4.2.4.

Thorntons Model

In [42] and [43] Thornton recommends that a satisfactory design of a base plate should be carried out complying with the requirements of the Cantilever, Fling (ignoring the serviceability check) and Murray-Stockwell Models. He derived a compact formulation for the design procedure which includes all three models. His formulation is suitable for the design of only H-shaped columns. In [42] he also re-derives the collapse load based on the same yield line pattern assumed by Fling in [25]. It is interesting to note that while Fling applied the principle of virtual work Thornton based his results on the equilibrium equations [35]. Obviously the results are identical. Note that Fling increased the required plate plastic moment by 10% to allow for lack of plastic moment at the corners. The design expression proposed by Thornton in [43] and currently recommended in the AISC(US) Manual [5] is as follows: ti = am 2N 0.9f bd
* c

f b = min 0.85f c

dAb , 2f
2

i i

yi i i

(21)

where: a m = max(a 1, a 2, a 4) = min 1,

2 X 1 + 1 X

a 4 = 1 d cb fc 4 N* = portion of N * 0 c acting over the column footprint N* = c b fcd c b id i 4b fcd c N* c X= (d c + b fc) 2 f bd ib i 4 N * d cb fc = 24 N * 0= 2 a 5 f b a 5 f b c d i b i Table 2 Murray-Stockwell Model (refer to Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14 for the definition of the notation) SECTION H-shaped section [21] Channel [26] RHS SHS [21][26] CHS [21][26] A (1) 1 b fcd c b fcd c b cd c d2 0 4 a3 (d c + b fc) (d c + b fc) 2 4A H 4 (2b fc + d c) (2b fc + d c) 2 8A H 4 (d c + b c) (d c + b c) 2 4A H 4 do d2 o 4A H 2

a 5 = b fc + d c The concatenation of the three design models (Cantilever, Fling and Murray-Stockwell Models) is achieved in the calculation of a m. The Cantilever Model is the governing criteria in the case a m equals either a 1 or a 2. In the case a m is equal to a 4 the Fling Model would be governing if equals 1 or Murray-Stockwell Model would be governing if is less than 1. The use of leads to the selection of the thinner plate obtained by using the Fling Model and Murray-Stockwell Model in order not to loose the economy in design of the latter model in the case of lightly loaded columns. Recalling the description of Murray-Stockwell Model no refinement in the calculation of A H is implemented in equation (21). It is interesting to note how this approach provides a more mathematical definition of lightly loaded column where a column is said to be lightly loaded if its is less than 1, or equivalently if its X is less than (45) 2 = 0.64. The expression of the plate thickness of Fling Model, re-derived in [42], is simplified by Thornton in [43] in order to reduce the complexity of the yield line solution. His simplification introduces an approximation in the value of a 4 with an error of 0% (unconservative) and 17.7% (conservative) for values of d cb fc ranging from 3/4 to 3. The value of N * 0 represents the portion of the total axial load N * acting over the column footprint c (d cb fc) under the assumption of uniform bearing pressure under the base plate. Murray-Stockwell Model is concatenated in equation (21) to carry a design axial * load equal to N * -shaped 0 (not on N c) over the assumed Hbearing area inside the column footprint.

AH 2b fca 3 + 2a 3(d c 2a 3) 2b fca 3 + (d c 2a 3)a 3 d cb c (d c 2a 3)(b c 2a 3) = 2(d c + b c)a 3 4a 2 3

2 (d 2 o d 3) 4

= (d oa 3 a 2 3 )

where : d 3 = d o 2a 3

4.2.5.

Eurocode 3 Model

Clause 6.11 and Annex L of Eurocode 3 deal with the design of base plates. [23]

Requirement of the EC3 is to provide a base plate adequate to distribute the compression column load over an assumed bearing area. The EC3 Model assumes an H-shaped bearing area as shown in Fig. 15(a). It requires that the pressure

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002