4,873g
3
+15,840g
1
+588g
4
1,260)b
7
/1,386g
4
b
3
= 13(150 +7g
4
)b
7
/99g
4
b
4
= 25(11g
3
18g
1
)b
7
/126g
4
b
5
= (225 +82g
4
)b
7
/33g
4
b
6
= 25g
3
b
7
/18g
4
(5.78)
The physical realizability of the problem, which requires the exural rigidity
to be non-negative canbe checkedstraightforwardly for any set of parameters
g
1
, g
3
and g
4
.
For n = 2, instead of (5.74) we obtain
60b
1
4q
0
L
3
= 0
180b
2
q
0
L
3
_
30 +19g
1
+10g
2
+
15
2
g
3
+6g
4
_
= 0
360b
3
+360b
0
+q
0
L
3
(45 4g
2
) = 0
600b
4
+600b
1
+q
0
L
3
(30g
1
4g
3
) = 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
30 +15g
1
+35g
2
+
15
2
g
3
+2g
4
_
= 0
1260b
6
+1260b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
36 +
45
2
g
3
_
= 0
1680b
7
+1680b
4
+q
0
L
3
(21g
1
+21g
4
) = 0
2160b
5
16q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
2700b
6
27
2
q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
3300b
7
12q
0
L
3
g
4
= 0
(5.79)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 222 #20
which represents a homogeneous set of ten algebraic equations always for
nine unknowns. In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the matrix of the
system (5.78) must have a rank less than 9. The matrix of (5.78) admits a
rank less than 8, if all minors of order 9 are zero. This condition yields a set
of ten linear algebraic equations with four unknowns as the parameters g
i
whose solution is
g
2
=
8961
2860
g
4
597
52
g
1
+
108
13
g
3
=
117
88
g
4
+
45
8
g
1
10 (5.80)
where g
1
and g
4
are arbitrary parameters. Upon substitution of (5.80) into the
set (5.79), we arrive at the following critical buckling load:
q
0,cr
= 275b
7
/g
4
L
3
(5.81)
The coefcients of the exural rigidity are
b
0
= (124,703g
4
+480,205g
1
298,980)b
7
/8,736g
4
b
1
= 55b
7
/3g
4
b
2
= 55(11,153g
1
+3,195g
4
7,920)b
7
/7,488g
4
b
3
= (1,053g
4
+4,455g
1
9,680)b
7
/224g
4
b
4
= (39g
4
55g
1
)b
7
/16g
4
b
5
= (7,920 10,945g
1
+2,987g
4
)b
7
/468g
4
b
6
= (117g
4
+495g
1
880)b
7
/64g
4
(5.82)
We conclude that for the physically realizable problems the coefcients in the
exural rigidity and the critical buckling load are given, respectively, in (5.82)
and (5.83), provided the distributed buckling load equals
q() = 1 +g
1
+
_
8961
2860
g
4
597
52
g
1
+
108
13
_
2
+
_
117
88
g
4
+
45
8
g
1
10
_
3
+g
4
4
(5.83)
For n=3, we have a homogeneous set of 12 linear algebraic equations for 9
unknowns:
84b
1
6q
0
L
3
= 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 223 #21
252b
2
q
0
L
3
_
42 +27g
1
+14g
2
+
21
2
g
3
+
42
5
g
4
_
= 0
504b
3
+q
0
L
3
(63 6g
2
) = 0
840b
4
+840b
0
+q
0
L
3
(42g
1
6g
3
) = 0
1260b
5
+1260b
1
+q
0
L
3
(35g
2
6g
4
) = 0
1764b
6
+1764b
2
+q
0
L
3
_
42 +21g
1
+14g
2
+42g
3
+
42
5
g
4
_
= 0
1260b
6
+1260b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
36 +
42
5
g
3
_
= 0
2352b
7
+2352b
3
+q
0
L
3
_
49 +
147
5
g
4
_
= 0
3024b
4
28q
0
L
3
g
1
= 0
3780b
5
21q
0
L
3
g
2
= 0
4620b
6
35
2
q
0
L
3
g
3
= 0
5544b
7
77
5
q
0
L
3
g
4
= 0
(5.84)
In order to nd a non-trivial solution, the matrix of the system (5.84) must
have a rank less than 9. The matrix of (5.57) admits a rank less than 8 if all
minors of order 9 are zero. This condition yields a set of 55 linear algebraic
equations with four unknowns as the parameters g
i
whose solution is
g
2
=
315
253
g
3
=
321
115

22
5
g
1
g
4
=
2325
253
(5.85)
where g
1
is an arbitrary parameter. Hence, the axial load equals
N() = q
0
L[1391 3060g
1
5060 2530g
1
2
2100
3
+(5566g
1
3531)
4
+9300
5
]/5060
Again, we demand the load N() to be negative for any within the interval
[0; 1]. This leads to the following necessary condition
1391 3060g
1
0
or g
1
1391/3060 0.46. Upon substitution of (5.85) into the set (5.84), we
arrive at the following critical buckling load
q
0,cr
= 6072b
7
/155L
3
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 224 #22
g
1
=5
g
1
=3
g
1
=4
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
7
FIGURE 5.9
Since the critical value of the buckling load must be positive, the coefcient
b
7
must be negative. The coefcients of the exural rigidity read
b
0
=
_
22,264
7,875
g
1
21,186
27,125
_
b
7
b
1
=
3,036
1,085
b
7
b
2
=
_
1,391
775

16,192
5,425
g
1
_
b
7
b
3
=
669
155
b
7
b
4
=
506
1,395
g
1
b
7
b
5
=
42
155
b
7
b
6
=
_
506
775
g
1
321
775
_
b
7
The physical realizability of the problem forces the exural rigidity to be
non-negative for any in [0;1]. A necessary condition is given by D(0)0, or
22,264
7,875
g
1
21,186
27,125
0
or g
1
8667/31372 0.28. Figure 5.9 shows the variation of the exural
1
corresponding load N().
5.1.5 Concluding Remarks
The postulated buckling modes constitute deections of uniform beams
under distributed loading varying with the coordinate as a polynomial. Exact
closed-formsolutions are obtained for both the buckling loads and the associ-
ated exural rigidity distributions. We also list, in order to obtain a complete
picture, the cases in which the polynomial representation does not lead to a
non-trivial solution.
rigidity for different values of the parameter g , and Figure 5.10 depicts the
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 225 #23
0
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
N
(
)
/
q
0
L
g
1
=5
g
1
=3
g
1
=4
g
1
=2
g
1
=1
FIGURE 5.10
Variation of N()
The buckling loads constitute simple rational expressions, which are much
simpler than the known exact solutions for uniform columns, the latter
involving Bessel and/or Lommel functions. It is hoped that the closed-form
solutions reported in this section will be utilized as benchmark solutions for
designing tailored structures with specied buckling loads. In particular, it
appears that having such closed-form solutions could be very valuable to
computational code developers for verication. It is envisioned that such
solutions can be embedded in larger purpose computational tools.
5.2 Family of Analytical Polynomial Solutions for Pinned
Inhomogeneous Beams. Part 2: Vibration
5.2.1 Introductory Comments
As was mentioned already, Duncan (1937) constructed an example with a
closed-form solution of the buckling load of a variable cross-section rod. The
mode shape was taken as a polynomial of fth degree. Elishakoff and Rollot
(1999) found cases in which the simpler, fourth-order polynomial serves as an
exact buckling mode of the exural rigidity column. Later on, Elishakoff and
Candan (2000) found numerous solutions for natural frequencies of vibrating
beams with variable density and variable exural rigidity, apparently for the
rst time in the literature. They postulated for the fourth-order polynomial
to serve as an exact mode shape. In the present section we pose the following
question: is the simplest fourth-order polynomial the only possible mode
shape for the inhomogeneous beam, or are higher order polynomial mode
shapes also acceptable? Note that the fourth-order polynomial represents an
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 226 #24
exact static deection of the beam under the uniform load q
0
. One cangenerate
the higher order polynomials as the static deections of the uniform beams to
the loading represented as q
0
n
, where q
0
is a constant, the non-dimensional
coordinate and n a positive integer. The static deections so obtained satisfy
all the boundary conditions. The question is then re-formulated as follows:
cansucha static deectionserve as anexact mode shape of aninhomogeneous
beam? For the case n=0, the reply to this question was shown to be in the
afrmative by Elishakoff and Candan (2000). In this section we address cases
when n differs from zero, and obtain a series of new closed-form solutions.
The authors are unaware of any work in which the polynomial expressions
serve as exact, closed-form mode shapes, other than this and the one by
Candan and Elishakoff (2000).
5.2.2 Formulation of the Problem
Consider a uniform beam, pinned at both its ends. It is subjected to the load
q() = q
0
n
. The governing differential equation reads:
D
0
d
4
w
dx
4
= q
0
x
n
where D
0
is the exural rigidity of the beam, w(x) the static displacement, x the
axial coordinate andq
0
the load parameter. We introduce the non-dimensional
coordinate
= x/L (5.86)
where L is the length. The equation becomes
D
0
d
4
w
d
4
=
n
(5.87)
The solution of this equation, which satises the boundary conditions, reads:
w() =
L
n+4
(n +1)(n +2)(n +3)(n +4)D
0
()
() =
n+4
1
6
(n
2
+7n +12)
3
+
1
6
(n
2
+7n +6)
(5.88)
We address the following problem: can the function () serve as an exact
mode shape for the inhomogeneous beam? We will explore cases of recon-
struction of the exural rigidity D() for various axial variations of the inertial
coefcient R() = ()A.
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 227 #25
5.2.3 Basic Equations
The differential equation that governs the mode s hape W()of the
inhomogeneous beam reads:
d
2
dx
2
_
D(x)
d
2
W
dx
2
_
2
R(x)W(x) = 0 (5.89)
where W(x) is the mode shape in contrast to the function w(x) denoting the
static displacement in an auxiliary problem. The function D(x) constitutes the
exural rigidity that should be reconstructed, and R(x)is the inertial coefcient.
With the non-dimensional coordinate from Eq.(5.86), the governing
equation becomes
d
2
d
2
_
D()
d
2
d
2
_
2
R()() = 0 (5.90)
where the substitution
w() = () (5.91)
has been made. We are confronted with determining R()and D()such that
()serves as an exact mode shape. The variation of the inertial coefcient is
taken as follows:
R() =
m
i=0
a
i
i
(5.92)
where a
i
(i = 0, 1, . . . , m) are given coefcients. The second term of the gov-
erning equation (5.90) is a polynomial function whose degree is n+m+4. In
order to achieve the same polynomial order in the rst term of this equation,
the exural rigidity D()has to be taken as a polynomial of degree m+4:
D() =
m+4
i=0
b
i
i
(5.93)
The left-hand side of the governing equation (5.90) becomes a polynomial in
terms of ; in order for it to vanish for every in the interval [0;1], we have
to demand that the coefcients of raised to any power, be zero. This leads
to a set of n +m+5 linear algebraic equations. The problem is posed as one
of reconstruction of the exural rigidity when the inertial coefcient and the
mode shape are given. We have to determine the coefcients b
i
of the exural
rigidity as well as the natural frequency , which represent m+6 unknowns,
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 228 #26
namely, m+5 coefcients of the exural rigidity function and the (n+6)th
unknown natural frequency .
Note that when nis zero, we get a triangular system of m+5 equations for
m+6 unknowns as studied by Elishakoff and Candan (2000). They succeeded
inexpressingthe unknowns interms of one of the coefcients b
i
, namelyb
m+4
,
treated as an arbitrary constant. Yet, when nis larger than zero, the number of
equations is greater than the number of unknowns. It is shown that in some
cases new closed-form solutions are obtained. In other cases, as has been
will specify the order of the polynomial on the right-hand side of Eq. (5.92)
and pursue the determination of the coefcients b
i
in Eq. (5.93).
5.2.4 Constant Inertial Coefcient (m = 0)
Consider rst the case n = 0; the pre-selected mode shape is given by
() =
4
2
3
+ (5.94)
The inertial coefcient reduces to R()=a
0
. The governing differential
equation leads to the following set of equations:
24b
1
+24b
0
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
a
0
2
= 0
144b
3
+144b
2
= 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+2a
0
2
= 0
360b
4
a
0
2
= 0
(5.95)
We have ve equations for six unknowns: b
0
, b
1
, b
2
, b
3
, b
4
and
2
. We declare
b
4
as an arbitrary parameter. We get
2
fromthe last equation of the set (5.95):
2
= 360b
4
/a
0
(5.96)
The rest of the equations lead to
b
0
= 3b
4
b
1
= 3b
4
b
2
= 2b
4
b
3
= 2b
4
(5.97)
The exural rigidity is then given by the following expression:
D() = (3 +3 2
2
2
3
+
4
)b
4
(5.98)
which is positive within the interval [0; 1] (see Figure 5.11).
shown in the Appendices GJ, only a trivial solution can be established. We
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 229 #27
0
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
4
FIGURE 5.11
This expression along with Eq. (5.12) was derived previously by Elishakoff
and Candan (2000). Consider now the case n = 1. Instead of Eq. (5.95) we
obtain
b
1
= 0
120b
2
+120b
0
7
3
a
0
2
= 0
b
3
+b
1
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+
10
3
a
0
2
= 0
b
3
= 0
840b
4
a
0
2
= 0
(5.99)
We get a linear system of six equations for six unknowns. Since the
determinant of the system (5.99) vanishes
0 1 0 0 0 0
120 0 120 0 0
7
3
a
0
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 400 0 400
10
3
a
0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 840 a
0
= 0 (5.100)
we can solve the set, expressing the unknowns with b
4
taken as an arbitrary
constant. Thus, we get
2
= 840b
4
/a
0
(5.101)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 230 #28
0
6
7
8
9
10
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
4
FIGURE 5.12
and the coefcients b
i
are
b
0
=
31
3
b
4
b
1
= 0 b
2
= 6b
4
b
3
= 0 (5.102)
The exural rigidity,
D() =
_
31
3
6
2
+
4
_
b
4
(5.103)
which is depicted in Figure 5.12, is positive with in the interval [0;1]. It is
shown in Appendix G that, for n larger than unity, only trivial solutions are
obtainable for pinned beams with constant mass density.
5.2.5 Linearly Varying Inertial Coefcient (m = 1)
Consider rst the case n = 0; instead of (5.95) we have
24b
1
+24b
0
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
a
0
2
= 0
144b
3
+144b
2
a
1
2
= 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+2a
0
2
= 0
360b
5
+360b
4
(a
0
2a
1
)
2
= 0
504b
5
a
1
2
= 0
(5.104)
This set represents a linear algebraic system of six equations for the seven
unknowns, b
0
, b
1
, . . . , b
5
and
2
. Hence, we express them in terms of b
5
,
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 231 #29
treated as an arbitrary constant. We get
2
from the last equation of the set
(5.104):
2
= 504b
5
/a
1
(5.105)
while the remaining equations lead to
b
0
= (1/10a
1
)(17a
1
+42a
0
)b
5
b
1
= (1/10a
1
)(17a
1
+42a
0
)b
5
b
2
= (1/10a
1
)(17a
1
28a
0
)b
5
b
3
= (1/5a
1
)(9a
1
+14a
0
)b
5
b
4
= (1/5a
1
)(9a
1
7a
0
)b
5
(5.106)
For pinnedbeams withlinearlyvaryingmass densitynopolynomial solutions
5.2.6 Parabolically Varying Inertial Coefcient (m = 2)
We consider rst the case n = 0. We obtainthe followingset of sevenequations
with eight unknowns:
b
1
+b
0
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
a
0
2
= 0
144b
3
+144b
2
a
1
2
= 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+2a
0
2
a
2
2
= 0
360b
5
+360b
4
a
0
2
+2a
1
2
= 0
504b
6
+504b
5
a
1
2
+2a
2
2
= 0
672b
6
a
2
2
= 0
(5.107)
We can, therefore, nd a non-trivial solution when b
6
is regarded as a para-
meter. From the last equation of the set (5.107), we obtain the natural frequency
squared:
2
= 672b
6
/a
2
(5.108)
The remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as
follows:
b
0
= (84a
0
+34a
1
+17a
2
)b
6
/15a
2
b
1
= (84a
0
+34a
1
+17a
2
)b
6
/15a
2
b
2
= (56a
0
+34a
1
+17a
2
)b
6
/15a
2
b
3
= (56a
0
+36a
1
+17a
2
)b
6
/15a
2
b
4
= (28a
0
36a
1
25a
2
)b
6
/15a
2
b
5
= (4a
1
5a
2
)b
6
/3a
2
(5.109)
can be derived for n larger than zero (see Appendix H).
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 232 #30
When n=1, the governing differential equation yields a set of eight linear
algebraic equations for eight unknowns, namely the coefcients b
i
in the
exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared
2
:
b
1
= 0 120b
2
+120b
0
7
3
r
0
2
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
7
3
r
1
2
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+
10
3
r
0
7
3
r
2
2
= 0
600b
5
+600b
3
+
10
3
r
1
2
= 0
840b
6
+840b
4
r
0
2
+
10
3
r
2
2
= 0
1120b
5
r
1
2
= 0 1440b
6
r
2
2
= 0
(5.110)
The determinant of the system, evaluated by the aid of the computerized
algebraic code MAPLE
, is 1,895,104,512,000,000,000a
1
. In order to nd a
non-trivial solution, the determinant must be zero, leading to the requirement
a
1
= 0. We conclude that for an inertial coefcient equal to
R() = a
0
+a
2
2
(5.111)
where a
0
and a
2
are arbitrary, the set (5.110) yields
2
= 1440b
6
/r
2
(5.112)
and
b
0
= (620a
0
+129a
2
)b
6
/35a
2
b
1
= 0 b
2
= 3(120a
0
43a
2
)b
6
/35a
2
b
3
= 0 b
4
= 3(4a
0
11a
2
)b
6
/7a
2
b
5
= 0
(5.113)
Concerning the cas e n=2, the governing equation yields a s et of nine
equations for eight unknowns , namely the coefcients b
i
in the exural
rigidity and the natural frequency squared,
2
:
b
1
= 0 180b
2
4r
0
2
= 0
360b
3
+360b
0
4r
1
2
= 0
600b
4
+400b
1
+5r
0
2
4r
2
2
= 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+5r
1
2
= 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 233 #31
1260b
6
+900b
3
+5r
2
2
= 0 1680b
4
r
0
2
= 0
2160b
5
r
1
2
= 0 2700b
6
r
2
2
= 0
(5.114)
Since the number of equations is larger than the number of unknowns, in
order to have a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set (5.114) must be less
than 8. According to the denition of the rank, a matrix is of rank p if it
contains minors of order pdifferent from 0, while all minors of order p+1 (if
there are such) are zero (Uspensky, 1948). Accordingly, the rank of the matrix
of the system (5.114) is less than 8 if all minors of order 8 vanish. This last
condition leads to a set of nine equations out of which three are identically
zero; the remaining equations can be reduced to a set of two equations as
follows:
219,991,064,832a
1
+959,961,010,176a
2
= 0
111,424,045,824a
0
+959,961,010,176a
2
= 0
(5.115)
The fulllment of (5.115) yields
a
0
=
56
65
a
2
a
1
=
2688
715
a
2
(5.116)
where r
2
is treated as an arbitrary constant. We deduced that when the inertial
coefcient is
R() =
_
56
65
+
2688
715
+
2
_
a
2
(5.117)
with an arbitrary parameter a
2
, the set (5.114) yields
2
= 2,700b
6
/a
2
(5.118)
b
0
=
103,172
1,001
b
6
b
1
= 0 b
2
=
672
13
b
6
b
3
=
68
7
b
6
b
4
=
18
13
b
6
b
5
=
672
143
b
6
(5.119)
D() =
_
103,172
1,001

672
13

2
68
7

3
+
18
13
4
+
673
143
5
+
6
_
b
6
(5.120)
which is positive within the interval [0; 1] (see Figure 5.13).
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 234 #32
0
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
6
FIGURE 5.13
For n = 3, we have to satisfy the following set of ten equations for eight
unknowns
b
1
= 0 252b
2
6a
0
2
= 0
504b
3
6a
1
2
= 0
840b
4
+840b
0
+7a
0
2
6a
2
2
= 0
1260b
5
+1260b
1
+7a
1
2
= 0
1764b
6
+1764b
2
+7a
2
2
= 0 b
3
= 0
3024b
4
a
0
2
= 0 3780b
5
a
1
2
= 0
4620b
6
a
2
2
= 0
(5.121)
A non-trivial solution is obtainable, if the rank of the set (5.121) is less than
8. This demands that 45 minors of order 8 of the matrix of the linear system
(5.121) be zero. We then obtain 45 equations out of which 24 are identically
zero, whereas 15 are proportional to a
1
. Thus, the entire system reduces to
a
1
= 0
219,251,183,203,068,936,192a
0
+1,391,401,739,557,937,479,680a
2
= 0
(5.122)
The solution of (5.122) is
a
0
=
26
165
a
2
a
1
= 0 (5.123)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 235 #33
where a
0
represents an arbitrary constant. Therefore, when the inertial
coefcient equals
R() =
_
26
165
+
2
_
a
2
(5.124)
the set (5.121) yields
2
= 4620b
6
/a
2
(5.125)
and
b
0
=
7337
270
b
6
b
1
= 0 b
2
=
52
3
b
6
b
3
= 0 b
4
=
13
54
b
6
b
5
= 0 (5.126)
D() =
_
7337
270

52
3

2
+
13
54
4
+
6
_
b
6
(5.127)
Figure 5.14 depicts the variation of the exural rigidity D()in terms of in
[0; 1]. It canbe shownthat for n larger than4 only trivial solutions are obtained
(Appendix I).
0
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
(
)
/
b
6
FIGURE 5.14
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 236 #34
5.2.7 Cubic Inertial Coefcient (m = 3)
When n = 0, instead of (5.104) we obtain
b
1
+b
0
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
a
0
2
= 0
144b
3
+144b
2
a
1
2
= 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+2a
0
2
a
2
2
= 0
360b
6
+360b
4
a
0
2
+2a
1
2
a
3
2
= 0
504b
6
+504b
5
a
1
2
+2a
2
2
= 0
672b
7
+672b
6
a
2
2
+2a
3
2
= 0
672b
7
a
3
2
= 0
(5.128)
which constitutes eight equations for nine unknowns. We can, therefore, solve
the system taking b
7
as a parameter. From the last equation of the set (5.128),
we obtain the natural frequency squared:
2
= 864b
7
/a
3
(5.129)
And the remaining equations yield the coefcients in the exural rigidity as
follows:
b
0
= (252a
0
+102a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
)b
6
/35a
3
b
1
= (252a
0
+102a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
)b
6
/35a
3
b
2
= (168a
0
102a
1
51a
2
29a
3
)b
7
/35a
3
b
3
= (168a
0
108a
1
51a
2
29a
3
)b
7
/35a
3
b
4
= (84a
0
108a
1
75a
2
+29a
3
)b
7
/35a
3
b
5
= (12a
1
15a
2
11a
3
)b
7
/7a
3
b
6
= (9a
2
11a
3
)b
7
/7a
3
(5.130)
Consider now the case n=1; the governing differential equation gives a set
of nine linear algebraic equations for nine unknowns:
b
1
= 0 120b
2
+120b
0
7
3
a
0
2
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
7
3
a
1
2
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+
10
3
a
0
7
3
a
2
2
= 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 237 #35
600b
5
+600b
3
+
10
3
a
1
7
3
a
3
2
= 0
840b
6
+840b
4
a
0
2
+
10
3
a
2
2
= 0
1120b
7
+1120b
5
a
1
2
+
10
3
a
3
2
= 0
1440b
6
a
2
2
= 0 1800b
7
a
3
2
= 0
(5.131)
Again, we impose the condition that the determinant of the system vanishes,
so that we get a non-trivial solution. It produces the following equation:
98,991,341,568a
3
341,118,812,160a
1
= 0 (5.132)
whose solution reads
a
1
=
74
255
a
3
(5.133)
Thus, provided the inertial coefcient equals
R() = a
0
74
255
a
3
+a
2
2
+a
3
3
(5.134)
2
= 1800b
7
/a
3
(5.135)
b
0
= (129a
2
+620a
0
)b
7
/28a
3
b
1
= 0
b
2
= 3(43a
2
+120a
0
)b
7
/28a
3
b
3
= 259b
7
/51
b
4
= 15(4a
0
11a
2
)b
7
/28a
3
b
5
= 82b
7
/17 b
6
= 5a
2
b
6
/4a
3
(5.136)
For the case n=2, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten linear
algebraic equations for nine unknowns:
b
1
= 0 180b
2
4a
0
2
= 0
360b
3
+360b
0
4a
1
2
= 0
600b
4
+600b
1
+5a
0
2
4a
2
2
= 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+5a
1
2
4a
3
2
= 0
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 238 #36
1260b
6
+1260b
3
a
0
2
+5a
2
2
= 0
1680b
7
+1680b
4
a
0
2
+5a
3
2
= 0
2160b
5
a
1
2
= 0 2700b
6
a
2
2
= 0
3300b
7
a
3
2
= 0
(5.137)
A non-trivial solution is obtainable, if the rank of the set (5.137) is less than
9. This requires that the ten minors of order 9 of the matrix of the system
(5.137) are zero. We then get ten equations which reduce to the following two
equations:
316,787,133,358,080a
0
+72,597,051,394,560a
1
63,357,426,671,616a
3
= 0
36,769,935,121,920a
0
31,678,713,335,808a
2
+12,702,341,223,936a
3
= 0
(5.138)
The solution of (5.138) is then
a
1
=
48
55
a
3
+
48
11
a
0
a
2
=
247
616
a
3
+
65
56
a
0
(5.139)
where a
0
and a
3
are considered as arbitrary constants. We conclude that for
an inertial coefcient taken as follows
R() = a
0
+
_
48
55
a
3
+
48
11
a
0
_
+
_
247
616
a
3
+
65
56
a
0
_
2
+a
3
3
(5.140)
2
= 3,300b
7
/a
3
(5.141)
b
0
= 5(25,793a
0
+4,805a
3
)b
7
/882a
3
b
1
= 0
b
2
= 220a
0
b
7
/3a
3
b
3
= 221(55a
0
+19a
3
)b
7
/882a
3
b
4
= (55a
0
247a
3
)b
7
/28a
3
b
5
= 4(5a
0
+a
3
)b
7
/3a
3
b
6
= 13(55a
0
+19a
3
)b
7
/504a
3
(5.142)
It is shown in Appendix J that for n larger than 3, the s et of algebraic
equations deduced from the governing equation does not possess a non-trivial
solution.
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 239 #37
5.2.8 Particular Case m = 4
We consider rst the case n = 0. We get a set of nine equations for ten
unknowns:
b
1
+b
0
= 0
72b
2
+72b
1
a
0
2
= 0
144b
3
+144b
2
a
1
2
= 0
240b
4
+240b
3
+2a
0
2
a
2
2
= 0
360b
5
+360b
4
a
0
2
+2a
1
2
a
3
2
= 0
504b
6
+504b
5
a
1
2
+2a
2
2
a
4
2
= 0
672b
7
+504b
6
a
2
2
+2a
3
2
= 0
864b
8
+864b
7
a
3
2
+2a
4
2
= 0
1080b
8
a
4
2
= 0
(5.143)
We can, therefore, solve the system by taking b
8
as a parameter. The last
equation of the set (5.143) yields the natural frequency squared:
2
= 1080b
8
/a
4
(5.144)
and the remaining equations give the coefcients in the exural rigidity as
follows:
b
0
= (252a
0
+102a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
1
= (252a
0
+102a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
2
= (168a
0
+102a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
3
= (168a
0
108a
1
+51a
2
+29a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
4
= (84a
0
108a
1
75a
2
+29a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
5
= (60a
1
75a
2
55a
3
+18a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
6
= (45a
2
55a
3
42a
4
)b
8
/28a
4
b
7
= (5a
3
6a
4
)b
8
/4a
4
(5.145)
Note that Eq. (5.140) coincides withthe result of Elishakoff andCandan(2000),
as part of a general case. Indeed, substituting m = 4 in their Eq. (5.145) for
the general natural frequency squared we get the same expression. When
n=1, the governing differential equation yields a set of ten linear algebraic
equations for ten unknowns, specically the coefcients b
i
in the exural
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 240 #38
rigidity and the natural frequency squared
2
:
b
1
= 0 120b
2
+120b
0
7
3
a
0
2
= 0
240b
3
+240b
1
7
3
a
1
2
= 0
400b
4
+400b
2
+
10
3
a
0
7
3
a
2
2
= 0
600b
5
+600b
3
+
10
3
a
1
2
= 0
840b
6
+840b
4
a
0
2
+
10
3
a
2
2
= 0
1120b
5
a
1
2
= 0 1440b
6
a
2
2
= 0
(5.146)
To nd a non-trivial solution, the determinant must be zero. This leads to the
following equation:
72,597,051,394,560a
1
63,357,426,671,616a
3
= 0 (5.147)
which is solved as follows:
a
3
=
255
74
a
1
(5.148)
Hence, for the inertial coefcient
R() = a
0
+a
1
+a
2
255
74
r
1
3
+a
4
4
(5.149)
where a
0
and a
2
are arbitrary, the set (5.146) has the following non-trivial
solution
2
= 2,200b
8
/a
4
(5.150)
b
0
= (20,460a
0
+4,257a
2
+1,526a
4
)b
8
/756a
4
b
1
= 0
b
2
= (11,880a
0
4,257a
2
+1,526a
4
)b
8
/756a
4
b
3
= 385a
1
b
8
/18a
4
b
4
= (1,980a
0
5,445a
2
+1,526a
4
)b
8
/756a
4
b
5
= 2,255a
1
b
8
/111a
4
b
6
= (165a
2
442a
4
)b
8
/108a
4
b
7
= 935a
1
b
8
/222a
4
(5.151)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 241 #39
Concerning the case n=2, the governing equation yields the following set
b
1
= 0 180b
2
4a
0
2
= 0
360b
3
+360b
0
4a
1
2
= 0
600b
4
+400b
1
+5a
0
2
4a
2
2
= 0
900b
5
+900b
2
+5a
1
2
4a
3
2
= 0
1260b
6
+1260b
3
+5a
2
2
4a
4
2
= 0
1680b
7
+1680b
4
a
0
2
+5a
3
2
= 0
2160b
8
+2160b
5
a
1
2
+5a
4
2
= 0
2700b
6
a
2
2
= 0 3300b
7
a
3
2
= 0
3960b
8
a
4
2
= 0
(5.152)
We have a set of 11 equations for 10 unknowns, namely the coefcients b
i
in
the exural rigidity and the natural frequency squared,
2
. In order to have
a non-trivial solution, the rank of the set (5.152) must be less than 10, or all
11 minors of order 10 of the matrix of the set (5.152) should vanish. This last
condition leads to a set of 11 equations whose solution reads
a
2
=
65
77
a
0
+
1,235
2,688
a
1
+
8,645
46,464
a
4
a
3
= 5a
0
+
55
48
a
1
+
245
528
a
4
(5.153)
where a
0
, a
1
and a
4
are treated as arbitrary constants. Hence, we observe that
for an inertial coefcient equal to
R() = a
0
+a
1
+
_
65
77
a
0
+
1,235
2,688
a
1
+
8,645
46,464
a
4
_
2
+
_
5a
0
+
55
48
a
1
+
245
528
a
4
_
3
+a
4
4
(5.154)
2
= 3,960b
8
/a
4
(5.155)
b
0
= (933,504a
0
+2,907,025a
1
+769,993a
4
)b
8
/77,616a
4
b
1
= 0
b
2
= 88a
0
b
8
/a
4
b
3
= (933,504a
0
508,079a
1
+769,993a
4
)b
8
/77,616a
4
b
4
= (136,224a
0
29,887a
1
12,103a
4
)b
8
/2,464a
4
b
5
= (11a
1
49a
4
)b
8
/6a
4
b
6
= (4,224a
0
2,299a
1
931a
4
)b
8
/44,352a
4
b
7
= (528a
0
121a
1
49a
4
)b
8
/88a
4
(5.156)
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 242 #40
For n = 3, we have to satisfy the following set of equations:
b
1
= 0 252b
2
6a
0
2
= 0
504b
3
6a
1
2
= 0
840b
4
+840b
0
+7a
0
2
6a
2
2
= 0
1260b
5
+1260b
1
+7a
1
2
6a
3
2
= 0
1764b
6
+1764b
2
+7a
2
6a
4
2
= 0
2352b
7
+2352b
3
+7a
3
2
= 0
3024b
8
+3024b
4
a
0
2
+7a
4
2
= 0
3780b
5
a
1
2
= 0 4620b
6
a
2
2
= 0
5544b
7
a
3
2
= 0 6552b
8
a
4
2
= 0
(5.157)
We get a set of 12 equations for 10 unknowns. A non-trivial solution is obtain-
able, if the rank of the set (5.157) is less than 10. This forces all 66 minors of
order 10 of the matrix of the linear system (5.157) to be zero. This condition
is satised in this case, leading to the following inertial coefcient:
a
0
+
_
165
26
a
0
+
165
182
a
4
_
2
+a
4
4
(5.158)
where a
0
and a
4
are treated as arbitrary constants. The set (5.157) then yields
2
= 6,552b
8
/a
4
(5.159)
b
0
= (51,359a
0
+5,935a
4
)b
8
/210a
4
b
1
= 0
b
2
= 156a
0
b
8
/a
4
b
3
= 0
b
4
= (13a
0
85a
4
)b
8
/6a
4
b
5
= 0
b
6
= (63a
0
+9a
4
)b
8
/7a
4
b
7
= 0
(5.160)
5.2.9 Concluding Remarks
The procedure describedinthe body of this study canbe appliedfor the larger
values of m. We discuss some general patterns obtain able for various values
of m, representing the maximum power in the polynomial expression of the
beams material density. The solution depends on the value of the integer n,
with n +4 dening the maximum degree of the polynomial in the postulated
mode s hape. We note that for n=0, the number of equations is s maller
than the number of unknowns and hence one of the coefcients b
i
can be
E
O
I
S
:
2
8
9
2
_
c
h
a
p
0
5
2
0
0
4
/
9
/
2
7
2
2
:
5
6
p
a
g
e
2
4
3
#
4
1
B
e
a
m
s
a
n
d
C
o
l
u
m
n
s
w
i
t
h
H
i
g
h
e
r
-
O
r
d
e
r
P
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
E
i
g
e
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
2
4
3
TABLE 5.1
PinnedPinned Beam: m = 4
n
2
Inertial coefcient Flexural rigidity D()r
m
/b
m+4
1
2,200b
8
a
4
a
0
+a
1
+a
2
255
74
a
1
3
+a
4
4
20,460a
0
+4,257a
2
+1,526a
4
756

11,880a
0
4,257a
2
1,526a
4
756

2
385a
1
18

3
+
1,980a
0
5,445a
2
+1,526a
4
756

4
+
2,255a
1
111

5
+
165a
2
442a
4
108

6
935a
1
222

7
+a
4
8
2
3,960b
8
a
4
a
0
+a
1
+
_
65
77
a
0
+
1,235
2,688
a
1
+
8,645
46,464
a
4
_
2
+
_
5a
0
+
55
48
a
1
+
245
528
a
4
_
3
+a
4
4
933,504a
0
+2,907,025a
1
+769,993a
4
77616
88a
0
2
+
933,504a
0
508,079a
1
+769,993a
4
77,616

3
+
136,224a
0
29,887a
1
12,103a
4
2,464

4
+
11a
1
49a
4
6

5
4,224a
0
2,299a
1
931a
4
44,352

6
528a
0
121a
1
49a
4
88

7
+a
4
8
3
6,552b
8
a
4
a
0
+
_
165
26
a
0
+
165
182
a
4
_
2
+a
4
4
51,359a
0
+5,935a
4
210
156a
0
2
+
13a
0
85a
4
6

4
+
63a
0
+9a
4
7

6
+a
4

2
0
0
5

b
y

I
s
s
a
c

E
l
i
s
h
a
k
o
f
f
E
O
I
S
:
2
8
9
2
_
c
h
a
p
0
5
2
0
0
4
/
9
/
2
7
2
2
:
5
6
p
a
g
e
2
4
4
#
4
2
2
4
4
E
i
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
I
n
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
TABLE 5.2
n
2
5
/b
9
1
2,640b
9
a
5
a
0
+a
1
+a
2
_
255
74
a
1
+
1,015
2,442
_
3
+a
4
4
+a
5
5
20,460a
0
+4,257a
2
+1,526a
4
630

11,880a
0
4,257a
2
1,526a
4
630

2
77a
1
3

3
+
1,980a
0
5,445a
2
+1,526a
4
630

4
+
8,118a
1
+1,421a
5
333

5
+
165a
2
442a
4
90

6
1,683a
1
+1,498a
5
333

7
+
6a
4
5

8
+r
5
9
2
4,680b
9
a
5
a
0
+a
1
+
_
65
56
a
0
+
247
616
a
3
5
14
a
5
_
2
+a
3
3
+
_
528
49
a
0
121
49
a
1
+
528
245
a
3
_
4
+a
5
5
7,954,375a
0
866,580a
1
+1,42,9987a
3
93,555a
5
56,595
104a
0
2
+
7,954,375a
0
2,076,360r
1
+1,429,987a
3
93,555a
5
56,595

3
+
39(55a
0
247a
3
+220a
5
)
770

4
26(20a
0
5a
1
+4a
3
)
6

5
+
9,295a
0
+3,211a
3
38,280a
5
44,352

6
+
78a
3
55

7
+
240a
0
55a
1
+48a
3
245

8
+a
5
9
3
7,644b
9
a
5
r
0
6,995
39,949
r
5
+r
2
2
+
6,666
39,949
r
5
3
+
_
7r
0
+
182
165
r
2
_
4
+r
5
5
23,133r
0
+15,431r
2
2,970
182r
0
2
+
6,995
439

3
+
7(10,032r
0
1,547r
2
)
594

4
88,961
6,585

5
+
91r
2
55

6
+
101
439
49(165r
0
26r
2
)
990

8
+r
5

2
0
0
5

b
y

I
s
s
a
c

E
l
i
s
h
a
k
o
f
f
E
O
I
S
:
2
8
9
2
_
c
h
a
p
0
5
2
0
0
4
/
9
/
2
7
2
2
:
5
6
p
a
g
e
2
4
5
#
4
3
B
e
a
m
s
a
n
d
C
o
l
u
m
n
s
w
i
t
h
H
i
g
h
e
r
-
O
r
d
e
r
P
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
E
i
g
e
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
2
4
5
TABLE 5.3
n
2
5
/b
9
1
3,120b
10
a
6
a
0
+a
1
+a
2
2
+a
3
3
+a
4
_
1,683
203
a
1
+
2,442
1,015
a
3
_
5
+a
6
6
265,980a
0
+55,341a
2
+19,838a
4
+9,205a
6
6,930
154,440a
0
55,341a
2
19,838a
4
9,205a
6
6,930

2
91a
1
3

3
+
25,740a
0
70,785a
2
+19,838a
4
+9,205a
6
6,930

4
13(15a
1
+14a
3
)
15

5
+
2,145a
2
5,746a
4
+1,315a
6
990

6
+
13(1275a
1
+428a
3
)
435

7
+
78a
4
205a
6
55

8
39
_
255a
1
+74a
3
_
1015

9
+a
6
10
2
5,460b
10
a
6
a
0
+a
1
+a
2
2
+a
3
3
+
_
528
49
a
0
121
49
a
1
+
528
245
a
3
+
44
49
a
6
_
4
+
_
13
4
a
0
14
5
a
2
+
247
220
a
3
+
80
143
a
6
_
+a
6
6
_
397,816,705a
0
+45,062,160a
1
+13,621,608a
2
+68,897,413a
3
+26,639,680a
6
_
2,522,520

364a
0
3

2
_
397,816,705r
0
+107,970,720a
1
13,621,608a
2
68,897,413a
3
26,639,680a
6
_
2,522,520

3
91(5a
0
+4a
2
)
10

4
+
91(20a
0
+5a
1
4a
3
)
15

5
213,785a
0
199,056a
2
+73,853a
3
+36,800a
6
51,480

6
+
91a
3
400a
6
55

7
+
13(240a
0
55a
1
+48a
3
+20a
6
)
210

8
+
7(9,295a
0
8,008a
2
+3,211a
3
+1,600a
6
)
17,160

9
+a
6
10

2
0
0
5

b
y

I
s
s
a
c

E
l
i
s
h
a
k
o
f
f
E
O
I
S
:
2
8
9
2
_
c
h
a
p
0
5
2
0
0
4
/
9
/
2
7
2
2
:
5
6
p
a
g
e
2
4
6
#
4
4
2
4
6
E
i
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
I
n
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
TABLE 5.3
Continued
n
2
5
/b
9
3
8,820b
10
a
6
a
0
6,995
39,949
a
3
+a
2
2
+a
3
3
+
_
7a
0
+
182
165
a
2
+
68
165
a
6
_
4
+
39,949
6,666
a
3
5
+a
6
6
7(23,133a
0
+15,431a
2
+3,545a
6
)
2574
210r
0
2
+
244,825a
3
2,222

3
+
35(10,032a
0
1,547a
2
+709a
6
)
2,574

4
622,727a
3
6,666

5
+
21a
2
136a
6
11

6
+
35a
3
22

7
7(1,155a
0
182a
2
68a
6
)
858

8
+
15,365a
3
2,222

9
+a
6
10

2
0
0
5

b
y

I
s
s
a
c

E
l
i
s
h
a
k
o
f
f
EOIS: 2892_chap05 2004/9/27 22:56 page 247 #45
designated as an arbitrary one. For the particular case n = 1, the number of
equations equals the number of unknowns. Since the set is a homogeneous
one, the determinant must vanish for a non-trivial solution. This leads to a
condition between the inertial coefcients, for which the solution is obtain-
able. For n2, the number of equations exceeds that of the unknowns. Hence,
for the availability of the non-trivial solution the rank should be less than the
number of unknowns. This results, generally, in a large number of determ-
inantal equations which yield relationships between the inertial coefcients.
respectively.
Tables 5.15.3 report closed-form solutions for particular cases 4 m 6,

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