Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 5, No. 2 Paper ID JAI101320 Available online at www.astm.org J. T. Kevern,1 V. R. Schaefer,1 K. Wang,1 and M. T.

Suleiman1 Pervious Concrete Mixture Proportions for Improved Freeze-Thaw Durability ABSTRACT: Recent stormwater management regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency EPA. and greater emphasis on sustainable development has increased interest in

pervious pavement as a method for reducing stormwater runoff and improving stormwater quality. Pervious concrete is one of several pervious pavement systems that can be used to reduce stormwater runoff and treat stormwater on site. Pervious concrete systems have been used and are being proposed for all parts of the United States, including northern climates where severe freezing and thawing

can occur. The purpose of the research is to develop pervious concrete mixtures that have sufficient porosity for stormwater infiltration along with desirable porosity, strength, and freeze-thaw durability. In this research, concrete mixtures were developed with single-sized river gravel aggregate 4.75 mm. and constant binder contents, together with high range water reducer. River sand was used as a replacement for

up to 7 % coarse aggregate. Two different types of polypropylene fibers a shorter fibrillated variable-length and a longer fibrillated single-length. were incorporated at several addition rates from 0 to 0.1 % by volume of concrete. The engineering properties of the aggregate were evaluated along with the porosity, permeability, strength, and freeze-thaw durability of selected concrete mixtures. The results indicate

that the use of sand and fibers provided beneficial effects on pervious concrete properties, including increased strength, maintained or improved permeability, and enhanced freeze-thaw resistance. KEYWORDS: pervious concrete, freeze-thaw durability, freeze-thaw resistance, stormwater management Introduction Pervious pavements are mainly used to allow stormwater to percolate through the voids of the pavement, which reduces the

amount of runoff water. In the United States, pervious pavements are used in sidewalks, parking lots, and low traffic density areas 1. Unlike other pavement systems, the pervious layer needs not only to possess the required strength to support the applied loads and freeze-thaw durability to resist environmental conditions, but is required to have adequate permeability for the design storm

of a specific region. There are many examples of pervious concrete installations in severe freeze-thaw environments 2 4. The general recommendation for pervious concrete systems in freeze-thaw environments is to install a layer of aggregate base below the pervious concrete pavement to store stormwater in order to avoid saturation of the pervious concrete during freeze-thaw events 5. There are no documented

cases of freeze-thaw failures of existing installations when these recommendations are followed. However, there is still some potential for saturation of the pervious concrete layer and it is therefore prudent to design pervious concrete mixtures to be freeze-thaw resistant in case the pervious concrete does become saturated during freeze-thaw events. This paper summarizes the results of research performed

at the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center CP Tech Center. located at Iowa State University, to develop a freeze-thaw resistant portland cement pervious concrete PCPC. that has the required compressive strength and adequate permeability, utilizing sand and polypropylene fibers. The engineering properties of the aggregate and the porosity, permeability, strength, and freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete mixtures were evaluated and

are summarized herein. Manuscript received June 21, 2007; accepted for publication January 7, 2008; published online February 2008. 1 Ph.D. Student, Professor of Civil Engineering, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, and Lecturer, respectively, Iowa State University Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental, Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, e-mail: kevernj@iastate.edu Copyright 2008 by ASTM International, 100 Barr

Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

2 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL Background Advantages of Using Pervious Concrete To meet the requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control and Flood Disaster Protection Acts of the United States Government, Franklin Institute Research Laboratories used porous asphalt pavement systems in the early 1970s 6. More recently the amendments of the Clean Water

Act, which require reduction in the quantity of stormwater runoff and initial water quality treatment, increased the interest in developing new porous pavement materials and enhancing the properties of currently available materials 7. Pervious concrete is one of a number of methods employed to reduce the volume of direct water runoff from pavements and to enhance the quality

of stormwater 8. Other reported advantages of pervious concrete include: reducing noise, improving skid resistance, reducing cost, and preserving native ecosystems, while minimizing the heat island effect in large cities 5. Typical Mixture Proportions and Material Properties The Environmental Protection Agency EPA9. reported that approximately 75 % of current porous pavement systems have failed, due to

a variety of mechanisms including poor design and construction practices. The National Ready Mixed Association NRMCA3reported the mixture proportions of ten projects where pervious concrete was used in the United States. These mixture proportions have water to cement ratios ranging from 0.27 to 0.43 and contain no fine aggregate i.e., sand. The cement contents ranged from 177 kg 300 pcy.

to 355 kg 600 pcy. per cubic metre along with coarse aggregate amounts from 1422 kg 2400 pcy. to 1600 kg 2700 pcy. per cubic metre. The single-sized coarse aggregate reported in the literature ranges from 2.54 cm to 4.75 mm 1 in. to No. 4 sieve. Only one of the reported mixtures was installed in a hard wet-freeze environment

with an average temperature below freezing for 90 days. Ferguson 5and the NRMCA 3reported properties of pervious concrete used in the United States, which includes porosity ranging from 14 to 31 %, permeability coefficients ranging from 0.03 to 0.6 cm/s. 85 to 1700 ft/day, and 28-day compressive strengths ranging from 6.7 to 17.5 MPa 972 to 2540 psi,

with most mixtures having strength less than 13.8 MPa 2000 psi. In general, pervious concrete compressive strength of 13.8 MPa 2000 psi, or perhaps even lower, is adequate for most parking and light street applications. However, in some cases it may be desirable to achieve higher compressive strength. Failure Mechanisms of Pervious Concrete When subjected to

loading, pervious concrete made of single-sized aggregate transfers stress through the aggregate to the cement paste. Generally, the strength of coarse aggregate is high when compared with that of the paste and the interface between the aggregate and the paste 10. To improve the strength of pervious concrete, the strength of the paste, and the interface between the aggregate and

the paste needs to be improved 11. These improvements can be achieved by using lower water-to-binder ratios w/b, smaller-sized aggregates, and proper admixtures, as well as by altering the mixing process. Experimental Work Materials Type II cement marketed as a Type I/II cement, with a Blaine fineness of 384 m2 /kg and a specific

gravity of 3.15, was used in all mixtures. A type of single-sized river gravel coarse aggregate was used. The single-sized river gravel had 100 % of the material passing a 9.5-mm sieve 3/8 in.. and being retained on 3 a 4.75-mm sieve No. 4. The dry rodded unit weight was 15.61 kN/mof the aggregate, porosity of

38.5 %, specific gravity of 2.62, the abrasion obtained using a Micro Deval device of 14.4 %, and absorption of 1.7 %. River sand was used to replace up to 7 % of the coarse aggregate. The sand had a fineness modulus of 2.90, with 90 % passing a 2.36-mm sieve No. 8. It had a specific gravity of

2.62 and absorption of 1.1 %.

KEVERN ET AL. ON CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 3 TABLE 1 Properties of fibers used in preparing the pervious concrete mixtures. Fiber Name Fibermesh 300 Fibercast 500 Fiber Type fibrillated fibrillated Specific Gravity 0.91 0.91 Length 12.7 mm, 19.1 mm 50 mm Denier 360 360 Surface Area 20.65 cm2 /g 188.45 cm2 /g Polypropylene fibers

Propex. were incorporated into the pervious concrete proportions and their material properties are also provided in Table 1. An air entraining agent AEA. and high-range water reducer HRWR. were used in all of the pervious concrete mixtures. The specific gravity and pH were 1.01 and 10 for the AEA Master Builders Everair plus. and 1.07 and 7.8 for the HRWR

Master Builders Glenium 3400 NV, respectively. Mixture Proportions The mixture proportions consisted of seven groups, each group included one mixture with sand and one mixture without sand, for a total of 14 mixtures. Fibers were added to the baseline mixtures at varying quantities and the proportions are summarized in Table 2. The manufacturer s recommended fiber dosage

is 0.9 kg/m3 1.5 lb/yd3. of concrete, which represents 0.1 % by volume 12. Specimen Preparation Initial trial batches were mixed using a 0.01 m3 0.5 ft3. open pan mixer for evaluation of porosity, permeability, unit weight, and seven-day compressive strength. Selected mixtures were mixed again using a larger 0.04 m3 1.5 ft3. rotating-drum mixer in

order to determine strength development with time, splitting tensile strength, and freeze-thaw resistance, in addition to the previously mentioned characteristics. For the mixtures included in this study, data reported for those mixtures containing no fibers and fibers 3 added at 0.3 and 0.9 kg/mwere samples placed from the larger mixer Mixtures 1-3 and 6 and 7. Mixtures

containing fibers added at 0.6 kg/m3 were mixed using the smaller mixer Mixtures 4 and 5. Since initially the concrete strength was hindered by poor bonding characteristics between the cement paste and the smooth, yet strong river gravel aggregate, two different sample preparation procedures were used to increase the strength of the pervious concrete. The first procedure was

the one traditionally used for concrete where aggregate, water, and admixtures were combined before the addition of the cement. Using this procedure for Mixture 1, it was observed that the samples failed at the interface between the cement paste and the aggregate. The bond between the cement paste and the aggregate was increased by dry TABLE 2 Mixture proportions

used in this study. Water Fibers Mixture Cement Gravel Sand ID kg/m3. kg/m3. kg/m3. w/c. kg/m3. Type kg/m3. 1 343 1602 0.27 93.0 1S 343 1498 104 0.27 93.0 2 343 1602 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.3 2S 343 1498 104 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.3 3 343 1602 0.27 99.5

FC500 0.3 3S 343 1498 104 0.27 99.5 FC500 0.3 4 343 1602 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.6 4S 343 1498 104 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.6 5 343 1602 0.27 99.5 FC500 0.6 5S 343 1498 104 0.27 99.5 FC500 0.6 6 343 1602 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.9 6S 343 1498 104 0.27 93.0 FM300 0.9 7 343

1602 0.27 99.5 FC500 0.9 7S 343 1498 104 0.27 99.5 FC500 0.9

4 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL mixing a small amount of cement 5 % by mass. with the aggregate until completely coated about one minute. Next, the remaining cement and water with HRWR. were added. Finally, the concrete was mixed for three minutes, allowed to rest for three minutes, and then mixed for an additional two minutes before

casting. Samples that employed this modified mixing procedure failed more often through the aggregate, which increased the seven-day compressive strength of the mixture. All specimens were placed by lightly rodding 25 times in three layers to ensure uniform compaction in each lift. In addition to rodding, the samples were placed on a vibration table for five seconds after rodding each

layer to ensure the layers properly meshed together, since the rodding did not penetrate the underlying layer. This procedure was designed to uniformly compact the specimens without consolidation, thereby creating uniform density across the samples. The samples were demolded after 24 hours, placed in a fog room at 98 % relative humidity, and cured according to ASTM Standard C192-02, Standard

Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory, 13. Before compression testing, the cylinders were capped using a sulfur capping compound following ASTM Standard C617-98, Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 14. When specimens were tested with unbounded caps containing a neoprene rubber pad with a durometer hardness of 50, according to ASTM Standard C1231, Standard

Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders, 15, the failure occurred at the ends of the sample, whereas sulfur capped samples failed through the center in a similar manner to standard concrete compression failure. Cylinders of 100 mm 4 in.. in diameter and 200 cm 8 in.. in length were

used for both compression and tensile strength tests. Cylinders of 75 mm 3 in.. by 150 mm 6 in.. were used to perform the porosity analysis and cylinders of 75 mm 3 in.. in diameter and length were used to measure the permeability. Beams with a cross section of 75 mm 3 in.. by 100 mm 4 in.. and a

length of 400 mm 16 in.. were used for freeze-thaw testing. Testing Procedures Workability of the fresh concrete was determined by a standard slump cone test using ASTM Standard C143-00, Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, 16. Although, slump is not applicable to pervious concrete as it often has zero slump or collapses without

providing any useful data. Compressive strength tests were performed according to ASTM Standard C39-01, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 17. and splitting tensile tests were performed using ASTM Standard C496-96, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 18. The porosity of the pervious concrete was determined by taking the

difference in weight between a sample oven dry and submerged under water and using Eq 1 19. and the procedure developed at the University of South Carolina 20. W2W1 P = 1100%. 1. wVol where: Ptotal porosity, % W1weight under water, kg W2oven dry weight, kg Volvolume of sample,

cm3 3 wdensity of water @21 C, kg/cm The permeability of mixtures was determined using a falling head permeability test apparatus Fig. 1. A flexible sealing gum was used around the top perimeter of a sample to prevent water leakage along the sides of a sample. The samples were then confined in a latex membrane and

sealed in a rubber sleeve which was surrounded by adjustable hose clamps. The test was performed using several water heights which represented values that a pavement may experience. The average coefficient of permeability k. was determined using Eq 2, which follows Darcy s law and assumes laminar flow.

KEVERN ET AL. ON CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 5

FIG. 1 Permeameter used to test pervious concrete samples. aL h1 k = LN2. At h2 where: kcoefficient of permeability, cm/s across sectional area of the standpipe, cm2 Llength of sample, cm Across-sectional area of specimen, cm2 ttime in seconds

from h1 to h2 h1initial water level, cm h2final water level, cm Mixtures with adequate porosity and seven-day compressive strength were further investigated by their strength development with time and freeze-thaw resistance using ASTM Standard C666-97, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing, procedure A 21, in which samples were frozen and thawed

in the saturated condition. One of the assumptions in this test is constant mass loss, which allows direct comparison of the initial fundamental frequency with that of the sample as it deteriorates. Since pervious concrete specimens have significantly more mass loss than standard concrete, the rate of deterioration of the dynamic modulus is often over estimated. There was also difficulty

obtaining consistent, reproducible sonometer readings. Consequently, a less sensitive approach was employed to determine freeze-thaw durability using the aggregate soundness requirements from ASTM Standard C3397, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, 22. When using a magnesium sulfate solution the allowable aggregate mass loss is 18 %, and 12 % is allowed for sodium sulfate solutions. By combining the two values, the

test was completed when a sample reached 300 cycles or 15 % mass loss. Mass loss was tested every 20 to 30 cycles. The results of other mixtures and more details are summarized in Schaefer et al. 23. and Kevern 24. Results and Discussion Engineering properties of all pervious concrete mixtures included in this study are

presented in Table 3. The data values in the table represent the average of three test specimens. The slump of all mixtures ranged between 0.00 and 1.27 cm 0to1 /2 in.. The porosities ranged from 15.0 to 33.1 %. The seven-day compressive strength ranged from 9.9 to 22.7 MPa 1440 to 3290 psi. A statistical analysis was performed

using SAS and the General Linear Model GLM. procedure with a Type III sum of squares error to determine which variables have a significant effect on the concrete properties. An alpha value of 0.05 was used to identify statistical significance. Table 4 shows the results of

6 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL TABLE 3 Engineering properties of pervious concrete mixtures. Tensile Compressive Strength Strength Unit Mixture Porosity weight 7 day 21 day 28 day 28 day k ID %. kg/m3. MPa. MPa. MPa. MPa. cm/s. 1 25.3 1,882 14.5 16.4 17.3 2.00 0.25 1S 18.3 2,046 22.7 23.3 25.2 2.95 0.10 2 18.9

1,929 17.8 20.3 21.4 2.40 0.27 2S 16.0 1,992 16.7 18.7 20.3 2.60 0.01 3 21.7 1,916 15.4 17.1 17.8 1.30 0.02 3S 15.0 2,029 17.4 19.3 19.5 2.20 0.01 4 32.1 1,769 9.9

1.18 4S 28.9 1,832 11.7

0.57 5 33.1 1,759 10.1

1.03 5S 27.3 1,867 12.8

0.49 6 22.1 1,913 17.9 19.1 21.4 2.45 0.68 6S 19.0 1,963 20.6 22.2 26.5 2.40 0.30 7 20.4 1,888 15.3 17.7 17.7 2.05 0.20 7S 19.4 1,935 16.9 16.9 17.0 2.45 0.02 1000 psi=6.90 MPa 1 in./h=7.110-4 cm/s. the GLM analysis. The statistical analysis was performed as a series of one-way ANOVA trials testing

the significance of each of the individual variables and interactions on the specific concrete property. The analyzed mixture proportion variables are identified as yes or no y/n. as either present or not present in the analysis. The effect of fiber addition was considered for no addition compared individually with each of the three addition levels. The Effect of

Sand on Material Properties The effect of using sand in pervious concrete mixtures was investigated by using 7 % sand, by weight. as replacement for coarse aggregate. Figure 2 shows the average effect of sand on material properties for all the mixtures discussed in this paper. The addition of sand had a statistically significant effect on all the

variables. Among the mixtures, Mixture 1S baseline mixture with sand and no fibers. had the highest seven-day compressive strength, although it did not occur at the lowest porosity. When sand was added to the baseline Mixture 1 Mixture 1S, the seven-day compressive strength increased from 14.5 MPa 2100 psi. to 22.7 MPa 3290 psi, with a corresponding 7

% decrease in porosity. The average seven-day compressive strength for the mixtures not containing sand was 14.4 MPa 2090 psi, while the strength was 17.0 MPa 2460 psi. for the mixtures containing sand. The average tensile strength increased from 2.05 MPa 295 psi. to 2.55 MPa 370 psi, an increase of 24 %, when sand was added. Consequently,

the porosity was reduced by an average of 4.2 % with the inclusion of sand. The addition of sand also reduced TABLE 4 Results of GLM statistical analysis. Mixture Proportion Variables Fiber Type Fiber Addition Rate Concrete Sand Properties y/n. FM300 y/n. FC500 y/n. FM300 or FC 500 0-0.3 0-0.6 0-0.9 Unit Weight S S S N

N S S Voids S N N N S S S Permeability S S N S N S N 7-day compressive S S S N S S N strength Note:SA statistically significant factor. Note:NNot a statistically significant factor.

KEVERN ET AL. ON CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 7

FIG. 2 Effect of sand on material properties. the average permeability of the mixtures from 0.52 to 0.21 cm/s 747 to 298 in./h. a decrease of 60 %, which is still higher than the maximum required permeability to drain the maximum 25-year/24-hour storm across the United States

i.e., 30.5 cm 12-inch25. The Effect of Fibers on Material Properties The effect of fibers on pervious concrete behavior was investigated by the incorporation of two different fibers FM300 and FC500. at three addition rates. Figures 3 and 4 show the effects of fiber addition on concrete material properties for the 0.0, 0.3, and 0.9 kg/m3

addition rates. The fiber addition rate produced a significant effect above the 0.3 kg/m3 rate; the fiber type did not affect the air voids or compressive strength. When the shorter fibers FM300. were added to the baseline Mixture 1 no sand, no fibers, the porosity of Mixture 2 and Mixture 6 decreased by 6.4 and 3.2 %, and

28-day compressive strength increased 24 % for both addition rates used Fig. 3a. Even though the porosity decreased, the perme 33 ability increased by 8 % at the 0.3 kg/m0.5 pcy. addition rate and by 172 % for the 0.9 kg/m 1.5 pcy. addition rate. Splitting tensile strength also increased by an average of 23 %, from

1979 kPa 287 psi. to 2434 kPa 353 psi. When the longer fibers FC500. were added to Mixture 1, the porosity decreased by 3.6 and 4.9 %, Mixture 3 and Mixture 7, respectively. A decrease in porosity was observed along with a slight increase in 33 strength of 6.2 % at the 0.3 kg/m0.5 pcy.

addition rate and of 5.5 % at the 0.9 kg/m1.5 pcy.

FIG. 3 Effect of fibers on material properties (mixtures without sand) (a) FM300 fibers (b) FC500 fibers.

8 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL

FIG. 4 Effect of fibers on material properties (mixtures containing sand). addition rate at seven-days Fig. 3b. Although, when the longer fibers were added to Mixture 1, the permeability decreased from the baseline mixture Mixture 3 and Mixture 7. There was not a clear effect on tensile strength from addition

of the longer fibers, with a 34 % decrease for Mixture 3 and a 4 % increase for Mixture 7. When the shorter fibers FM300. were added to the baseline mixture containing sand Mixture 1S, the trend is different from that of the fibers added in the mixtures with no sand Fig. 4. The porosity decreased

3 2.3 % when 0.3 kg/m0.5 pcy. of the fibers were added Mixture 2S, but it increased 0.7 % when 0.9 kg/m3 1.5 pcy. of the fibers were added Mixture 6S. Compressive strength trends followed that of the porosity with a decrease at the lower addition rate and an increase at the higher addition rate. Permeability also showed a

decrease for Mixture 2S of 90 % and an increase for Mixture 6S of 200 %. Tensile strength was decreased for both addition rates compared to the baseline mixture containing sand. The results of the mixtures with long fibers FC500. and sand were similar to that of the short fibers. The porosity decreased 3.3 % at the lower addition rate

Mixture 3S. and increased 1.1 % at the higher rate Mixture 7S. The 28-day compressive strength decreased for both addition rates as well as permeability and splitting tensile strength. Material Property Relationships The relationships between unit weight and porosity are presented in Fig. 5, between compressive strength, permeability, and porosity in Fig. 6, and between splitting

tensile strength and compressive strength in Fig. 7. As expected, the unit weight of the pervious concrete decreased linearly as the porosity increased. For all reported mixtures, the seven-day compressive strength linearly reduced as a function of porosity. However, the permeability exponentially increased as a function of porosity, especially above 25 % voids. Figure 6 illustrates that mixtures

with a porosity between 15 and 20 % achieve both the adequate sevenday strength 20 MPa 2900 psi. and acceptable permeability 0.01 cm/s 14 in./h, which is indiFIG. 5 Relationship between unit weight and porosity.

KEVERN ET AL. ON CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 9

FIG. 6 Relationship between seven-day compressive strength, permeability, and porosity. cated as the limits of the target region. The observed relationships between the material properties and porosity are consistent with those presented in the American Concrete Institute ACI. pervious concrete 522 committee report 26. It

has been observed that mixtures which lie in the target region have a unit weight of about 1900 to 3 2000 kg/m119 to 125 pcf. for this particular aggregate type. This suggests that unit weight may be considered as a key factor that controls quality of pervious concrete. The relationship between splitting tensile strength and

compressive strength, at 28 days, is slightly higher than the 10 % ratio between tensile strength and compressive strength normally assumed for commercially available, conventional density concrete. Other reported values for pervious concrete suggest that the splitting tensile strength values represent between 65 and 90 % of the three point tensile strength 23. Freeze-Thaw Durability The

freeze-thaw durability as a function of mass loss is shown in Fig. 8 and indicates: 1. Use of sand replacement significantly increased the freeze-thaw resistance of the pervious concrete. When compared with Mixture 1 no sand, Mixture 1S with sand. had better freeze-thaw resistance. 2. Addition of fiber 0.03 or 0.1 % by volume. in the concrete without

sand also improved the concrete freeze-thaw resistance. However, the degree of the improvement was not as high as that provided by use of sand. Compared with Mixture 1, which had more than 15 % weight loss at approximately 145 freeze-thaw cycles, Mixtures 2 and 6 had more than 15 % weight loss at approximately 200 and 175 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively.

3. Use of sand and fiber together greatly enhanced freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete, especially the freeze-thaw resistance at the early-age cycles. Compared with Mixture 1 without sand and FIG. 7 Relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength.

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FIG. 8 Freeze-thaw results.

FIG. 9 Effect of sand on the pervious concrete freeze-thaw resistance (a) Mixture 1, (b) Mixture 1S, (c) Mixture 2. fiber. and Mixture 1S with sand but no fiber, Mixture 6S with sand and 0.9 % FM300 fiber. had improved freeze-thaw resistance

at the early freeze-thaw cycling up to 200 freeze-thaw cycles. although its freeze-thaw resistance was reduced later lower than that of Mixture 1S at 300 cycles. Figure 9 shows beams of Mixtures 1, 1S, and 2 before and after freeze-thaw cycling. As observed, the beam made with Mixture 1 no sand and no fiber. had 19

% weight loss at 156 cycles. The beam made with Mixture 2 no sand but 0.3 % fiber. had 15 % mass loss at 210 cycles. The samples containing fibers maintained a more uniform shape after failure than those samples that did not contain fibers. For all samples, the initial mass loss was through splitting of the aggregate, beginning this

process after only few cycles. As the test progressed towards failure, the mechanism of mass loss was paste deterioration causing the raveling of entire pieces of aggregate. However, the beam made with Mixture 1S with sand but no fiber. had only 2 % weight loss at 300 cycles, primarily from the splitting of a few less durable aggregate particles located

on the beam surface. Further research is necessary to better understand the frost damage mechanism in pervious concrete. Conclusions This study found that pervious concrete mixture proportions can be optimized for strength, permeability, porosity and freeze-thaw resistance with sand, or sand and fibers. Well designed pervious concrete mix

KEVERN ET AL. ON CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 11 tures can meet strength, permeability, and freeze-thaw durability requirements for cold weather climates. Mixture 1S which included 4.75-mm river gravel, 7 % sand, and air entrainment, showed the best freezethaw durability with 2 % mass loss after 300 cycles. The addition of fibers further improved the freezethaw

durability of the mixtures. From this study the following conclusions can be made: 1. Use of sand in a pervious concrete mixture significantly increased strength although it slightly decreased the voids and permeability of the concrete. 2. Use of the short fibers improved the strength, permeability, and freeze-thaw durability of the mixtures which did not contain

additional sand. The long fibers improved the strength and freezethaw durability of the mixtures which did not contain additional sand but did not improve permeability. 3. A target unit weight can be used to design mixtures for the best combination of strength, permeability, and freeze-thaw durability. 4. Pervious concrete mixtures that possess optimized strength, permeability, porosity and freeze-thaw resistance

can be developed by incorporating sand and fibers. Acknowledgments This study was sponsored by the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center at Iowa State University through the Sponsored Research Fund by Iowa Department of Transportation, the Iowa Concrete Paving Association, and the Iowa Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Various admixtures were donated by Master Builders. The cement was donated by

LaFarge and the aggregate by Hallett Materials. The fibers were donated by Propex. The opinions, findings and conclusions presented here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the research sponsors. References 1. Tennis, P. D., Leming, M. L., and Akers, D. J., Pervious Concrete Pavements, EB302, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL,

and National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, MD, 2004. 2. Florida Concrete and Products Association Inc., Portland Cement Pervious Pavement Manual, Florida Concrete and Products Association, Orlando, FL, 2000. 3. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association NRMCA, Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Pervious Concrete, NRMCA, Silver Springs, MD, 2004. 4. Delatte, N., Miller, D., and Mrkajic, M., Portland

Cement Pervious Concrete: Field Performance Investigation on Parking Lot and Roadway Pavements, Final Report of the RMC Research and Education Foundation, Silver Springs, MD, 2007. http://www.rmc-foundation.org/newsite/images/ Long%20Term%20Field%20Performance%20of%20Pervious%20Final%20Report.pdf 5. Ferguson, B. K., Porous Pavements, Taylor and Francis Group, New York, NY, 2005. 6. Diniz, E. V., Porous Pavement: Phase I Design and Operational Criteria, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory,

Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinati, OH 45268-EPA-600/2-80-125, 1980. 7. United States Government Federal Register notice, Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Construction and Development Category, Vol. 69, No. 80, April 2004. 8. Water Environment Research Foundation, International Stormwater Best Management Practices Database, http://www.bmpdatabase.org, accessed May 2, 2005. 9.

Environmental Protection Agency, Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet Porous Pavement, Office of Water, Washington, DC, EPA 832-F-99-023, Sept. 1999. 10. Yang, J. and Liang, G., Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious Concrete Pavement Materials, Cem. Concr. Res., Vol. 33, 2003, pp. 381 386. 11. Wang, K., Schaefer, V. R., Kevern, J. T., and Suleiman, M. T., Development of Mix Proportion

for Functional and Durable Pervious Concrete, CD-ROM, Proceedings of the 2006 NRMCA Concrete Technology Forum Focus on Pervious Concrete, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association

12 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL NRMCA, Silver Springs, MD, 2006. 12. SI Concrete Systems, Fibermesh 300: Product Data Sheet, Chattanooga, TN, http:// www.siconcretesystems.com/downloads/Fibermesh300.pdf, accessed June 30, 2006. 13. ASTM Standard C192, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 4, No. 2,

2003. 14. ASTM Standard C617, Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2003. 15. ASTM Standard C1231, Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cylinders, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 4, No.

2, 2003. 16. ASTM Standard C143, Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2003. 17. ASTM Standard C39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2003. 18. ASTM

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