Dravni Univerzitet u Novom Pazaru

Fakultet za tehnicko-tehnoloske nauke Departman: Racunarska tehnika

SEMIN RS!I R D
Predmet: Engleski jezik 2 Tema: Personal Computers

Pro"esor: Dr S. Savi

Stu#ent: Abida ani

Novi Pazar
Decem$ar% &'(')

Personal Computers
Personal *omputer is a small% relativel+ ine,pensive% an+ -eneralpurpose computer #esi-ne# "or an in#ivi#ual user) Man+ people consi#er a P* to $e a .in#o/s s+stem% $ut P*0s inclu#e an+ t+pe o" computer that is use# in a 1personal1 manner) personal computer ma+ $e a #esktop computer% a laptop% a ta$let P*% or a han#hel# P* 2also calle# a palmtop3) P* ma+ $e use# at home or in an o""ice) Personal computers ma+ $e connecte# to a local area net/ork 24 N3% either $+ a ca$le or a /ireless connection) .hile earl+ P* o/ners usuall+ ha# to /rite their o/n pro-rams to #o an+thin- use"ul /ith the machines% to#a+0s users have access to a /i#e ran-e o" commercial an# non-commercial so"t/are% /hich is provi#e# in rea#+-torun or rea#+-to-compile "orm) Since the (56's% Microso"t an# Intel have #ominate# much o" the personal computer market% "irst /ith MS-D7S an# then /ith the .intel plat"orm) In price% personal computers ran-e an+/here "rom a "e/ hun#re# #ollars to thousan#s o" #ollars) ll are $ase# on the microprocessor technolo-+ that ena$les manu"acturers to put an entire *PU on one chip) 8usinesses use personal computers "or /or# processin-% accountin-% #esktop pu$lishin-% an# "or runnin- sprea#sheet an# #ata$ase mana-ement applications) t home% the most popular use "or personal computers is "or pla+in- -ames) Personal computers "irst appeare# in the late (59's) 7ne o" the "irst an# most popular personal computers /as the pple II% intro#uce# in (599 $+ pple *omputer) Durin- the late (59's an# earl+ (56's% ne/ mo#els an# competin- operatin- s+stems appeare# "re:uentl+) ;hen% in (56(% I8M entere# the "ra+ /ith its "irst personal computer% kno/n as the !"# PC) ;he I8M P* :uickl+ $ecame the personal computer o" choice% an# most other personal computer manu"acturers "ell $+ the /a+si#e) 7ne o" the "e/ companies to survive I8M0s onslau-ht /as pple *omputer% /hich remains a ma<or pla+er in the personal computer marketplace) 7ther companies a#<uste# to I8M0s #ominance $+ $uil#in- I8M clones% computers that /ere internall+ almost the same as the I8M P*% $ut that cost less) 8ecause I8M clones use# the same microprocessors as I8M P*s% the+ /ere capa$le o" runnin- the &

same so"t/are) 7ver the +ears% I8M has lost much o" its in"luence in #irectin- the evolution o" P*s) Man+ o" its innovations% such as the M* e,pansion $us an# the 7S=& operatin- s+stem% have not $een accepte# $+ the in#ustr+ or the marketplace) ;o#a+% the /orl# o" personal computers is $asicall+ #ivi#e# $et/een pple Macintoshes an# P*s) ;he principal characteristics o" personal computers are that the+ are sin-le-user s+stems an# are $ase# on microprocessors) ;here are man+ t+pes o" personal computers: /orkstations2#esi-ne# "or technical or scienti"ic applications3% #esktop computers% Sin-le unit P*s2su$t+pe o" #esktop computers3% nettops2lo/-cost% lean-"unction t+pe o" #esktop c)3% laptops2kno/n also as a note$ook computers are small#esi-ne# #esi-ne# "or porta$ilit+3% net$ook2small an# ine,pensive laptops3% pocket P*2han#hel#-size# computer3% etc) lthou-h personal computers are #esi-ne# as sin-le-user s+stems% it is common to link them to-ether to "orm a net$ork) In terms o" po/er% there is -reat variet+) t the hi-h en#% the #istinction $et/een personal computers an# /orkstations has "a#e#) >i-h-en# mo#els o" the Macintosh an# P* o""er the same computin- po/er an# -raphics capa$ilit+ as lo/-en# /orkstations $+ Sun Micros+stems% >e/lett-Packar#% an# DE*)

Software
computer s+stem comprises %ard$are an# so&t$are) >ar#/are is the ph+sical me#ium% "or e,ample:

circuit $oar#s processors ke+$oar#

So"t/are are computer pro-rams% "or e,ample:

operatin- s+stem e#itor compilers)

E'amples o& (omputer so&t$are in(lude: pplication so"t/are inclu#es en#-user applications o" computers such as /or# processors or vi#eo -ames% an# ERP so"t/are "or -roups o" users) It can inclu#e a certain pro-ram% or a -roup o" them) ?

Mi##le/are controls an# co-or#inates #istri$ute# s+stems) Pro-rammin- lan-ua-es #e"ine the s+nta, an# semantics o" computer pro-rams) For e,ample% man+ mature $ankin- applications /ere /ritten in the *7874 lan-ua-e% ori-inall+ invente# in (5@5) Ne/er applications are o"ten /ritten in more mo#ern pro-rammin- lan-ua-es) Popular pro-rammin- lan-ua-es are Pascal% *AA% Bava) People are a$le to make pro-rams $+ usin- compilers) *ompilers are pro-rams that trans"orm co#e /ritten $+ user to a pro-rammin- lan-ua-e) It is easier an# ver+ practical "or usa-e) S+stem so"t/are inclu#es operatin- s+stems2 Microso"t .in#o/s% 4inu,% D7S% etc3% /hich -overn computin- resources) ;o#a+ lar-e applications runnin- on remote machines such as .e$sites are consi#ere# to $e s+stem so"t/are% $ecause the en#-user inter"ace is -enerall+ throu-h a -raphical user inter"ace% such as a /e$ $ro/ser) It inclu#es a com$ination o" servers% utilities% #evice #rivers% operatin- s+stems) ;est/are is so"t/are "or testin- har#/are or a so"t/are packa-e) Firm/are is lo/-level so"t/are o"ten store# on electricall+ pro-ramma$le memor+ #evices) Firm/are is -iven its name $ecause it is treate# like har#/are an# run 21e,ecute#13 $+ other so"t/are pro-rams)

#ost popular t)pes o& programs

*ord pro(essing programs are used to t)pe+ (orre(t+ rearrange+ or delete te't in letters+ memos+ reports+ and s(%ool assignments. Spreadsheet programs enable individuals to prepare tables easil). T%e users o& su(% programs establis% rules &or %andling large groups o& numbers. ,or e'ample+ using a spreads%eet program+ a person (an enter some numbers into a table and t%e program $ill (al(ulate and &ill in t%e rest o& t%e table. *%en t%e user (%anges one number in t%e table+ t%e ot%er numbers $ill (%ange a((ording to t%e rules establis%ed b) t%at user. Spreads%eets ma) be used &or preparing budgets and &inan(ial plans+ balan(ing a (%e-uebook+ or keeping tra(k o& personal investments. Database programs allo$ a (omputer to store large amounts o& data .in&ormation/ in a s)stemati( $a). Su(% data mig%t in(lude t%e name+ address+ telep%one number+ salar)+ and starting date o& ever) emplo)ee in a (ompan). T%e (omputer (ould t%en be asked to produ(e a list o& all emplo)ees $%o re(eive a (ertain salar). Communi(ation programs (onne(ts a personal (omputer to ot%er (omputer.s/. C

People (an t%ereb) e'(%ange in&ormation $it% one anot%er via t%eir personal (omputers. !n addition+ (ommuni(ation programs enable people to link t%eir personal (omputers $it% databanks. Databanks are %uge (olle(tions o& in&ormation stored in large (entralized (omputers. 0e$s+ &inan(ial and travel in&ormation+ and ot%er data o& interest to man) users (an be obtained &rom a databank. 1t%er programs in(lude re(reational and edu(ational programs &or pla)ing games+ (omposing and %earing musi(+ and learning a variet) o& subje(ts. Programs %ave also been $ritten t%at turn %ouse%old applian(es on and o&&. Some people develop t%eir o$n programs to meet needs not (overed b) (ommer(iall) prepared programs. 1t%ers bu) personal (omputers mainl) to learn about (omputers and %o$ to program t%em.

Hardware
>ar#/are can $e #escri$e# as a part o" the computer that can $e actuall+ touche#) Monitor% speakers% screen% microphone% mouse% ke+$oar#% etc) >ar#/are also inclu#es >ar# #isc% R M an# R7M memor+% mother$oar#% *D an# DDD rea#er=/riter% althou-h the+ are insi#e o" our S+stem Unit2computer case3) In nova#a+s har#/are is /i#e #i""erent) Depen#s on color% materials% an# price% it can $e in a size o" a note$ook% to the hu-e sizes o" screen% "or e,ample% "or certain nee#s o" people) It has chan-e# a lot "rom the invention o" the computer) *ertainl+% the computer har#/are has mo#ernise# an# amazin-l+ chan-e#) No/ /e have man+ smaller utilities that can improve our s+stem unit ver+ much) Some o" them are: !e+$oar# is an input #evice /hich is connecte# to a computer an# use# to t+pe instructions or in"ormation into the computer) It has a$out ('' ke+s) Mouse is user inter&a(e devi(e t%at (an enable di&&erent kinds o& (ontrol t%an a ke)board. T%e) are most made o& plasti( and ma) use a ball to tra(k movement+ an 2ED lig%t+ or a laser. Toda) )ou (an get a $ireless mouse t%at allo$s )ou to easil) give a presentation $it% out being tied to a desk. T%ese mouses are usaul) 2ED or 2aser based tra(king.

#ass storage devi(es store programs and data even $%en t%e po$er is o&&3 t%e) do re-uire po$er to per&orm read and $rite &un(tions during usage. Alt%oug% &las% memor) %as dropped in (ost+ t%e prevailing &orm o& mass storage in personal (omputers is still t%e %ard disk. 4ard disk is most (ommon $a) to store a lot o& data in a small spa(e. Ea(% %ard disk is divided into man) se(tors+ ea(% (ontaining a (ertain amount o& data. 51# 6 5ead6onl) memor): 1n 51#+ data is prere(orded &or read onl) $%i(% (an7t be removed. 5A# 6 5andom a((ess memor): $%ose (ontents (an be a((essed .read+ $rite and remove/ in an) order. ;he mother$oar#% also re"erre# to as s+stem$oar# or main$oar#% is the primar+ circuit $oar# /ithin a personal computer) Man+ other components connect #irectl+ or in#irectl+ to the mother$oar#) In man+ porta$le an# em$e##e# personal computers% the mother$oar# houses nearl+ all o" the P*0s core components) 7"ten a mother$oar# /ill also contain one or more peripheral $uses an# ph+sical connectors "or e,pansion purposes) Sometimes a secon#ar+ #au-hter $oar# is connecte# to the mother$oar# to provi#e "urther e,pan#a$ilit+ or to satis"+ space constraints) Computer (ase is t%e en(losure t%at (ontains t%e main (omponents o& a (omputer. T%e size and s%ape o& a (omputer (ase is usuall) determined b) t%e &orm &a(tor o& t%e mot%erboard t%at it is designed to a((ommodate+ sin(e t%is is t%e largest and most (entral (omponent o& most (omputers.

E&&e(ts o& Computerization on our lives

.ithout an+ #ou$t computers an# the internet have $een one o" the -reatest inventions in the histor+ o" mankin#) ;he e""ects the+ have ha# on our societ+ as a /hole% /orl#/i#e% has $een #ramatic) ;he+ have chan-e# the /a+ /e communicate /ith others) ;he+ have ena$le# us instant communication /ith others /orl#/i#e) >ome computers an# the Internet have chan-e# the /a+ /e live% the+ have chan-e# societ+ in such a #eep /a+% that it /oul# $e virtuall+ impossi$le "or man+ people to live /ithout them) ;he+ control nearl+ ever+ aspect o" our lives% an# can $e "oun#% not <ust in our homes% or places o" /ork% $ut in our places o" e#ucation too) E

No/a#a+s% it is har# to ima-ine an+one not havin- hear# o" a computer an# the internet especiall+ in a mo#ern societ+) 8oth computers an# the internet have -reat e""ects on societ+ especiall+ the /a+ people communicate an# interact /ith anotherF an# the /a+ certain tasks are $ein- #one) E-mail has o" course chan-e# the /a+ in /hich /e communicate /ith one another in a personal sense) Perhaps /hat has ha# a $i--er e""ect in this respect% ho/ever% are the various Messenger services% /hich allo/ us to input a messa-e on our screen /hich can $e rea# $+ someone at the other si#e o" the /orl#) ;his is similar to SMS% onl+ :uicker an# o" course "ree o" char-e) Webcams allo/ us o" course to communicate in a similar /a+ $ut a""or# the a##itional $ene"its o" $oth vision an# soun#) ;he internet has totall+ revolutionise# the /a+s in /hich /e -ain access to in"ormation) .here previousl+ /e ma+ have ha# to $ro/se throu-h such as re"erence $ooks at -reat len-th% all /e #o no/ is simpl+ t+pe the parameters o" our search in to a search en-ine portal an# "in# /hat /e are lookin- "or in millisecon#s) ;he time save# in this respect is phenomenal an# has also $rou-ht a$out -reat learnin- opportunities "or man+ o" us) .e have access to in"ormation /hich /e coul# $e"ore onl+ have #reame# o" so can learn more a$out our /orl# roun# a$out us an# the #i""erent aspects o" it) s computers $ecome ever more sophisticate# an# that is the Internet continues to -ro/% it is likel+ onl+ that the chan-es /e are /itnessin- /ill $ecome ever more pro"oun#) It is up to each one o" us% there"ore% to make the most o" the a##itional $ene"its /e are a""or#e# $ut at the same time ensure the+ #o not #estro+ all o" /ho an# /hat /e are)

Personal *omputers)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))& So"t/are ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))? Most popular t+pes o" pro-rams))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))C .or# processin- pro-rams are use# to t+pe% correct% rearran-e% or #elete te,t in letters% memos% reports% an# school assi-nments) Sprea#sheet pro-rams ena$le in#ivi#uals to prepare ta$les easil+) ;he users o" such pro-rams esta$lish rules "or han#lin- lar-e -roups o" num$ers) For e,ample% usin- a sprea#sheet pro-ram% a person can enter some num$ers into a ta$le an# the pro-ram /ill calculate an# "ill in the rest o" the ta$le) .hen the user chan-es one num$er in the ta$le% the other num$ers /ill chan-e accor#in- to the rules esta$lishe# $+ that user) Sprea#sheets ma+ $e use# "or preparin$u#-ets an# "inancial plans% $alancin- a che:ue$ook% or keepin- track o" personal investments) Data$ase pro-rams allo/ a computer to store lar-e amounts o" #ata 2in"ormation3 in a s+stematic /a+) Such #ata mi-ht inclu#e the name% a##ress% telephone num$er% salar+% an# startin- #ate o" ever+ emplo+ee in a compan+) ;he computer coul# then $e aske# to pro#uce a list o" all emplo+ees /ho receive a certain salar+) *ommunication pro-rams connects a personal computer to other computer2s3) People can there$+ e,chan-e in"ormation /ith one another via their personal computers) In a##ition% communication pro-rams ena$le people to link their personal computers /ith #ata$anks) Data$anks are hu-e collections o" in"ormation store# in lar-e centralize# computers) Ne/s% "inancial an# travel in"ormation% an# other #ata o" interest to man+ users can $e o$taine# "rom a #ata$ank) 7ther pro-rams inclu#e recreational an# e#ucational pro-rams "or pla+in- -ames% composin- an# hearin- music% an# learnin- a variet+ o" su$<ects) Pro-rams have also $een /ritten that turn househol# appliances on an# o"") Some people #evelop their o/n pro-rams to meet nee#s not covere# $+ commerciall+ prepare# pro-rams) 7thers $u+ personal computers mainl+ to learn a$out computers an# ho/ to pro-ram them))))C >ar#/are))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ >ar#/are can $e #escri$e# as a part o" the computer that can $e actuall+ touche#) Monitor% speakers% screen% microphone% mouse% ke+$oar#% etc)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ 6

>ar#/are also inclu#es >ar# #isc% R M an# R7M memor+% mother$oar#% *D an# DDD rea#er=/riter% althou-h the+ are insi#e o" our S+stem Unit2computer case3) In nova#a+s har#/are is /i#e #i""erent) Depen#s on color% materials% an# price% it can $e in a size o" a note$ook% to the hu-e sizes o" screen% "or e,ample% "or certain nee#s o" people) It has chan-e# a lot "rom the invention o" the computer) *ertainl+% the computer har#/are has mo#ernise# an# amazin-l+ chan-e#) No/ /e have man+ smaller utilities that can improve our s+stem unit ver+ much) Some o" them are:)))))))))@ !e+$oar# is an input #evice /hich is connecte# to a computer an# use# to t+pe instructions or in"ormation into the computer) It has a$out ('' ke+s)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ Mouse is user inter"ace #evice that can ena$le #i""erent kin#s o" control than a ke+$oar#) ;he+ are most ma#e o" plastic an# ma+ use a $all to track movement% an 4ED li-ht% or a laser) ;o#a+ +ou can -et a /ireless mouse that allo/s +ou to easil+ -ive a presentation /ith out $ein- tie# to a #esk) ;hese mouses are usaul+ 4ED or 4aser $ase# trackin-))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))@ Mass stora-e #evices store pro-rams an# #ata even /hen the po/er is o""F the+ #o re:uire po/er to per"orm rea# an# /rite "unctions #urin- usa-e) lthou-h "lash memor+ has #roppe# in cost% the prevailin- "orm o" mass stora-e in personal computers is still the har# #isk) >ar# #isk is most common /a+ to store a lot o" #ata in a small space) Each har# #isk is #ivi#e# into man+ sectors% each containin- a certain amount o" #ata) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E R7M - Rea#-onl+ memor+: 7n R7M% #ata is prerecor#e# "or rea# onl+ /hich canGt $e remove#) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E R M - Ran#om access memor+: /hose contents can $e accesse# 2rea#% /rite an# remove3 in an+ or#er) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E *omputer case is the enclosure that contains the main components o" a computer) ;he size an# shape o" a computer case is usuall+ #etermine# $+ the "orm "actor o" the mother$oar# that it is #esi-ne# to accommo#ate% since this is the lar-est an# most central component o" most computers)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E E""ects o" *omputerization on our lives)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))E

!zvori: http:==///)islan#net)com=Hkpolsson=comphist= http:==///)/e$ope#ia)com=;ERM=P=personalIcomputer)html ///)/ikipe#ia)or-