Female pelvis: The female pelvis (gynaecoid pelvis) is well adapted for childbearing by nature.

The gynaecoid pelvis has the characteristics giving rise to no difficulties in childbirth with a normal size baby. The size and shape of the female pelvis is the most important factor during childbearing and childbirth. Fetal head makes certain movements during its descent through pelvis so that the smallest diameter of the fetal head is easily brought to the largest diameter of the bony pelvis. Pelvic bones: Pelvic is made up of four bones 1. Two innominate (nameless) bones or hipbones. . !ne sacrum. ". !ne coccy#. I. Two Innominate bones are made up of three 1. Ilium the large flared out part. $liac crest as upper border %oncave border is iliac fossa &nterior superior iliac spine &nterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine 2. Ischium the thick lower part. &cetabulum $schial tuberosity $schial spine' location in relation to fetal head( ie.( above ())( below (*) or at (zero station) +reater sciatic ,otch' e#tends from sacro iliac -oint to ischial spine .esser /ciatic ,otch' e#tends from ischial spine to ischial tuberosity !bturator foramen' passage of pelvic nerve fibres 3. Pubic bone forms the anterior part. $nferior rami of Pubic bone (a) /uperior rami of pubic bone (b) /ymphysis pubis (a*b)' $t is formed at the -unction of two pubic bones. /ub pubic angle' angle between the inferior rami of the pubic bone. II. Sacrum $t is a wedge shaped bone consists of five fused vertebrae. /acral promontory' pro-ects inwards /acro iliac -oint 0ings of /acrum or &la of /acrum 1ollow of the /acrum' concave III. Coccyx

$t is a vestigial tail consists of four fused vertebrae forming a small triangular bone. $t is articulated with the sacrum %occy# moves backward during childbirth

Pelvic oints /ymphysis Pubis /acroiliac -oint /acro cocc#ygial -oint Pelvic !i"aments $nterpubic ligament /acroiliac ligament /acro cocc#ygial ligament /acrospinous ligament /acrotuberous ligament $nterspinous ligament $ntertuberous ligament

!an#mar$s o% the Pelvis The true pelvis is the bony canal through which fetus must pass during birth. $t consists of' 1. 2rim . %avity ". !utlet I. &rim &nterior border' Pubic bone Posterior border' /acral promontory and ala of the sacrum .ateral border' $liac bones 2rim of the pelvis consisits of' o /acral promontory o &la of the sacrum o /acro iliac -oint o $leopectineal line o $leopubic eminence o Pectineal line o Pubic tubercle o Pubic %rest o /ymphysis pubis 'iameters o% the &rim 1. (nterior posterior #iameter &natomical3 True con-ugate (11cm) ' e#tends from the sacral promontory to symphysis pubis !bstetrical con-ugate (14cm) ' e#tends from sacral promontory to 1. 5cm below the symphysis pubis 6iagnal con-ugate (1 cm) ' e#tends from sacral promontory to inferior border of symphysis pubis 2. )bli*ue #iameter 7ight !bli8ue diameter (1 cm) ' e#tends from 7t. /acroiliac -oint to .t. sacroiliac -oint. .eft !bli8ue diameter (1 cm) ' e#tends from 7t. /acroiliac -oint to .t. sacroiliac -oint. 3. Transverse #iameter Farthest points in the ileopectineal lines (1"cm).

.ongest diameter

II. Cavity

&nterior border' /ymphysis pubis Posterior border' /acral hollow .ateral border' /oft tissues &s it is round in shape( all diameters measure 1 cms.

III. )utlet 1. &natomical !utlet $t consisits of the lower border of all bones and sacro tuberous ligament. (&natomical outlet) 9 (pelvic strait) : !bstetrical outlet Pelvic strait consists of lower border of symphysis pubis( sacro cocc#ygial -oint and sacro ischial spine. . !bstetrical !utlet a. &ntero posterior diameter (1"cm)' ;#tends from inferior border of the symphysis pubis to the sacro coccy#gial -oint. b. !bli8ue diameter 7ight !bli8ue diameter (1 cm) ' e#tends from 7t. /acro spinous ligament to !bturator foramen .eft !bli8ue diameter (1 cm) ' e#tends from .t. /acro spinous ligament to !bturator foramen Transverse diameter (11cm) ' between the ischial spines. Types o% Pelvis 1. +ynaecoi# pelvis <ost suitable for childbirth 0ider brim $schial spines are blunt /ub pubic angle is =4> 2. (nthropoi# pelvis !val in shape Transverse diameter is shorter /een in tall women with narrow shoulders /ub pubic angle more than =4> 3. (n#roi# pelvis 1eart shaped brim &nterior posterior diameter is shorter Transverse diameter is wider %hildbirth is difficult ,. Platypelloi# pelvis ?idney shaped &nterior posterior diameter is smaller Transverse diameter is wider -uscles o% the pelvic %loor Super%icial muscles o %orpus cavernosa o $schiocavernosa o 2ulbocavernosa o Transverse perineal o ;#ternal sphinter ani 'eep -uscles

o o o

$schioco#ygeous muscle $leoco#ygeous muscle Puboco#ygeous

The Fetal S$ull (ntero.posterior #iameters o% the %etal hea# Suboccipito bre"matic) =.5cm e#tends from the nape of the neck to the centre of the bregma Suboccipito.%rontal) 14cm e#tends from the nape of the neck to the anterior end of the anterior fontanelle )ccipito.%rontal) 11.5cm e#tends from the occipital eminence to the root of the nose (glabella) -ento.vertical) 1".5cm e#tends from the mid point of the chin to the highest point on the saggital suture Submento. vertical) 11.5cm e#tends from the -unction of the floor of the mouth and neck to the highest point on the saggital suture Submento. bre"matic) =.5cm e#tends from -unction of the floor of the mouth and neck to the centre of the bregma. The transverse #iameters concerne# with the mechanism o% labour are

&iparietal #iameter) =.5cm( it e#tends between two parietal eminences Super.subparietal) @.5cm( it e#tends from a point placed below one parietal eminence to a point placed above the other parietal eminence of the opposite side &i.temporal #iameter) @cm(it is the distance between the antero)inferior ends of the coronal suture &i.mastoi# #iameter)A.5cm( it is the distance between the tips of the mastoid processes