Present perfect The present perfect is a verbal time used in language english, expresses an action that ocurred in the

recent past but has an influence on the present. In the sentences, we are interested in the action, and not in the time of the action.

Form of present perfect Positive I You We They He She It I have chosen Negative I havent chosen Question Have I chosen?

He has chosen

He hasnt chosen

Has he chosen?

Used the present perfect to talk about things that:

Happened in the pasat and are important or relevant in the present. Began in the past and are still true now. Happeened more that once in the past. Examples: The Hubble Space Telescope has taken many excellent photographs of objects in the space. Scientists and engineers from several countries have worked on the international space station. The pilot has flown this kind of airplane many times.

Use has or have to ask a yes/no questions with the present perfect.

Example: Has the space agency decided to travel to Mars? yes, they have. /No, they havent.

Use ever in yes/no questions with the present perfect to ask about any before now.

Examples: Have you ever flown in an airplane? Have astronauts ever walked on the moon?

Use wh-word+has/have to ask a wh-question with the present perfect.

Examples: Why has the airplane turned around? Where have you seen that man before?

Present Perfect with FOR and SINCE.

Use the present perfect with for+a legth ot time to talk about duration, or how long something has been true.

Examples: They have been in business for 22 years. Melissa has owned the restaurant fot eight months.

Use the present perfect with since+ a specific past time to talk about when somethings began.

Examples: We have know each other since 2004. He has learned a lot about tourism since he bought the hotel.

Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the object comes before the verb and agent in the subject position at beginning of the sentence.

Example: Food is found by small fish in the coral reef The by phrase, which includees the agent, is optional in the passive voice.

Passive voice with to be. Structure Subject Example: Insect are eaten by many animal species. The house was built in 1975. The speech is written for the president. + to be + Vpp

Passive Voice in the past Form the past passive with was/were+ the past participle form of the verb.

Structure Subjec Examples: Our home was built by my grandfather. The road to the beach was opened in 2009. People the area were asked to conserve drinkg water las August. + was/were + Vpp

Passive Voice in future. Structure Object Example: The horses will be taken to the stable The first prize will be won by Vengatesh The work will be finished tomorrow by them + will + be + Vpp