F. Y. B. A.

Characteristics / Feature of Language

Language is a means of communication. It is complex, abstract and creative means of communication. There are about 3000 languages spoken in the world. All these languages have some common characteristics. These characteristics are !. Language is species specific and species uniform.
2.

Language is Systematic: Although language is symbolic, yet its symbols are arranged in a particular system. All languages have their system of arrangements. Every language is a system of systems. All languages have phonological and grammatical systems, and within a system there are several sub-systems. For example, within the grammatical system we have morphological and syntactic systems, and within these two sub-systems we have systems such as those of plural, of mood, of aspect, of tense, etc.

3. Language is culturall" transmitted. Language is Social Language is a set of conventional communicative signals used b" humans for communication in a communit". Language in this sense is a possession of a social group, comprising of rules which permits its members to relate to each other, to interact with each other, to co#operate with each other$ it is a social institution. Language exists in societ"$ it is a means of nourishing and developing culture and establishing human relations. %. Language is a s"mbolic s"stem. Language is Symbolic Language consists of various sound s"mbols and their graphological counterparts that are emplo"ed to denote some ob&ects, occurrences or meaning. These s"mbols are arbitraril" chosen and conventionall" accepted and emplo"ed. 'ords in a language are not mere signs or figures, but s"mbols of meaning. The intelligibilit" of a language depends on a correct interpretation of these s"mbols. 5. Language is arbitrar". anguage is arbitrary in the sense that there is no inherent relation between the words of a language and their meanings or the ideas they express. !here is no reason why a female adult human being be called a woman in English, aurat in "rdu, Zen in #ersian and Femine in French. !he choice of a word selected to mean a particular thing or idea is purely arbitrary but once a word is selected for a particular referent, it comes to stay as such. $t may be noted that had language not been arbitrary, there would have been only one language in the world. %. (peech is primar" and writing is secondar". Language is Vocal: anguage is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a physiological articulatory mechanism in the human body. $n the beginning, it appeared as vocal sounds only. &riting came much later, as an intelligent attempt to represent vocal sounds. &riting is only the graphic representation of the sounds of the language. 'o the linguists say that speech is primary.
7.

Language is Non-instinctive, Conventional : (o language was created in a day by a group of humans. anguage is the outcome of evolution and convention. Each generation
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transmits this convention on to the next. i)e all human institutions languages also change and die, grow and expand. Every language then is a convention in a community. $t is non-instinctive because it is ac*uired by human beings. (obody gets a language in heritage+ he ac*uires it because he has an innate ability. ). There is dualit" of language structures. *. Language is made up of discrete units. !0. +uman beings are creative and productive when the" use language. Language is Productive and Creative Language has creativit" and productivit". The structural elements of human language can be combined to produce new utterances, which neither the speaker nor his hearers ma" ever have made or heard before an", listener, "et which both sides understand without difficult". Language changes according to the needs of societ". ,harles +ockett believed that there are!- features of human language. These features distinguish human communication from that of animals. .ven the most basic human languages have all !features ,. Vocal-Auditory Channel / (poken language is produced in the vocal tract and transmitted0heard as sound, whereas sign language is produced with the hands and transmitted b" light. -. Broadcast transmission and directional reception / The audible sound of language is heard in all directions but listeners will interpret it as coming from one specific direction. .. apid !ading / The sound made b" speech diminishes 1uickl" after being released.

/. "nterchangea#ility / The speaker has the abilit" to receive and also send the same message. 5. $otal !eed#ac% / Individuals are able to hear and internali2e a message the" have sent. %. Semanticity / (peech sounds can be linked to specific meanings. 0. Ar#itrariness / There is no direct connection between the signal and its meaning. 1. &iscreteness / .ach unit of communication can be separated and unmistakable. 2. Speciali ation / (peech is produced for communication, not chiefl" for some other function, such as echolocation. ,3. &isplacement / The abilit" to talk about things that are not ph"sicall" present. ,,. 'roductivity / The abilit" to create new messages b" combining alread"#existing signs. ,-. $raditional transmission / The learning of language occurs in social groups.

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,.. &uality o! patterning / 3eaningful signs 4words5 are made of6and distinguished from one another b"6meaningless parts 4sounds, letters5. A finite number of meaningless parts are combined to make a potentiall" infinite number of meaningful utterances. ,/. 'revarication / The abilit" to make false statements 4to lie5. Involves the purposeful manipulation of a given shared communication s"stem in order to fool other members of the communicating group. ,5. e!le(iveness / Language can be used to refer to 4i.e., describe5 itself. ,%. Learna#ility / (peakers of one language can learn to speak another.

Characteristics and Features of Language

anguage is essential in human society. 4uman civili5ation has been possible only through language. $t is through language only that humanity has come out of the stone age and has developed science, art and technology in a big way. anguage is a means of communication, it is arbitrary, it is a system of systems. &e )now that 'peech is primary, while writing is secondary. Language is human, so it differs from animal communication in man" wa"s. Language has man" characteristics but the following are the most important ones language is arbitrar", productive, creative, s"stematic, vocalic, social, non#instinctive and conventional. These characteristics make human language different from animal communication. (ome of these features ma" also be part of animal communication. Language is Ar#itrary: Finally, language has other characteristics such as 6uality referring to the two systems of sound and meaning, 6isplacement which means the ability to tal) across time and space, 4umanness which means that animals cannot ac*uire it, "niversality which refers to the e*uilibrium across humanity on linguistic grounds, 7ompetence and #erformance which means that language is innate and produced is society and furthermore, language is culturally transmitted. $t is learnt by an individual from his elders, and is transmitted from one generation to another. !hus using 8. Firth9s term, language is a :poly-systematic9. $t is also open to be studied from multifaceted angles.

!5 ,ommunication language allows one to understand the thoughts of another 75 Arbitrariness 8elation between a word and what it refers to is arbitrar" .x. e1uivalent words in different languages .x. subtract, take awa", minus 9arbitrar", essentiall" same thing
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35 3eaningful structure All languages are patterned so larger structures build in a sensible wa" on smaller ones %5 3ultiplicit" of structure All meaningful utterances can be anal"2ed at man" levels :5 ;roductivit"#An" language can produce an infinite number of sentences #,hildren are using language creativel" ever" da" of their lives

Functions of Language According to 8oman <akobson, an" act of verbal communication is composed of six elements, or factors !. an addresser 4a sender, or speaker5, 7. an addressee 4a receiver, or hearer5, 3. a message! %. a conte"t 4the world in which the message takes place5, :. a contact between an addresser and addressee and -. a common code. =AA#CCC> or =AA#C$$% .ach factor has one function. There are, thus, six functions
S. &o. 'lement of language use

F(&C)*+&
.xpressive 0 .motive @irective 0 ,onative ;hatic 3etalingual 0 8eflexive ;oetic 0 Aesthetic

'"ample
'ow0 Alas 0 That?s too bad. ,lose the window. A"e. 0 Take care. 0 Bood night. A 'hat?s sonnetC A It is a poem of !% lines. 3" love is like a red, red rose.

! 7 3 % :

,ontext Addresser Addressee ,ontact ,ode 3essage

Informative 0 8eferential The sun is 0 is not shining.

Ariefl", these six functions are as follows

D4!5 the informative 0 referential function is oriented toward the context 4the dominant function in a message like E'ater boils at !00 degreesE5$ 475 the expressive 0 emotive function is oriented toward the addresser 4as in the inter&ections EAahFE and EGhFE5$

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435 the directive 0 conative function is oriented toward the addressee 4imperatives and apostrophes5$ 4%5 the phatic function serves to establish, prolong or discontinue communication =or confirm whether the contact is still there> 4as in E+elloCE5$ 4:5 the metalingual 0 reflexive function is used to establish mutual agreement on the code 4for example, a definition5$ 4-5 the poetic 0 aesthetic function 4e.g., E(murfE5, puts Ethe focus on the message for its own sakeE =8oman <akobson, !*-0, p. 3:->D

)he +rgans of Speech

Speech organs produce sounds in languages. Grgans are the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum 4soft palate5, uvula and glottis. (peech organs6or articulators6are of two t"pes passive articulators and active articulators. ;assive articulators are static during the articulation of sound. Hpper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and phar"nx wall are passive articulators. Active articulators move to these passive articulators to produce speech sounds. The most important active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip and glottis are other active articulators. Fi"ed or *mmovable +rgans of Speech I J K d Teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, nasal cavit" #oving or Fle"ible organs of Speech The lips, tongue, velum 4soft palate5, uvula, glottis and the lungs )he lungs provide the power to produce sounds. The" contract or expand. 'hen the" contract, the air goes out of them$ it means we breathe out. 'hen the" expand, the air comes in them$ it means we breathe in. The air pushed in and out b" the lungs is called pulmonic air stream. All the sounds in an" language are produced b" pulmonic air.

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The air going in the lungs is called ingressive air. The air coming out of the lungs is called egressive air. In .nglish all the sounds are produced b" the coming out of the lungs. It means that all the sounds in .nglish are produced or articulated b" pulmonic egressive air stream. In the lar"nx there are two vocal cords 0 folds. The vocal folds are important organs of speech. Lormall", the" are two positions !. ,ide apart The" are held widel" apart and the air passes them freel" without an" obstruction and friction. 'hen the air passes through them, the" do not vibrate. The space or opening between the vocal cords is called glottis. 7. Close together (ometimes the vocal cords come close together and when air passes through them, the" vibrate, Mibration produces voice. The vocal cords vibrate in the production of man" sounds and these sounds are called voiced sounds. All the vowels in .nglish are voiced sounds$ it means that in the production of all vowels in .nglish, the vocal folds vibrate. There are onl" nine voiceless consonants in .nglish. In the articulation of voiceless consonants, the vocal cords do not vibrate. The nine voiceless consonants in .nglish are /p! t! -! t! .! s! ! h /. The other !: consonants in .nglish are voiced. The roof of the mouth has four parts !. Alveolar ridge or teeth ridge, &ust behind the upper teeth, 7. +ard palate, 3. (oft palate or vellum, and %. Hvula. In normal breathing the soft palate is lowered and the air goes out through the nose. In the production of the nasal sounds, the soft palate is lowered to allow the air to pass through the nose. In the production of oral sounds, the air goes out through the mouth. .xcept 0m, n, N 0, all other %! sounds in .nglish are oral sounds. The tongue is the most active organ of speech. There are four parts of the tongue !. The tip, 7. The blade, 3. The front, and %. The back of the tongue. Teeth Hpper teeth and lower teeth. Gnl" the upper teeth are used in producing sounds in .nglish. Lips Hpper lip and lower lip. The lips are rounded, spread and neutral in the production of vowels in .nglish. Hpper and lower lips are active in the production of sounds like 0p, b, m, w, f, v 0. In the production of consonants the air is either completel" 0 partiall" blocked or there is is narrowing of the air passage so that audible friction is caused. Aut in the articulation of vowels, there no such blockade or narrowing and the air comes out freel" without an" obstruction or friction. (o, the manner and place of articulation are important for consonants and not for vowels. Oor vowels, the position of the tongue and lips are important. Phoneme is the smallest contrastive or distinctive sound units of a language. !. It is a sound unit. In fact, sounds are phonemes. In .nglish, there %% sounds 0 phonemes. 7. It is smallest$ it cannot be divided into more units. ='e cannot break 0b0 into more units.>

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3. It has no meaning, but it can bring change in meaning. =Oor example, 0k0 has no meaning, but if we change 0k0 to 0b0 in the word P cat 0-Kt? it becomes Pbat 0bKt0? and changes the meaning of the word.> %. 'ords are made up of sounds or phonemes. In Pcat? there are three phonemes. In PI? or Pe"e?, there is onl" one sound or phoneme and that is 0ai0. In Pbest? four, Pdreams? five Pstrange? six sounds. =0best0 0dri m20 0 streind0> :. (ounds 0 phonemes make a s"llable. )he syllable is a sound or group of sounds produced b" a single breath force. In a s"llable, a vowel is important. A vowel is central in a s"llable. In a word, we can count s"llable according to the number of vowels in the word. If a word has one vowel, it has one s"llable$ two vowels, two s"llables$ three vowels, three s"llables. Oor example PI? or P."e? has one vowel and one s"llable 0ai0. A word with one s"llable is called monosyllabic word. The word Pphoneme? has two vowels =the last ?e? is silent>, so it has two s"llables and it is called disyllabic word. The two s"llables in the words are 0feu nim0. In Pbeautiful? 0b&u ti ful0 there are three vowels and three s"llables, so it is called trisyllabic. 'ords with more than three s"llables are called polysyllabic words e. g. Poxymoron? 0ksimrn0. 6. (tructure of s"llables Mowel Pv?, consonant Pc?$ PI? has onl" a vowel, so the structure is M. P,ow? 0kau0 ,M, Pcut?, 0k0Qt0, ,M,$ Ptrip? 0trip0 ,,M,$ Pstrange? 0 streind0, ,,,M,,. R. ,onsonant ,lusters There is onl" one vowel in one s"llable. A group of consonants come together in a s"llable, the" are called consonant clusters. In the word Pstrange? 0streind0, ,,,M,,, there is a consonant cluster of three consonants =,,,> at the beginning# initial position# and a consonant cluster of two consonants =,,> at the final position. (o there are *nitial consonant clusters and Final consonant clusters.

Figure /
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Figure 0

)he 1o2el Chart

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Figure 3 4)he position of the tongue for 'nglish vo2els%

'"amples of vo2els

(r. Lo ! 7 3 % : R ) *

1o2els /i5/ // /e/ /6/ // / / // / / /7/ fleece, sea, machine /si5/ kit, bid, h"mn, minute dress, bed, head, man"0meni0 trap, bad 0tr6p/ /b6d/ start, father 0sta t0 lot, odd, wash thought, law, north, war strut, mud, love, blood about, common, standard

!0 !! !7 !3 !% !: !!R !) !* 70

// /u/ // /e/ /a/ // /7/ /a/ /7/ /e7/ /7/

nurse, stir, learn, refer goose, two, blue, group foot, good, put face, da", break 0feis, dei0 price, high, tr" 0prais#hai#trai0 choice, bo" goat, show, no mouth, now 0nau0 near, here, wear" s1uare. fair, various poor, &ur", cure

)he Consonantal Chart

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'"amples of consonants

(r. Lo ! 7 3 % : R ) * !0 !! !7

Consonants /p/ pen, cop", happen /b/ back, bab", &ob /t/ tea, tight, button /d/ da", ladder, odd /-/ ke", clock, school /g/ get, giggle, ghost /t/ church, match, nature /d/ &udge, age, soldier /f/ fat, coffee, rough, photo /v/ view, heav", move /./ thing, author, path /8/ this, other, smooth

!3 !% !: !!R !) !* 70 7! 77 73 7%

/s/ / / // / / /h/ /m/ /n/ /9/ /l/ /r/ /:/ /2/

soon, cease, sister 2ero, music, roses, bu22 ship, sure, national pleasure, vision hot, whole, ahead more, hammer, sum nice, know, funn", sun ring, anger, thanks, sung light, valle", feel right, wrong, sorr", arrange "et, use, beaut", few wet, one, when, 1ueen

Common 'rrors
;lease note that the sentences given in brackets are ,G88.,T5
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&o /. 7. 3. %. :. -. R.

,rong I like the peoples of m" village. ='rong plural> Their childrens are naught". ='rong plural> (he is m" cousin<sister. +e is m" cousin#brother. 'hat is "our good name, pleaseC 3rs S 3r Thurana 3" brother is reading in fourth class.

;ight 4I like the ;.G;L. of m" village5 4Their ,+IL@8.L are naught".5 4(he is m" ,GH(IL.5 4+e is m" ,GH(IL.5 4'hat is "our name, pleaseC5 438 S38( Thurana.5 . 43" brother is (TH@UILB in fourth class.5 43" brother is in fourth class.5

). *. !0. !!. !7. !3. !%. !:. !-. !R. !). !*. 70. 7!. 77. 73. 7%.

I got man" informations about....

4I got a lot of ILOG83ATIGL about....5

There are different t"pes of e1uipments 4There are different t"pes of .VHI;3.LT here. here5 I want to bu" a pant0pent. It cost me onl" one rupees. 700 kilometres are a long distance. +e oftenly comes here. 3" #rs is not well toda". I used to do exercise dail". <ack is one of m" best friend. +e came back in India. +e drives his bike so fast. The" entered into the hall. +e teaches ver" well, isn=t itC Uou are hiding something, isn=t it? I love listening music. I missed m" ke"s. 8espected (ir, ................ 4I want to bu" A ;AI8 GO ;ALT(.5 4It costs me onl" one 8H;...5 4700 kilometres I( a long distance.5 4+e GOT.L comes here.5 43" 'IO. is not well toda".5 4I used to TAT. exercise dail".5 4<ack is one of m" best O8I.L@(.5 4+e came back TG India.5 4+e 8I@.( his bike so fast.5 4The" entered the hall.5 4+e teaches ver" well, >+'S&=) heC5 4Uou are hiding something,A;'&=) Y+(?@ 4I love LI(T.LILB TG music.5 4I L+S) m" ke"s.5 4@.A8 (ir, ................5
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7:. 7-. 7R. 7). 7*. 30. 3!. 37. 33. 3%. 3:. 3-. 3R.

'e bought some furnitures 'hatEs the time in "our watchC 3an" foreign people visit m" countr". Aamir Than is m" favourite hero. 3" mom is a good coo-er. (he is m" maternal0paternal aunt". +e is m" maternal0paternal uncle. The" worked hardly to pass the test. <ohn caught five fishes. 8ain is coming. IEm sorr" sir &i. +e is afraid from strangers. Oive "ears are a long period.

. 4'e bought some OH8LITH8.5. 4'hatEs the time AU "our watchC5 43an" OG8.IBL.8( visit m" countr".5 4Aamir Than is m" favourite A,TG80OIL3 (TA8.5 43" mom is a good ,GGT.5 4(he is m" AHLTU.5 4+e is m" HL,L..5 4The" worked +A8@ to pass the test.5 4<ohn caught five OI(+.5 4It is raining.5 4IEm sorr" (I8.5 4+e is afraid GO strangers.5 4Oive "ears I( a long period.5

Insert "our shirt. 4TH,T IL "our shirt.5 The nurse examined m" pulse. 4The nurse O.LT m" pulse.5 I am living here from0since six "ears. 4I +AM. A..L living here OG8 six "ears.5 I am practicing "oga from childhood. 4I +AM. A..L practicing "oga (IL,. childhood.5 (he married last "ear. 4(he BGT 3A88I.@ last "ear.5 3" wife delivered a health" bo". 43" wife 'A( @.LIM.8.@ GO a health" bo".5 I?m capable to do it. 4I?m capable GO @GILB it.5 The driver, as well as four passengers, were in&ured. 4The driver, as well as four passengers, 'A( in&ured.5 3" "ounger brother is taller than me. 43" "ounger brother is taller than I.5 This task is more eas" than the other one. 4This task is .A(I.8 than the other one.5 The minister will reach toda" afternoon. 4The minister will reach T+I( afternoon.5 I saw her in the park "esterda" night. 4I saw her in the park LA(T LIB+T.5
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I have got headache. 4I have got A +.A@A,+..5 (he felt embarrassing. 4(he felt .3AA88A((.@.5 3" big brother is stud"ing in .ngland. 43" .L@.8 A8GT+.8 is stud"ing in .ngland.5 I want to reduce m" weight. 4I want to LG(. weight.5 Gn the switch before inserting the disc. 4TH8L GL the switch before inserting the disc.5 I like to eat good foods. 4I like to eat good OGG@.5 I hate m" son#in#laws. 4I hate m" (GL(#IL#LA'.5 (he doesn?t like the cricket. 4(he doesn?t like ,8I,T.T.5 Mincent is a matured man. 4Mincent is a 3ATH8. man.5 <ane advised me don?t do it again. 4<ane advised me LGT TG @G it again.5 +e returned back from the H.( last "ear. 4+e 8.TH8L.@ O8G3 the H.( last "ear.5 4+e ,A3. AA,T O8G3 the H.( last "ear.5 'eEll get down at the next bus stop. 4'eEll B.T GOO at the next bus stop.5 IEm having a headache. 4I have A headache 0 IEve BGT A headache.5 Although he is poor, but he works ver" hard. 4Although he is poor, he works ver" hard.5 3" father is a businessman. The" help me a lot. 43"WW. +. +.L;( me a lot.5 The population of India was increased. 4The population of India increased.5 The Aritishers 1uit India in !*%R. 4 T+. A8ITI(+ 1uit India in !*%R.5 3" village people are ver" co operative. 4The ;.G;L. GO 3U MILLAB. are ver" co operative.5 IEm intersting in reading books. 4IEm ILT.8.(T.@ in reading books.5 The corrupted officials were arrested. 4The ,G88H;T officials were arrested.5 I packed m" luggages. 4I packed m" LHBBAB..5 There are man" poors in India. 4There are man" ;GG8 people in India.5 There is no place in this compartment. 4There is no 8GG3 in this compartment.5 'rite it in "our cop". 4'rite it in "our LGT.AGGT.5 +e hurt his foot#fingers. 4+e hurt his TG.(.5 I and he are brothers. 4+e and I are brothers.5
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+e is elder than I. 4+e is GL@.8 than I.5 Uours affectionate friend. 4 UGH8 affectionate friend.5 4 Uours affectionatel".5 'rong I have visited Lonawala last weekend. 8ightI visited Lonawala last weekend. 'rong The woman 2hich works here is from <apan. 8ight The woman 2ho works here is from <apan. 'rong (he?s married 2ith a dentist. 8ight (he?s married to a dentist. 'rong (he was boring in the class. 8ight (he was bored in the class. .ver" student li-es the teacher.

'rong .ver" students li-e the teacher. 8ight

'rong Although it was raining, but we had the picnic. 8ight Although it was raining, we had the picnic. 'rong I like ver" much ice cream. 8ight 'rong 'here * can find a bank? 8ight I like ice cream ver" much. 'here can * find a bank? 'hen I arrive, I 2ill call "ou. I?ve been here for three months.

'rong 'hen I 2ill arrive, I 2ill call "ou. 8ight 'rong I?ve been here since three months. 8ight

'rong (he doesn?t listen me. 8ight (he doesn?t listen to me. 'rong The police is coming. 8ight The police are coming. 'rong The house isn?t enough big. 8ight The house isn?t big enough. There are seven girls in the class.

'rong There is seven girls in the class. 8ight

'rong I didn?t meet nobody. 8ight I didn?t meet anybody. 'rong 'here is post officeC 8ight 'here is the post officeC

'rong Is read" m" passportC 8ight Is m" passport read"C 'rong )he life is hardF 8ight Life is hard. +ow man" children do "ou haveC (he told me that she liked "ou.

'rong +ow man" childrens "ou haveC 8ight 'rong (he said me that she liked "ou. 8ight 'rong It is more hot now. 8ight

It?s hotter now. ,an "ou give me some informationC The" cooked the dinner themselves.
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'rong Uou can give me an informationC 8ight 'rong The" cooked the dinner themself. 8ight

'rong #e and Aohnny live here. 8ight 'rong Uou like dance with me? 8ight

Aohnny and * live here. ,ould you like to dance with me?

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

(se of >ictionary Bac-5 Noun

/. the rear surface of the human bod" from the shoulders to the hips he lay on his bac);as modifier<:bac) pain the upper surface of an animal?s bod" that corresponds to a person?s back the adults have white bodies with grey bac)s the spine of a person or animal. the main structure of a ship?s hull or an aircraft?s fuselage 6emetrius #ro%e its #ac% on the roc)s in a force ,, gale the part of a garment that covers a person?s back a top with a scooped nec)line and a low bac) a person?s back regarded as carr"ing a load or bearing an imposition the #ress are on my #ac% 0. the side or part of something that is awa" from the spectator or from the direction in which it moves or faces$ the rear at the bac) of the hotel is a secluded garden a rubber dinghy with an engine at the bac) the position directl" behind someone or something she unbuttoned her dress from the bac) the side or part of an ob&ect that is not normall" seen or used write on the bac) of a postcard the part of a chair against which the sitter?s back rests. 3. a pla"er in a team game who pla"s in a defensive position behind the forwards their bac)s showed some impressive running and passing B. 4the Backs5 the grounds of ,ambridge colleges which back on to the 8iver ,am.

Adver#
/. in the opposite direction from the one that one is facing or travelling towards he moved bac) a pace, she wal)ed away without loo)ing bac) expressing movement of the bod" into a reclining position he leaned bac) in his chair, sit bac) and relax at a distance awa" )eep bac) from the roadside 4bac- of5 (orth American informal behind he )new that other people were bac) of him (orth American informal losing b" a specified margin the team was five points bac) 0. so as to return to an earlier or normal position or condition she put the boo) bac) on the shelf, he drove to =lasgow and bac), in a day things were bac) to normal at a place previousl" left or mentioned the fol)s bac) home are counting on him fashionable again sideburns are bac) 3. in or into the past he made his fortune bac) in ,255 B. in return they wrote bac) to me
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Ver#
/. ;with ob>ect< give financial, material, or moral support to he had a newspaper empire bac)ing him, his mother #ac%ed him up on everything supplement in order to strengthen firefighters, #ac%ed up by helicopters and planes, fought to bring the flames under control bet mone" on 4a person or animal5 winning a race or contest he bac)ed the horse at .., 0. ;with ob>ect< cover the back of 4an article5 in order to support, protect, or decorate it a mirror bac)ed with tortoiseshell 3. ;no ob>ect, with adverbial of direction< walk or drive backwards she tried to bac) away, figurative the government #ac%ed away !rom the plan;with ob>ect<:he bac)ed the ?ercedes into the yard ;no ob>ect< 4of the wind5 change direction anticlockwise around the points of the compass the wind had bac)ed to the north-west The opposite of M..8!. ;with ob>ect< 'ailing put 4a sail5 aback in order to slow the vessel down or assist in turning through the wind. B. ;no ob>ect< 4bac- on0 on to5 4of a building or other structure5 have its back facing or ad&acent to his garage wall bac)s on to the neighbouring property ;with ob>ect< lie behind or at the back of the promenade is bac)ed by lots of cafes put a piece of music on the less important side of 4a vin"l recording5 the new single is bac)ed with a trac) from the # C. 4in popular music5 provide musical accompaniment to 4a singer or musician5 on his new album he is bac)ed by an American group Ad)ective* ;attributive< /. of or at the back of something the bac) garden, the bac) poc)et of his >eans in a remote or subsidiar" position bac) roads 0. from or relating to the past she was owed bac) pay 3. directed towards the rear or in a reversed course a bac) header B. #honetics 4of a sound5 articulated at the back of the mouth a long bac) vowel, as in :dance9 or :bath9 Phrases at someone=s bac- in pursuit or support of someone. bac- and forth to and fro. bac- in the day in the past$ some time ago bac) in the day, he9d had one of the greatest minds $9d ever come across one=s bac- is turned one?s attention is elsewhere he )issed her *uic)ly, when the landlady9s bac) was turned the bac- of beyond a ver" remote or inaccessible place. the bac- of one=s mind used to express that something is in one?s mind but is not consciousl" thought of or remembered she had a little nagging worry at the bac) of her mind bac- someone into a corner force someone into a difficult situation $ was bac)ed into a corner - there was no way out bac- to front @ritish with the back at the front and the front at the back the exhausts had been fitted bac) to front
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bac- 2ater reverse the action of a boat?s oars to slow down or stop the exhausted crews bac)ed water and the fleet fell apart bac- the 2rong horse make a wrong or inappropriate choice. behind someone=s bac- without a person?s knowledge and in an unfair wa" 7arla made fun of him behind his bac) get Dor put@ someone=s bac- up make someone anno"ed or angr". in bac- (orth American at the back of something, especiall" a building my dad demolished a shed in #ac% o! his barn -no2 something li-e the bac- of one=s hand be entirel" familiar with a place or route. on one=s bac- in bed recovering from an in&ur" or illness. put one=s bac- into approach 4a task5 with vigour. turn one=s bac- on ignore 4someone5 b" turning awa" from them. re&ect or abandon 4a person or thing that one was previousl" involved with5 she turned her bac) on her career to devote her life to animals 2ith one=s bac- to Dor up against@ the 2all in a desperate situation.

Phrasal Verbs bac- do2n withdraw a claim or assertion in the face of opposition party leaders bac)ed down and rescinded the resolution bac- off draw back from action or confrontation they #ac%ed o!! !rom fundamental reform of the system, (orth American back down. bac- out withdraw from a commitment if he #ac%s out o! the deal they9ll sue him bac- up /4of vehicles5 form into a 1ueue due to congestion the traffic began to bac) up 04of running water5 accumulate behind an obstruction. bac- something up / 7omputing make a spare cop" of data or a disk. 0 cause vehicles to form into a 1ueue due to congestion the traffic was bac)ed up a mile in each direction 'hat is meaning of Pback? as noun, verb, adverb, ad&ective and phrasal verbC Bive pronunciation. Hse Pback? as noun, adverb, verb, ad&ective, phrase in "our own sentence

cat noun, verb, catXted, catXting.

noun !. a small domesticated carnivore, Oelis domestica or O. catus, bred in a number of varieties. 7. an" of several carnivores of the famil" Oelidae, as the lion, tiger, leopard or &aguar, etc. 3. (lang. a. a person, especiall" a man. b. a devotee of &a22. %. a woman given to spiteful or malicious gossip.
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:. the fur of the domestic cat. verb Dused 2ith ob:ect@ !:. to flog with a cat#oE#nine#tails. !-. Lautical . to hoist 4an anchor5 and secure to a cathead. verb Dused 2ithout ob:ect@ !R. Aritish (lang. to vomit. 'hat is the pronunciation of Pcat?C 'hat is meaning of Pbell the cat?C 'hat are the abbreviations of ,ATC PLet the cat out of bag?#what does it meanC Hse in "our own sentence. 1erb phrases !). cat around, (lang. a. to spend oneEs time aimlessl" or idl". b. to seek sexual activit" indiscriminatel"$ tomcat. *dioms !*. bell the cat, to attempt something dangerous or impossible. 70. let the cat out of the bag, to reveal a secret, especiall" carelessl" +e let the cat out of the bag, and the surprise part" wasnEt a surprise after all. CA)5 Abbreviations !. clear#air turbulence. ,AT 7. 3edicine03edical . computeri2ed axial tomograph". ,AT

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