Newspaper style. includes informative materials: news in brief, headlines, ads, additional articles.

But not everything published in the paper can be included in N.S. we mean publicist essays, feature articles, scient. Reviews are not N.S. to attract the readers attention special means are used by british & am. Papers e : specific headlines, space ordering. !e find here a large proportion of dates, personal names of countries, institutions, individuals. "o achieve an effect of ob#ectivity in rendering some fact or event most of info is published anonymously, without the name of newsman who supplied it, with little or no sub#ective modality. But the position of the paper becomes clear from the choice not only of sub#. matter but also of words denoting international or domestic issues. Substyles. "o understand the language peculiarities of $nglish newspaper style it will be sufficient to analy%e the following basic newspaper features:&' brief news items()' advertisements and announcements(*' headlines( Brief items: its function is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. The vocabulary used is neutral and common literary. Specific features are: a) special political and economic terms; b) non-term political vocabulary; c) newspaper clichs; d) abbreviations; e) neologisms. Publicist style. oratory! speeches! essays! articles) the style is a perfect e". #f historical changeability of stylistic differentiation of discourses. In $reece it was practiced in oral form which was named %. in accordance with the name of its corresponding genre. %S is famous for its e"plicit pragmatic function of persuasion directed at influencing the reader & shaping his views in accordance with the argumentation of the author. 'e find in %S a blend of the rigorous logical reasoning! reflecting the ob(ective state of things & a strong sub(ectivity reflecting the authors personal feelings and emotions towards the discussed sub(ect. Substyles: The oratory essays, journalistic articles, radio and TV commentary. Oratory. It ma)es use of a great hummber of e"pressive means to arouse and )eep the public*s interest: repetition! gradation! antithesis! rhetorical +uestions! emotive words! elements of collo+uial speech. Radio and TV commentary is less impersonal and more e"pressive and emotional. The essay is very sub(ective and the most collo+uial of the all substyles of the publicistic style. It ma)es use of e"pressive means and tropes. The journalistic articles are impersonal. Belles-lettres style. the style of fiction) embraces:,)poetry; -)drama; .)emotive prose. /-l style or the style of imaginative literature may be called the richest register of communication: besides its own lan-ge means which are not used in any other sphere of communication! b-l st. ma)es ample use of other styles too! for in numerous wor)s of literary art we find elements of scientific! official and other functional types of speech. /esides informative and persuasive functions! also found in other functional styles! the b-l style has a uni+ue tas) to impress the reader aesthetically. The form becomes meaningful and carries additional info. /oundless possibilities of e"pressing one*s thoughts and feelings ma)e the b-l style a highly attractive field of research for a linguist. The belles-lettres style, in each of its concrete representations! fulfils the aesthetic function! which fact singles this style out of others and gives grounds to recogni0e its systematic uni+ueness! i.e. charges it with the status if an autonomous functional style. The subject of stylistics. ts connection with other disciplines. branch of general linguistics. It has mainly with two tas)s: St-s 1 is regarded as a lang-ge science which deals with the results of the act of communication. There are - basic ob(ects of st-s: - stylistic devices and figures of speech; functional styles. /ranches of st-s: - 2e"ical st-s 1 studies functions of direct and figurative meanings! also the way conte"tual meaning of a word is reali0ed in the te"t. 2.S. deals with various types of connotations 1 e"pressive! evaluative! emotive; neologisms! dialectal words and their behavior in the te"t. - $rammatical st-s 1 is subdivided into morphological and syntactical. 3orph-l s. views stylistic potential of gram-l categories of dif-t parts of speech. %otential of the number! pronouns4- Syntactical s. studies syntactic! e"pressive means! word order and word combinations! dif-t types of sentences and types of syntactic connections. 5lso deals with origin of the te"t! its division on the paragraphs! dialogs! direct and indirect speech! the connection of the sentences! types of sentences. - %honostylistics 1 phonetical organi0ation of prose and poetic te"ts. 6ere are included rhythm! rhythmical structure! rhyme! alliteration! assonance and correlation of the sound form and meaning. 5lso studies deviation in normative pronunciation. - 7unctional S s. of decoding) 1 deals with all subdivisions of the language and its possible use newspaper! collo+uial style). Its ob(ect - correlation of the message and communicative situation. !cientific Prose !tyle The style of scientific prose has . subdivisions:,) the style of humanitarian sciences; -) the style of 8e"act8 sciences; .) the style of popular scientific prose. Its function is to wor) out and ground theoretically ob(ective )nowledge about reality. The aim of communication is to create new concepts! disclose the international laws of e"istence. The peculiarities are: ob(ectiveness; logical coherence! impersonality! unemotional character! e"actness. The scientific prose style consists mostly of ordinary words which tend to be used in their primary logical meaning. 9motiveness depends on the sub(ect of investigation but mostly scientific prose style is unemotional. $rammar: The logical presentation and cohesion of thought manifests itself in a developed feature of scientific synta" is the use of established patterns. - postulatory; - formulative; argumentative; The impersonal and ob(ective character of scientific prose style is revealed in the fre+uent use of passive constructions! impersonal sentences. %ersonal sentences are more fre+uently used in e"act sciences. In humanities we may come across constructions but few. Some features of the style in the te"t are: - use of +uotations and references; - use of foot-notes helps to preserve the logical coherence of ideas. Scientific popular style has the following peculiarities: emotive words! elements of collo+uial style. The object of stylistics. The ob(ect is a piece of reality! reflected! interpreted! transformed in the mind of a student. The ob(ect of stylistics is style. There is a widely held view that style is the correspondence between thought and e"pression. Style is a subsystem of the language! the elements of which are capable of carrying some additional information about the reality! connected with the human factor. 5pproaches: philosophical 1 ,. similarity of typical features! -. difference in sets of features; philological 1 ,. the norm:the deviation from the norm! -. the effect of the utterance upon the addressee pragmatic)! .. embellishment ornamentation) mechanistic).

The !tyle of Official "ocuments ,) 2anguage of business letters; -) 2anguage of legal documents; .) 2anguage of diplomacy; ;) 2anguage of military documents; The aim: ,. to reach agreement between two contracting parties; -. to state the conditions binding two parties in an understanding. 9ach of substyles of official documents ma)es use of special terms. 2egal documents: military documents! diplomatic documents. The documents use set e"pressions inherited from early <ictorian period. This vocabulary is conservative. 2egal documents contain a large proportion of formal and archaic words used in their dictionary meaning. In diplomatic and legal documents many words have 2atin and 7rench origin. There are a lot of abbreviations and conventional symbols. The most noticeable feature of grammar is the compositional pattern. 9very document has its own stereotyped form. The form itself is informative and tells you with what )ind of letter we deal with. /usiness letters contain: heading! addressing! salutation! the opening! the body! the closing! complimentary clause! the signature. Syntactical features of business letters are - the predominance of e"tended simple and comple" sentences! wide use of participial constructions! homogeneous members. 3orphological peculiarities are passive constructions! they ma)e the letters impersonal. There is a tendency to avoid pronoun reference. Its typical feature is to frame e+ually important factors and to divide them by members in order to avoid ambiguity of the wrong interpretation. #unctional !tyles of the $n%lish &an%ua%e 5ccording to $alperin: 7unctional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves. 9ach style! however! can be reco+ui0ed by one or more leading features which are especially conspicuous. 7or instance the use of special terminology is a le"ical characteristics of the style of scientific prose! and one by which it can easily be recogni0ed. 'lassification( ,. The /elles - 2ettres 7unctional Style. a) poetry; b) emotive prose; c) drama; -. %ublicistic 7unctional Style! a) oratory; b) essays; c) articles in newspapers and maga0ines; .. The =ewspaper 7unctional Style. a) brief news items; b) advertisments and announcements; c) headlines; ;. The Scientific %rose Style. a) e"act sciences; b) humanitarian sciences; c) popular- science prose; >. The #fficial ?ocuments 7unctional Style. a) diplomatic documents; b) business letters; c) military documents; d) legal documents; $)pressi*e means and stylistic de*ices Stylistics studies the special media of language which are called stylistic de*ices and e)pressi*e means. 9"pressive means and stylistic devices form three large groups of phonetic! le"ical! syntactical means and devices. 9ach group is further subdivided according to the principle! purpose and function of a mean or a device in an utterance. Stylistics studies the types of te"ts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication and are called functional styles of lan%ua%e . Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-asystem for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms have special functions in ma)ing the utterances emphatic. A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model . 5 stylistic device is an abstract pattern! a mould into which any content can be poured. Te)t and discourse The original words of something written or printed! as opposed to a paraphrase! translation! revision! or condensation. There are two types of te"t: according to channel oral and written) and according to structure message literary! humanistic! scientific-technician! (uridical! administrative! advertising! collo+uial and (ournalistic). Te"t have got two properties: coherence and cohesion. @oherence property is to give the sensation that one spea)s of the same thing. @ohesion property is a group of mechanism to connect the parts of a te"t. Te"t is an semantic! syntactic and pragmatic structure constituted for several levels of organi0ation. The process of activation of the te"t by relating it to a conte"t of use we call discourse !haracteristics" ,. conte"tuallity 1 a unity of represented events! the participants of these events! attendant circumstances! their bac)ground and estimation of the events by the participants. -. personality 1 a concrete interaction of two individuals; its an act of self-e"pression in a communicative situation. .. processuality 1 viewing discourse not as a final product result)! but as a process of alternation of two stages. $eneration of utterances & their interpretation by both communicants in their common effort to wor)-out the structure of discourse at every concrete moment ;. situativity 1 the correspondence between discourse & the norms of the language situation! the communicative situation & sociative situation! provided by the discourse coordinates by the time space. >. closeness & completeness.

#ore%roundin% and its types. ?ecoding stylistics investigates the same levels as linguistics 1 phonetic! graphical! le"ical! grammatical. The basic difference: it studies e"pressive means of each level not as isolated devices but as a part of the whole te"t on lengthy segments of te"t. #ne of the fundamental concepts of ?S is foregrounding. 7-g means a specific role that some lang-ge items play in a cert. conte"t when the reader*s attention cannot but be drawn to them. ?S laid down a few principle methods that ensure the effect of 7-g. They are: convergence of expressive means, irradiation, defeated expectancy, coupling, semantic fields, semi-mar#ed structures, strong position, salient feature . 'on*er%ence 1 denotes a combin-n of styl.devices promoting the same idea! emotion or motive; any type of e"p.means will ma)e sense styl-ly when treated as a part of the whole unit the conte"t! the whole te"t). "efeated $-y. may be found on any ling.level. It may be e"pressed by unusual suffi"! 0eugma! o"ymoron! parado"4. 'ouplin%. %rovides cohesion! consistency & unity of the te"t form & content. It may be found on any ling.level. The affinity may be phonetic alliteration! assonance! rhyme! rhythm..) & semantic use of synonyms! antonyms! root repetition! paraphrase..) & structural all )inds of parallelism! syntactical repetition- anadiplosis! framing). !emantic field. It identifies le". elements in te"t segments and the whole wor) that provide its thematic and compositional cohesion. 2e". ties relevant to this )ind of analysis will include synonymous and antonymous relations! morphological derivation! relations of inclusion various types of hyponymy and entailment)! common sense in the denotative or connotative meanings of different words. !emi-mar+ed structures is associated with the deviation from the grammatical and le"ical norm. It*s an e"treme case of defeated e"pectancy much stronger than low e" pectancy encountered in a parado" or anti-clima"! the unpredictable element is used contrary to the norm so it produces a very strong emphatic impact. ,ord - its meanin% The list and specifications of connotational meanings vary with different linguistic schools and individual scholars and include such entries as pragmatic directed at the perlocutionary effect of utterance)! associative connected! through individual psychological or linguistic associations! with related and nonrelated notions)! ideological, or conceptual revealing political! social! ideological preferences of the user)! evaluative stating the value of the indicated notion)! emotive revealing the emotional layer of cognition and perception)! expressive aiming at creating the image of the ob(ect in +uestion)! stylistic indicating 8the register8! or the situation of the communication). This structure is constituted of various types of le"ical meanings! the ma(or one being denotational, which informs of the sub$ect of communication; and also including connotational, which informs about the participants and conditions of communication. The most essential feature of a word is that it e"presses the concept of a thing! process! phenomenon! naming denoting) them. @oncept is a logical category! its linguistic counterpart is meaning.