ISSN 0097 8078, Water Resources, 2011, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 953961. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011.

. Original Russian Text I.G. Mindel, V.V. Sevostyanov, B.A. Trifonov, N.A. Ragozin, 2010, published in Geoekologiya, 2010, No. 2, pp. 161170.

THE METHODS AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDIES

Specifics of Seismicity Manifestations in the Construction Area of Olympic Games Engineering Structures in Imeretinskaya Depression, Sochi
I. G. Mindel, V. V. Sevostyanov, B. A. Trifonov, and N. A. Ragozin
Institute of Environmental Geoscience, Ulanskii per. 13, korp. 2, Moscow, 101000 Russia e mail: direct@geoenv.ru
Received February 26, 2009

AbstractGeological and geotechnical conditions in Imeretinskaya Depression, where Olympic Game facilities will be constructed, have some features not typical of other parts of the Great Sochi. These include the large thickness (up to 70100 m) of Quaternary marine and alluvial deposits, overlying half rocks and hard rocks, as well as a wide occurrence of soils of IIIII and III category in terms of seismic properties. These factors, along with the high seismicity of the area, require one who determines the quantitative char acteristics of seismic impacts, to take into account both the features of geological structure and properties of soils and the effect of both nearby and relatively remote earthquake sources on the magnitude and the fre quency content of vibrations. Two geotechnically unfavorable sections within Imeretinskaya depression with poor data on the seismic properties of rocks throughout the depth of the Quaternary strata are used as exam ples to demonstrate the methodological approaches to evaluating the characteristics of seismic impacts. In conclusion, proposals regarding experimental verification of the obtained results are formulated and recom mendations are given regarding the improvement of the properties of foundation soils on which earthquake induced accelerations under natural conditions reach 300450 cm/s2. Keywords: geotechnical conditions, geological structure, Imeretinskaya depression, seismic properties, earth quake focus, seismicity of the area. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807811070128

INTRODUCTION The geologic structure of Imeretinskaya depression differs from that of other areas in Great Sochi in the considerable thickness of Quaternary deposits and the presence in the center of the depression of a strip of muddy clays with sand lenses and peat seams. The thickness of marine, alluvial gravelpebble and sand clay deposits in Imeretinskaya depression is 70100 m, and the width of the occurrence zone of muddy clays with peat seams up to 20 m and more in thickness var ies from 500 to 800 m in the direction from NW to SE [2]. According to the map of seismic microzoning, scale 1 : 10000, compiled by OAO Rosstroiizyskaniya and the Institute of Environmental Geoscience, RAS, the major portion of Olympic facilities is located on soils of IIIII and III category in terms of seismic properties. When assessing the seismic impact on the sites allo cated for Olympic facilities in Imeretinskaya depres sion, one should take into account both the original seismicity, which is due to the existence of local and relatively remote hazardous zones, where possible focuses of earthquakes (PFE) can appear, and the spe cifics of the geological structure of the area, including the effect of not only the top 10 m thick soil stratum

in accordance with [8], but also the entire stratum of relatively low speed Quaternary deposits, overlying semi hard and hard bedrocks. MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ORIGINAL SEISMICITY According to V.I. Ulomov, the lineamentdomain focal model (LDF model) of PFE zones, which serves as the basis in the creation of OSR 97 maps, shows that of great hazard for Imeretinskaya depression are seismolineaments with maximal magnitudes Mmax = 7.0 (the minimal distance about 50 km at the depth of focus of about 15 km), Mmax = 6.5 (the distance of about 20 km, the depth of focus is 10 km), and a domain with Mmax = 5.5 (dispersed seismicity with depths of focuses of about 5 km) [9]. Using OSR 97 database for Sochi area, V.I. Ulomov has carried out probabilistic analysis of the seismic hazard (PASH) in terms of seismic intensity parameter I, points of MSK 64 scale, and the values of peak accelerations (in cm/s2) for different recurrence periods of earth quakes on soils of the II category by seismic properties. In particular, in calculations with error up to 0.1 point for a period with recurrence of once in

953

954 300 Acceleration, cm/s2 250 200 150 100 50 0

MINDEL et al.

0.175 0.190 0.250 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.150 0.180 0.225 0.285 0.35 0.45 0.55 Period, s.
Fig. 1. Maximal accelerations vs. vibration periods near Sochi seismic station (Bytkha residential district), obtained by energy spectral method based on the analysis of records of more than 400 local and nearby earthquakes within 60 km from the site with recurrence of once in 1000 years [1, 7].

The data used in this case described the oscillation characteristics of volumetric waves in the radius of 60 km from strong (4.5 M 7.0), weak (3.0 M 4.0), and microearthquakes. Overall, records of 159 earthquakes with known focuses and 250 earth quakes with unknown focuses were considered. Figure 1 shows the dependence of maximal accelera tions on oscillation periods in points of location of Sochi seismic station, derived as an envelope of maximal accel erations (an envelope at probability level of 0.5) from earthquakes from the most hazardous and nearby areas with the recurrence of once in 1000 years [7]. EVALUATION OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORECASTED SEISMIC IMPACTS To calculate quantitative characteristics of seismic impact in a given area with given geological section, one needs to have data on the seismic parameters of layers in its section and for comparison, at the site of Sochi seismic station. The parameters of seismic sec tion at the site of Sochi seismic station have been obtained earlier with the participation of the authors of this paper, while those in different areas of Imere tinskaya depression were derived from the results of studies of the type of seismic exploration as a compo nent of works carried out in 20072008 for seismic microzoning of the areas where Olympic facilities are being constructed. The seismic characteristics of lay ers in individual sections and in the reference section at the site of Sochi seismic station were used to evalu ate the amplitudefrequency characteristics (AFC). The magnitudes of accelerations in oscillations at a given ground caused by local and nearby zones of PHE are obtained by multiplying the accelerations in the function of the period of sample soil (see Fig. 1) by the ratio of AFCs of the examined and reference sections: A(T)ref U(T)i/U(T)ref, where A(T)ref is the maximal acceleration of oscillations of reference soil (section) at Sochi seismic station; U(T)i and U(T)ref are the AFCs of the examined and reference sections in the function of period, respectively. The AFC of a soil stratum is obtained by a matrix method of calculation of multilayer media, for example, using the well known software code developed in IPE RAS by L.I. Ratnikova [4]. Instrumental seismic exploration studies were car ried out with the aim to obtain the input data (propa gation speeds and absorption characteristics of trans verse and longitudinal waves) for the subsequent eval uation of increments of seismic intensities by method of comparison of seismic impedances and for calculat ing AFCs, accelerograms, and spectra of response using appropriate computer codes. Below, we briefly give velocity estimates of trans verse (S) and longitudinal (P) waves in the top 15 20 m soil strata in zones of anticipated construction of major Olympic facilities. Examples of sounding seis
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1000 years (OSR 97 map for structures of higher responsibility, including Olympic facilities), I = 8.5 points, and amax = 280 cm/s2 [9]. More accu rate calculations without rounding off to integral points differ from those given in SNiP III 7 81* by OSR 97V map, in which for the recurrence of once in 1000 years, I = 9.0 points. Additional tectonic and seismological studies, car ried out in 19982000 by a group of experts (V.N. Averyanova, I.I. Barkhatov, S.A. Nesmeyanov, etc.), including the authors of this paper, as well as researchers from Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS (A.I. Lutikov, L.S. Shumilina, etc.), made it pos sible to compile a scheme of PFE for the territory of Great Sochi at a scale of 1 : 1000000 [1, 7]. The improved scheme of PFE zones was used to identify ten zones with Mmax from 7.0 to 5.5 at the general background magnitude in Imeretinskaya depression area M = 5.0 (analogue of domains in OSR 97 maps). The most hazardous for the territory are Sochinskaya and Sukhumskaya PFE zones with maximal magni tudes of 6.0 and 7.0 (they practically correspond to the two lineaments that are most hazardous for Great Sochi area according to OSR 97 database according to V.I. Ulomov [9]). The reference (standard) area for the assessment of quantitative characteristics of seismic impacts was chosen to be the site of permanent seismic station Sochi in Bytkha residential district. The method used to assess the magnitudes of accelerations versus the periods and effective duration of vibrations, the energyspectral method, developed by V.N. Averyanova and successfully used in some areas in Sakhalin and, in our case, in Sochi [1, 7]. The main objective was to predict seismic impacts under specific soilgeological conditions with allowance made for the specifics of the focuses of predicted earthquakes.

SPECIFICS OF SEISMICITY MANIFESTATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AREA (A)

0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224262830323436384042444648505254565860 626466687072747678808284868890 92

955

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 (B)
0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224262830323436384042444648505254565860 626466687072747678808284868890 92

SV

SH

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

SV

SH

Fig. 2. Examples of RWM seismograms in occurrence areas of soils of (A) III category (silty clays, sands, peat seams); (B) II III category (sandclay soils with inclusions of detritus).

mograms, obtained by refracted wave method (RWM) with exploration line 92 m in length, the seismometers spaced 2 m along the line, and with record by ZZ and YY observation schemes, are given in Fig. 2. Separate
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registration of seismograms by schemes ZZ (vertically directed impact and reception by vertical sensors) and YY (horizontal impact directed perpendicular to the exploration line and reception by horizontal sensors

956 (A) 500

MINDEL et al. (B) 700 900 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9 Vs 100 100 Vs 0 100 300 500 700 9001000

0 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

300

Fig. 3. Typical geological sections within Imeretinskaya depression with plots of variations in transverse wave velocity (Vs) over depth: (A) section 2 in soils IIIII category by seismic properties; (B) section 3 in soils of III category by seismic properties.

with the same orientation) ensures reliable record of P and S waves. The two variants of seismograms given in Fig. 2 are typical of two sections referring to zones with seismic ity of 8.5, 9.0, and more points, identified on the map of seismic microzoning of the territory of Imeretin skaya depression. Since the major part of this depres sion lies at absolute elevations of 0.51.5 m, and groundwater lies at depth of 24 m (in some areas, 0.3 0.5 m), the velocity of P waves in water satu rated soils varies from 1400 to 1700 m/s, depending on soil lithology and state. The major information about the strength and deformation properties of soils within depth intervals down to 1520 m consists in the value of transverse wave velocity (VS) and the velocity ratio of longitudinal and transverse waves Vp /Vs. The value of Vp /Vs ratio in water saturated soils is a qualitative characteristic of their structural strength: the greater this ratio, the less their strength and the greater the susceptibility to deformations under static and dynamic loads. With the predominance, in the central part of the depression, of muddy clays with seams of sands, silts, and peat with the total thickness of 1530 m, the ratio of the arrival times of S and P waves at a distance of

92 m from the source point ts/tp 7.010.0 at Vs = 120180 m/s (Fig. 2a). In a sea sand stratum with peb ble seams, Vp /Vs 3.74.5 at mean values of Vs = 380 450 m/s (Fig. 2b). As mentioned above, the character of vibrations caused by strong earthquakes in Imeretinskaya depres sion is strongly dependent not only on soils at depths down to 1520 m, but also the entire strata of marine deposits, which reaches 80100 m in the central and coastal parts of the depression, where they are under played by bedrocks, represented by argillites, aleuroli tes, and conglomerates. The seismic characteristics of marine deposit strata at depths deeper than 2030 m are poorly known. Because of this, an attempt was made to characterize the velocities of longitudinal and, especially, transverse waves in the marine deposit strata at depths from 20 m to 90100 m with the help of a well known empirical relationship proposed by G.N. Nazarov Vp,s(H) = Vp,s(1) f(H), where Vp,s(1) are the velocities of P or S waves in the top 1 m layer, H is the occurrence depth. The results of evaluation of S wave velocities in the top part of the 20 m soil stra tum and their estimates at depths from 20 m to 90 100 m near the sites of deep wells in the central and coastal parts of the depression are given in Fig. 3. Numerical characteristics of layers in the reference
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SPECIFICS OF SEISMICITY MANIFESTATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AREA Parameters of the reference (Sochi seismic station) and two typical sections within Imeretinskaya depression Layer no. Vp, m/s Vs, m/s , g/cm3 H, m Dp Ds

957

Reference section 1 for Sochi City near Sochi seismic station: layer 1: loams with debris 2 m in thickness; layer 2: pinal clay wastes; layer 3: densely fractured clay slates; layer 4: weakly fractured slates, argillites 1 2 3 4 440 600 1100 2200 160 310 470 1000 1.80 1.90 2.10 2.30 2.0 4.0 5.0 0.55 0.50 0.40 0 0.60 0.60 0.50 0

Typical section 2 in soils of the IIIII category in the coastal part of Imeretinskaya depression on a marine terrace (zone with 8.59.0 seismicity): layer 1: concertal sands with pebbles, thickness H = 2 m; layers 25: sands, sandy loams with inclusions of gravel and pebble with a total thickness of about 40 m; layers 69: aleurolites (according to data from deep well A 3) with a total thickness of about 40 m; layer 10: conglomerate, whose top is taken as the boundary of elastic half space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 220 1450 1550 1650 1670 1700 1700 1800 1900 2000 130 240 300 350 370 390 400 420 450 900 1.70 1.80 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.07 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.35 2.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.10 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.40 0 1.20 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.50 0

Typical section 3 in soils of the III category in the central part of Imeretinskaya depression (zone with seismicity 9 and more points); layer 1: silts, layers 24: silty clays with sand lenses and peat seams; layers 510: gravelpebble marine deposits with a total thickness of about 60 m, in which seismic wave velocity increase with depth; layer 11: conglomerates of Paleogene and Neogene systems, whose top is taken as the boundary of elastic half space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 250 1450 1500 1550 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 2100 80 90 120 210 350 400 450 500 550 600 1800 1.65 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.35 2.5 2.5 5.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0

section and two typical sections in soils IIIII and III categories within Imeretinskaya depression are given in the table. Those characteristics were used as input data for calculating amplitudefrequency characteristics (AFC) of sections by the method of thin layer struc tures with planeparallel boundaries with the use of L.I. Ratnikovas computer program mentioned above. Figure 4 gives AFCs for a reference section and for two
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sections typical of Imeretinskaya depression, as well as the ratio of the AFCs for these sections to the AFC of the reference one. As seen from Fig. 4, the largest val ues in AFC plots for the two sections typical of Imere tinskaya depression, as well as in the plots of the ratios of AFCs for those sections to AFC for the reference section fall within periods from 0.3 to 0.7 s. Notably, Imeretinskaya depression is the only area in the coastal zone from Lazarevskaya to Adler where the largest val

958 U(T)1, 2, 3, U(T)2,3/U(T) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

MINDEL et al. U(T) 1ref U(T) 2 U(T) 3 U(T)2/U(T)1 U(T)3/U(T)1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Period T, s

Fig. 4. Amplitudefrequency characteristics (AFC) (U(T)1ref) of the reference section, (U(T)2) of two typical sections in Imere tinskaya depression, (U(T)3) in soils of the III category, and (U(T)2/(U(T)1) and (U(T)3/(U(T)1) the AFC ratios of sections 2 and 3 to AFC of section 1ref.

ues in the domain of resonance period 0.7 s. This is due to the large thickness of Quaternary deposits showing low velocity in S waves (up to 80100 m). In the seismic microzoning of Imeretinskaya depression territory, the quantitative characteristics of seismic impact were evaluated by using the approach proposed in IPE RAS [6] with amendments made by V.N. Averyanova and I.G. Mindel [1, 7]. This approach, using the dependence of maximal accelera tions on periods at the site of Sochi seismic station (see Fig. 1) and the ratios of AFCs of two typical soil strata within Imeretinskaya depression to the AFC of the sample section (see Fig. 4) was briefly described above. The major quantitative characteristics of the expected seismic impacts from local and nearby zones of PFE, determined with the use of such approach are as follows: for areas with soils of the IIIII category (section 2), the maximal acceleration amax = 295 cm/s2, the dominating period in the maximal phase Tamax = 0.29 s, the effective duration of vibra tions 10 s; for areas with soils of the III category, (section 3), amax = 415 cm/s2, Tamax = 0.30 s, 10 s. To evaluate the seismic intensity I (in points) from the Sukhumi zone of PFE with M = 7.0, the minimal distance from which is = 50 km at the depth to focus of H = 15 km [5], we will use the well known formula of macroseismic field I = 1.5M 3.5log + H + 3. Such estimate yields the value I = 7.5. The values of the maximal acceleration in soils of the II category by seismic properties are estimated with the use of V.I. Ulomovs relationship log amax = 0.301I 0.107 [9], which yields the value amax = 140 cm2/s2 (with no allowance made for possible resonance phenomena under given soilgeological conditions). As follows from Fig. 4, because of the large thick ness (80100 m) of the relatively low velocity quater nary deposits, overlying bedrocks, the second reso nance peak is associated with the period of T = 0.7 s. A similar period in accelerations is obtained with the use of the well known F.F. Aptikaev relationship
2 2

between the dominating vibration period, on the one hand, and the magnitude and hypocentral distance, on the other hand [3]. F.F. Aptikaevs relationship between the duration and magnitude and the hypo central distance for soils of the III category yields the estimate of effective duration of vibration 1520 s [3]. Thus, the maximal acceleration at resonance period 0.7 s in areas with soils of IIIII category will be 140 cm/s2 2.03 = 285 cm/s2, and that in areas with soils of the III category, 140 cm/s2 3.25 = 455 cm/s2 (see Fig. 4). When synthesizing the accelerograms simulating the impact from Sukhumi zone of PFE with M = 7.0, we took the effective duration of impact to be about 20 s. The synthesized accelerograms were calculated separately for the impact of earthquakes with local and nearby focuses and from a relatively remote earth quake from Sukhumi zone of PFE with M = 7.0 for typical soilgeological conditions with soils of the IIIII and III categories within Imeretinskaya depres sion with the use of ACCEL program (Kucherenko TsNIISK) with three major parameters (amax, Tamax, and ), whose values are given above. The synthesized accelerograms (horizontal components) on soils of the IIIII category (section 2) from local and nearby earthquake focuses, as well as from focuses in Sukhumi PFE zone are given in Figs. 5a and 5b, respectively. The curves for soils of the III category (section III) are given in Figs. 6a and 6b. The response spectra with the attenuation of 5% of the critical level, calculated from the synthesized accelerograms, simulating the relatively high fre quency impacts from local and nearby earthquakes (dominating vibration periods of about 0.290.30 s) and low frequency (dominating vibration periods of about 0.7 s) impacts from earthquakes of Sukhumi zone with Mmax = 7.0, are given in Fig. 7. Each pair of response spectra in areas with soils of the IIIII cate gory (section 2) and III category (section 3) can be used to calculate seismic loads on the buildings and structures to be constructed here. In the calculation in
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SPECIFICS OF SEISMICITY MANIFESTATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AREA Acceleration, cm/s2 Acceleration, cm/s2 Acceleration, cm/s2 Acceleration, cm/s2 (A) 200 0 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time, s (B) 200 0 200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time, s 7 8 9 10 500 300 100 100 300 500 0 1 2 3 (A)

959

4 5 Time, s (B)

10

400 200 0 200 400 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time, s

Fig. 5. Synthesized accelerograms (horizontal compo nents X, Y) in soils of IIIII category (section 2): (A) cor respond to the high frequency part of oscillations from nearby earthquakes with amax = 295 cm/s2, dominating period Tamax = 0.29, and effective duration of vibrations 10 s; (B) correspond to the low frequency part of vibra tions from earthquakes from Sukhumi PFE zone with M = 7.0 and the second peak in AFC plot with amax = 285 cm/s2, Tamax = 0.7 s, 20 s.

Fig. 6. Synthesized accelerograms (horizontal compo nents X, Y) in soils of III category (section 3): (A) corre spond to the high frequency part of oscillations from nearby earthquakes with amax = 415 cm/s2, dominating period Tamax = 0.30, and effective duration of vibrations 10 s; (B) correspond to the low frequency part of vibra tions from earthquakes from Sukhumi PFE zone with M = 7.0 and the second peak in AFC plot with amax = 455 cm/s2, Tamax = 0.7 s, 20 s.

the temporal domain, one can use synthesized accel erograms given in Figs. 5 and 6. An alternative method for specifying the response spectra, which take into account both high frequency and low frequency impacts, consists in the construc tion and use of a generalized envelope spectrum for individual spectra. Such spectra for two variants of sections in Imeretinskaya depression are shown by dashed lines in Fig. 7. When the calculations of seismic loads in the time domain are based not on an ensemble of accelerograms, which simulate the impact from different PFE zones hazardous for the site, one set (two horizontal and one vertical component), corresponding to the total response spectrum, is synthesized. These accelerograms contain the entire range of vibration periods from both local and nearby earthquakes and from relatively remote, high energy earthquakes. Computer codes are available that synthesize accelerograms from specified spectra [6]. One such program was used to synthesize accelerograms (in our case, for horizontal compo nents), corresponding to the general response spectra of on soils of the IIIII and III category within Imeretin skaya depression. These accelerograms are given in Figs. 8a and 9a, respectively. Figures 8b and 9b give specified calculated spectra and the response spectra of synthesized accelerograms and the boundaries of 10% deviation from the calculated spectrum. The all Russia construction standards for seismic areas contain no requirements to synthesized accelerograms in terms of the deviation of the ordinates of their respond spectrum from the specified one. Such requirements are imposed on synthesized accelerograms calculated from specified
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response spectra in normative documents of Gosatom nadzor of Russia for design and construction of aseis mic nuclear power plants [3]. As can be seen from Figs. 8b and 9b, those strict requirements are satisfied in the synthesized accelerograms that simulate the antici pated seismic impact in areas with the IIIII and III
(A) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8 2.0 Period T, s (B) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.20.4 0.60.8 1.01.2 1.41.6 1.8 2.0 Period T, s

Acceleration, cm/s2

S(T)2_0.29 S(T)2_0.7 S(T)2_com

Acceleration, cm/s2

S(T)2_0.29 S(T)2_0.7 S(T)2_com

Fig. 7. Response spectra (for horizontal components) cal culated by synthesized accelerograms with dominating periods (A) 0.29 s, 0.7 s; (B) 0.30 s and 0.7 s; and the com mon (A, B) for two typical sections: (A) section 2 in soils of IIIII category, (B) section 3 in soils of III category.

960 (A) Acceleration, cm/s2 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 0 2 4 6

MINDEL et al. Acceleration, cm/s2 (A) 600 400 100 0 200 400 600 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Period T, s ( B)

Acceleration, cm/s2

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Period T, s (B)

1000 Acceleration, cm/s2 800 600 400 200 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Period T, s

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Period T, s

Fig. 8. (A) Synthesized accelerogram (horizontal compo nents) in soils of IIIII category (section 2), correspond ing to the total (calculated) respond spectrum, taking into account the high frequency and low frequency vibrations from the nearby and relatively remote PFE zones; (B) (full thin line) calculated response spectrum, (thick line) spec trum of synthesized accelerogram, (dashed lines) bound aries of 10% deviation of the spectrum of synthesized accelerogram from the calculated one.

Fig. 9. (A) Synthesized accelerogram (horizontal compo nents) in soils of III category (section 3), corresponding to the total (calculated) respond spectrum, taking into account the high frequency and low frequency vibrations from the nearby and relatively remote PFE zones; (B) (full thin line) calculated response spectrum, (thick line) spec trum of synthesized accelerogram, (dashed lines) bound aries of 10% deviation of the spectrum of synthesized accelerogram from the calculated one.

category soils with seismic properties within Imeretin skaya depression. CONCLUSIONS Because of the construction of Olympic facilities in Imeretinskaya depression, the paper presents an attempt to fill the gap in the assessment of anticipated seismic impacts caused by high seismicity and the fea tures of geological structure and geotechnical condi tions within the depression. These features include the high thickness (up to 70100 m) of marine and allu vial deposits, overlying bedrocks, and the presence in the central part of the depression of a strip of muddy clays with sand and peat seams with a thickness of up to 20 m and more, referring to the III category of soils in terms of seismic properties and unfit for construc tion unless engineering measures are taken for its fixa tion. These distinctions of Imeretinskaya depression from other areas in Great Sochi territory have the main effect on the amplitude level and frequency com position of seismic impacts from hazardous local, nearby, and relatively remote PFE zones. Estimates of quantitative characteristics of seismic impacts, includ

ing those in the form of synthesized accelerograms and response spectra were carried out with the use of avail able data on the original (background) seismicity, referred to hypothetical soils of the II category and based on data of experimental determinations of seis mic properties of soils in the top 2030 m stratum, tentative parameters of these properties of rocks within depth intervals from 2030 to 80100 m, based on data of theoretical calculations and the experience of synthesizing accelerograms by using computer codes The approaches to calculating quantitative charac teristics of seismic impacts, including accelerograms and response spectra, refer to two specific sections, which are typical of Imeretinskaya depression, and are applied under lack of experimental data on the veloci ties of P and S waves all over the depth of Quaternary strata. The AFCs for the sections were also calculated rather than derived from records of earthquakes with different power in the territory of the depression. To check the obtained estimates of seismic impact char acteristics under specific geological and geotechnical conditions of Imeretinskaya depression and to improve such estimates, it is recommended to carry out experimental studies of the type of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) in deep (up to 100 m and more) wells and record earthquakes by a network of several engi neeringseismic stations. Such earthquake records can be used not only to solve conventional problems, but also to improve the estimated periods of resonance
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SPECIFICS OF SEISMICITY MANIFESTATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AREA

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vibrations, associated with the specifics of the geolog ical structure of the depression, which will make it possible to establish the similarity or difference between calculated AFCs of the soils and rock strata and those obtained experimentally with the use of earthquake induced vibration records. In areas with soils of the IIIII and, especially, III categories in terms of seismic properties where mac roseismic intensity can exceed 9 points and the maxi mal accelerations, as mentioned above, are expected to be high (300450 cm/s2), which, at strong earth quakes, will be inevitably accompanied by deforma tions associated with dynamic softening and flowing of soils, it is necessary to take preconstruction engineer ing measures for artificial consolidation of foundation soils. Such measures (soil solidification by a geocom posite material, cementation, piling, etc.) will make it possible in some cases to reduce the seismic impact on the basements of buildings and structures, which will ensure their safety. To assess the degree of possible decrease in seismic load on the basements of buildings and structures due to the preconstruction engineering measures of consolidation of foundation soils, field studies, including engineeringgeophysical, should be carried out before and after the implementation of those measures. REFERENCES
1. Averyanova, V.N., Energeticheski spektralnyi metod otsenki seismicheskoi opasnosti (EnergySpectral Method for Seismic Hazard Assessment), Moscow: Nauka, 1985. 2. Monakhov, V.V., Ovchinnikov, V.I., Naumenko, D.L., and Shirobokov, M.P., Application of Multiwave Seis

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WATER RESOURCES

Vol. 38

No. 7

2011