Ir. Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, M.T., Ph.D DR. Ir. Eri Susanto Hariyadi, M.T.

Semester Genap 2012/2013

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

Bahan dan Desain Perkerasan Jalan

Dosen : DR. Eri Susanto Hariyadi

Copyright 2009 - ESH 2

Course Syllabus
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Road Pavement Overview Subgrade Aggregates Bitumen Bituminuous Mixtures Pavement Design : Concept and Parameters Pavement Design
a. Bina Marga : Metoda Analisa Komponen b. AASHTO 93

8. Overlay Design 9. Design of Rigid Pavement (Overview)

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References

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1993) AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, Washington DC, ISBN 1-56051-055-2 Departemen Pekerjaan Umum (1987) Petunjuk Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Lentur Jalan Raya dengan Metode Analisa Komponen, SNI No. 17321989-F Manual Bahan Perkerasan Jalan Bina Marga Dep PU Highway Material by Kerb and Walker The Asphalt Handbook, MS-04 Asphalt Institute
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Road Pavement Overview

Copyright 2009 - ESH 5

Road Pavement History

Roman Roads (300s BC) Telford Pavement (1780s) Macadam Pavement (1800s) The Rise of Bitumen The Rise of Portland Cement

Roman Roads

Roman roads (see Figure 1.1) were constructed Via Appia, dates back to 312 B.C. (Amergence Interactive, 2001). At its height, the Roman road network consisted of over 100,000 km (62,000 miles) of roads, which is about equal to the length of the U.S. interstate system. A typical Roman road structure (see Figure 1.2), as seen in the United Kingdom, consisted of four basic layers (Collins and Hart, 1936):

Summa Crusta (surfacing). Smooth, polygonal blocks embedded in the underlying layer. Nucleus. A kind of base layer composed of gravel and sand with lime cement. Rudus. The third layer was composed of rubble masonry and smaller stones also set in lime mortar. Statumen. Two or three courses of flat stones set in lime mortar.

Telford Pavement

Thomas Telford build roads on relatively flat grades (no more than a 1 in 30 slope) in order to reduce the number of horses needed to haul cargo. Telford's pavement section was about 350 to 450 mm (14 to 18 inches) in depth and generally specified three layers. The bottom layer was comprised of large stones 100 mm (4 inches) wide and 75 to 180 mm (3 to 7 inches) in depth (Collins and Hart, 1936). It is this specific layer which makes the Telford design unique (Baker, 1903). On top of this were placed two layers of stones of 65 mm (2.5 inches) maximum size (about 150 to 250 mm (6 to 9 inches) total thickness) followed by a wearing course of gravel about 40 mm (1.6 inches) thickIt was estimated that this system would support a load corresponding to about 88 N/mm (500 lb per in. of width).

Macadam Pavement

Macadam pavements introduced the use of angular aggregates. John MacAdam (born 1756 and sometimes spelled "Macadam") observed that most of the paved U.K. roads in early the 1800s were composed of rounded gravel (Smiles, 1904). He knew that angular aggregate over a well-compacted subgrade would perform substantially better. He used a sloped subgrade surface to improve drainage (unlike Telford who used a flat subgrade surface) on which he placed angular aggregate (hand-broken with a maximum size of 75 mm (3 inches)) in two layers for a total depth of about 200 mm (8 inches) (Gillette, 1906). On top of this, the wearing course was placed (about 50 mm thick with a maximum aggregate size of 25 mm) (Collins and Hart, 1936). Macadam's reason for the 25 mm (1 inch) maximum aggregate size was to provide a "smooth" ride for wagon wheels. Thus, the total depth of a typical MacAdam pavement was about 250 mm (10 inches) (refer to Figure 1.5). The term "macadam" is also used to indicate "broken stone" pavement (Baker, 1903). By 1850, about 2,200 km (1,367 miles) of macadam type pavements were in use in the urban areas of the UK.

JENIS PERKERASAN JALAN

Perkerasan Aspal Perkerasan Beton

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STRUKTUR PERKERASAN
Jenis Konstruksi Perkerasan :

1.Perkerasan Lentur (flexible pavement) 2.Perkerasan Kaku (rigid pavement)

Perkerasan Lentur

Perkerasan Kaku
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Tipe Perkerasan Umumnya

Perkerasan aspal

Perkerasan beton

Keperluan
Bahan Pengikat Aspal
Aspal
LPA LPB Tanah dasar Beton mutu rendah atau LPB Tanah dasar
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Bahan Pengikat Semen

Beton- Semen Beton Semen

Perkerasan Lentur (flexible pavement)

Umumnya terdiri atas: Lapisan Tanah Dasar (subgrade) Lapis Pondasi Bawah (subbase) Lapis Pondasi Atas (base) Lapis Permukaan (surface).

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Tipikal Susunan Perkerasan Aspal

Wearing course (lapisan aus) perlu aspal, batu kasar s/d halus Binder course (lapisan antara) perlu aspal, batu kasar s/d halus lapis resap ikat/ (lapis ikat) perlu aspal

LPA, perlu batu kasar s/d halus LPB, perlu batu kasar s/d halus

Tanah dasar

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PERKERASAN BETON SEMEN

STRUKTUR TERDIRI DARI PELAT BETON SEMEN TERLETAK DIATAS LAPIS PONDASI ATAU TANAH DASAR PELAT BETON SANGAT KAKU, MENYEBARKAN BEBAN PADA BIDANG YANG LUAS SEHINGGA TEGANGAN PADA LAPISAN DIBAWAHNYA RENDAH DAYA DUKUNG PEKERASAN BETON TERUTAMA DIDAPAT DARI PELAT BETON BUKAN DARI LAPISAN PONDASI

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LAPIS PONDASI
Lapis Pondasi Agregat : Lapis Pondasi Atas Lapis Pondasi Bawah

Lapis Pondasi Jalan Tanpa Penutup :

Lapis Pondasi Agregat Kelas C Lapis Makadam Ikatan Air (Waterbound Macadam)

Lapis Pondasi Berbasis Semen : Lapis Pondasi Semen Tanah Lapis Beton Semen Pondasi Bawah (CTSB) Lapis Pondasi Agregat dengan Cement Treated Base (CTB)
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Jenis-jenis Campuran Beraspal yang Biasanya Digunakan:

Buras Surface Dressing Lapen Campuran Dingin Campuran Panas Latasir Lataston Laston

Semua jenis campuran tersebut harus memenuhi sifat spt yg disyaratkan dalam spesifikasi
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Perkerasan Beton Semen

1.Perkerasan beton semen bersambung tanpa tulangan, 2.Perkerkerasan beton semen bersambung dengan tulangan 3.Perkerasan beton semen menerus dengan tulangan 4.Perkerasan beton semen pratekan.
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1. Perkerasan Beton Semen Bersambung Tanpa Tulangan

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2. Perkerasan Beton Semen Bersambung dengan tulangan

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3. Perkerasan Beton Semen Menerus dengan Tulangan

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FUNGSI LAPIS PONDASI pd PERKERASAN BETON

MENGENDALIKAN KEMBANG SUSUT TANAH DASAR MENCEGAH INTRUSI DAN PUMPING PADA TANAH DASAR MEMBERIKAN DUKUNGAN YANG MANTAP DAN SERAGAM PADA PELAT SEBAGAI LANTAI KERJA

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JALAN BETON DI JALAN KABUPATEN

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JALAN BETON DI JALAN UTAMA IBU KOTA KABUPATEN

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Subgrade Layer

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Tanah Dasar

Tanah dasar harus dibentuk dan dipadatkan, mempunyai peranan yang penting bagi konstruksi perkerasan jalan, karena struktur perkerasan atau bahu jalan diletakkan diatas tanah dasar Kekuatan tanah dasar adalah faktor utama dalam menentukan ketebalan dari perkerasan

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Tanah Dasar
Persyaratan Tidak termasuk tanah yang berplastisitas tinggi, ( A-7-6 menurut AASHTO M145 atau CH menurut "Unified atau Casagrande Soil Classification System) Tanah dengan nilai aktif lebih besar dari 1,25, atau derajat pengembangan yang diklasifikasikan oleh AASHTO T 258 sebagai "very high" atau "extra high", tidak boleh digunakan sebagai bahan timbunan

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Subgrade Performance

Subgrade Performance related to Pavement Design depend on :

Load bearing capacity.

The subgrade must be able to support loads transmitted from the pavement structure. This load bearing capacity is often affected by degree of compaction, moisture content, and soil type. A subgrade that can support a high amount of loading without excessive deformation is considered good.

Load Bearing capacity is characterized by :

CBR Flexible Pavement K-value Rigid pavement

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California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a simple strength test that compares the bearing capacity of a material with that of a well-graded crushed stone. Introducing by California Division of Highway 1928, and be populated by O.J. Porter The basic CBR test involves applying load to a small penetration piston at a rate of 1.3 mm (0.05") per minute and recording the total load at penetrations ranging from 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) up to 7.62 mm (0.300 in.)

where: x=material resistance or the unit load on the piston (pressure) for 2.54 mm (0.1") or 5.08 mm (0.2") of penetration y=standard unit load (pressure) for well graded crushed stone =for 2.54 mm (0.1") penetration = 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) =for 5.08 mm (0.2") penetration = 10.3 MPa (1500 psi)

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CBR Calculation

CBR Values (Typical)

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CBR Classification

Design CBR

Soaked Design CBR Unsoaked Design CBR

Field CBR, placing piston and penetrated by truck load

Undisturbed Soaked CBR, to obtained field CBR at saturated soil and maximum swelling

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Field CBR using DCP

Correlation Between DCP & CBR :

log CBR(%)=2.81-1.32 log D

D=penetration (mm/blow)
Source : Harrison, JA : Correlation Between CBR and DCP Strength Measurement of Soils, Proc Institution of Civil Eng. Part 2, 83 (1987), 833-844

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34

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (k)

The modulus of subgrade reaction (k) is used as a primary input for rigid pavement design. It estimates the support of the layers below a rigid pavement surface course (the PCC slab). The k-value can be determined by field tests or by correlation with other tests. There is no direct laboratory procedure for determining k-value. The modulus of subgrade reaction came about because work done by Westergaard during the 1920s developed the k-value as a spring constant to model the support beneath the slab (see Figure below)

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Plate Load Test

The plate load test presses a steel bearing plate into the surface to be measured with a hydraulic jack.

The resulting surface deflection is read from dial micrometers near the plate edge and the modulus of subgrade reaction is determined by the following equation:

where: k=spring constant = modulus of subgrade reaction P=applied pressure (load divided by the area of the 762 mm (30 inch) diameter plate) =measured deflection of the 762 mm (30 inch) diameter plate

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Correlation of k to Soil Properties

Soil
A-1-a, well A-1-a, poor A-2-4,5 gravelly A-2-4, 5 sandy A-4, silt A-4, mix

Density
125 - 140 120 - 130 130 - 145 120 - 135 90 - 105 100 - 125

CBR
60 - 80 35 - 60 40 - 80 20 - 40 4- 8 5 - 15

MR
22 - 35 22 - 31 22 - 40 22 - 31 < 11 < 15

E
30 - 43 30 - 38 30 - 47 30 - 38 6 - 18 7 - 23

k
300 - 450 300 - 400 ... 300 - 500 300 - 400 ... 25 - 165 40 - 220 ...
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Degree of Saturation Affects k of Fine-Grained Soils

250 200

A-6 Subgrade k value (psi/in)

150

A-6 A-7-6 A-7-5 A-5 A-4 A-7-5

A-5 A-4
100

A-7-6
50

0 50 60 70 80 90 100

Degree of saturation (percent)

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Aggregates

Copyright 2009 - ESH 39

Definitions

"Aggregate" is a collective term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel and crushed stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, portland cement, lime, etc.) to form compound materials (such as asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete). By volume, aggregate generally accounts for 92 to 96 percent of HMA and about 70 to 80 percent of portland cement concrete. Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured.

Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock formations through an open excavation (quarry). Extracted rock is typically reduced to usable sizes by mechanical crushing. Manufactured aggregate is often by product or other manufacturing industries.
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Aggregate Sources

Aggregates can come from either natural or manufactured sources. Natural aggregates come from rock, of which there are three broad geological classifications :

Igneous rock.

These rocks are primarily crystalline and are formed by the cooling of molten rock material beneath the earths crust (magma). These rocks are formed from deposited insoluble material (e.g., the remains of existing rock deposited on the bottom of an ocean or lake). This material is transformed to rock by heat and pressure. Sedimentary rocks are layered in appearance and are further classified based on their predominant mineral as calcareous (limestone, chalk, etc.), siliceous (chert, sandstone, etc.) or argillaceous (shale, etc.). These are igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to heat and/or pressure great enough to change their mineral structure so as to be different from the original rock.

Sedimentary rocks.

Metamorphic rock.

Manufactured rock typically consists of industrial by products such as slag (byproduct of the metallurgical processing typically produced from processing steel, tin and copper) or specialty rock that is produced to have a particular physical characteristic not found in natural rock (such as the low density of lightweight aggregate).
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Life Cycle of Aggregates

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Klasifikasi Batuan Berdasarkan Asal

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Ringkasan Sifat Teknik Batuan

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Klasifikasi Aggregat Berdasarkan Proses Pengolahan

Agregat Alam:
agregat yang langsung diperoleh dari lapangan

Agregat Pecah:
Batuan pecah ini dibedakan atas pecah tangan dan pecah dengan mesin pemecah batu

Agregat Daur Ulang:

batuan yang diperoleh dari hasil daur ulang baik hasil pembongkaran lapisan perkerasan ataupun pembongkaran beton

Agregat Buatan (Artifisial):

agregat yang dipergunakan merupakan hasil samping/limbah dari produksi pabrik

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Aggregates Production

Aggregates are produced in a quarry or mine (see Figure) whose basic function is to convert in situ rock into aggregate with specified characteristics. Usually the rock is blasted or dug from the quarry walls then reduced in size using a series of screens and crushers. Some quarries are also capable of washing the finished aggregate

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48

Physical Properties :

Commonly measured physical aggregate properties are :

Gradation and size Toughness and abrasion resistance Durability and soundness Particle shape & Texture Affinity for Asphalt Specific gravity Moisture content
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Gradation and Size

Gradation is the particle size distribution of an aggregate. This is one of the most influential aggregate characteristics in determining how it will perform as a pavement material. The gradation of a particular aggregate is most often determined by a sieve analysis (see Figure). In a sieve analysis, a sample of dry aggregate of known weight is separated through a series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. Once separated, the weight of particles retained on each sieve is measured and compared to the total sample weight. Particle size distribution is then expressed as a percent retained by weight on each sieve size. Results are usually expressed in tabular or graphical format.
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Sieve Analysis

AASHTO 51

Maximum Aggregate Size

Maximum aggregate size can affect HMA, instability of HMA may result from excessively small maximum sizes; and poor workability and/or segregation may result from excessively large maximum sizes (Roberts et al., 1996). ASTM C 125 defines the maximum aggregate size in one of two ways:

Maximum size.

The smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the aggregate sample particles pass. The largest sieve that retains some of the aggregate particles but generally not more than 10 percent by weight.

Nominal maximum size.

Maximum Size : 0.5 inch Nominal maximum size : 3/8 inch

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Fuller Curves

Gradation has a profound effect on material performance. But what is the best gradation? This is a complicated question, the answer to which will vary depending upon the material, its desired characteristics, loading, environmental, material, structural and mix property inputs. Therefore, although it may not be the "best" aggregate gradation, a maximum density gradation does provide a common reference. A widely used equation to describe a maximum density gradation was developed by Fuller and Thompson in 1907. Their basic equation is:
where: P=% finer than the sieve d=aggregate size being considered D=maximum aggregate size to be used n=parameter which adjusts curve for fineness or coarseness (for maximum particle density n 0.5 according to Fuller and Thompson) In the early 1960s, the FHWA introduced the standard gradation graph used in the HMA industry today. This graph uses n = 0.45 and is convenient for determining the maximum density line and adjusting gradation

Aggregate Types

Coarse Aggregate, grain size more than sieve No.8 (2.36 mm) Fine Aggregate, grain size less than sieve No.8 Filler, fine aggregate which passes in sieve No.30 (0.6 mm)

Based on Asphalt Institute (MS-2) and Depkimpraswil

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Ketentuan Agregat Kasar

Pengujian Kekekalan bentuk agregat terhadap larutan natrium dan magnesium sulfat Abrasi dengan mesin Los Angeles Kelekatan agregat terhadap aspal Angularitas (kedalaman dari permukaan < 10 cm) Angularitas (kedalaman permukaan 10 cm) Partikel Pipih dan Lonjong* Material lolos Saringan No.200 dari Standar SNI 03-3407-1994 Nilai Maks.12 %

SNI 03-2417-1991 SNI 03-2439-1991 DoTs Pennsylvania Test Method, PTM No.621 ASTM D-4791 SNI 03-4142-1996

Maks. 40 % Min. 95 % 95/90 80/75 Maks. 10 % Maks. 1 %

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Ketentuan Agregat Halus

Pengujian Nilai Setara Pasir Material Lolos Saringan No. 200 Angularitas (kedalaman dari permukaan < 10 cm) Angularitas (kedalaman dari permukaan 10 cm) Standar SNI 03-4428-1997 SNI 03-4428-1997 ASTM C-1252 Nilai Min. 50 % Maks. 8% Min 45 Min 40

Persyaratan lain agregat : Penyerapan air maksimum 3 %. Berat jenis (bulk specific gravity) agregat kasar dan halus minimum 2,5 & perbedaannya < 0,2.
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Spesifikasi bahan pengisi (Filler)

Terdiri dari debu batu kapur (limestone dust), semen portland, abu terbang, abu tanur semen, abu batu atau bahan non plastis lainnya Mengandung bahan yang lolos ayakan No.200 (75 micron) tidak kurang dari 75 % terhadap beratnya Proporsi maksimum yang diijinkan adalah 1,0 % dari berat total campuran aspal

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Type of Aggregate Gradation

Well/Dense Graded, agregat yang ukuran butirnya terdistribusi merata dalam satu rentang ukuran butir.

Coarse graded, dominan agregat kasar Fine graded, dominan agregat halus

Poor Graded, agregat yang ukuran butirnya tidak terdistribusi merata dalam satu rentang ukuran butir.

Uniformly graded, contains most of the particles in a very narrow size range Gap graded, contains only a small percentage of aggregate particles in the mid-size range Open graded, contains only a small percentage of aggregate particles in the small range

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Gradasi Agregat
100

Persen Lolos (%)

80 60 40 20 0 0,01

0,1

10

100

Ukuran Saringan (mm)

Gradasi R apat Gradasi Senjang Gradasi Seragam
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BAHAN AGREGAT : - LAPIS PONDASI - CAMPURAN BERASPAL

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BAHAN AGREGAT UNTUK LAPIS PONDASI

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PENYIMPANGAN PADA LAPIS PONDASI

Penyimpangan kepadatan lapangan lapisan pondasi Penyimpangan Nilai indeks Plastis dari bahan lapis pondasi Perubahan prosentase bahan lapis pondasi yang lolos saringan no.200 Terjadinya segregasi pada bahan lapis pondasi

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SPESIFIKASI AGREGAT LAPIS PONDASI DIFINISI : Ukuran butir maksimum ? Rumus Fuller

P = 100 (d/D) ^ n
Dimana :
P = % agregat lolos masing-masing saringan. D = ukuran maksimum agregat d = ukuran saringan yang bersangkutan

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Agregat Untuk Lapis Pondasi dan Lapis Pondasi Bawah

Lapis Pondasi terdiri dari Agregat Kelas A sedangkan Lapis Pondasi Bawah terdiri dari Agregat Kelas B. Agregat kasar (tertahan pada ayakan 2,38 mm) harus terdiri dari partikel yang keras dan awet. Agregat kasar Kelas A yang berasal dari kerikil harus 100 % mempunyai paling sedikit satu bidang pecah. Agregat halus (lolos ayakan 2,38 mm) harus terdiri dari partikel pasir atau batu pecah halus Agregat untuk lapis pondasi harus bebas dari bahan organik dan gumpalan lempung atau bahan-bahan lain yang tidak dikehendaki.

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ABRASI Pembanding ASTM -1993 mensyaratkan abrasi maksimum 50 % dan AASHTO 1990 mensyaratkan abrasi maksimum 40 % untuk kelas A, 45 % untuk kelas B dan 50 % untuk kelas C. PROSEN PECAH Pembanding, TRL-1993 RN-31 mensyaratkan prosen pecah minimum 40 % untuk mencapai CBR minimum 80 %, sedangkan AASHTO-1990 mensyaratkan prosen pecah 50 % 75 %, tanpa menyebut batasan CBR yang ingin dicapai
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SPESIFIKASI AGREGAT LAPIS PONDASI (INDEKS PLASTISITAS)

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 4 6 8 10 12 14

C B R (% )

Prosen Pecah 100% 50% 0% 16 18

Indek Plastisitas ( %)

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SPESIFIKASI AGREGAT LAPIS PONDASI (INDEKS PLASTISITAS) AGREGAT LP KELAS A

Indeks plastisitas LPA maks adalah 6 %. Sebagai pembanding ASTM1993, AASHTO-1990 dan RN-31 mencantumkan batasan maksimum nilai indeks plastisitas 6 % untuk lapis pondasi atas

AGREGAT LP KELAS B
Indeks plastisitas LPB maks adalah 10 %. Sebagai pembanding RN-31 mencantumkan batasan maksimum nilai indeks plastisitas 12 % untuk lapis pondasi bawah, CBR 35 %

BAHU JALAN
Sesuai spesifikasi untuk jalan tanpa bahan penutup (kelas C), atau agregat LP kelas B dengan nilai Indeks plastisitas 4-10 %

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BAHAN AGREGAT UNTUK CAMPURAN BERASPAL

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Sifat-sifat Agregat
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Ukuran butir Gradasi Kebersihan Kekerasan Bentuk partikel Tekstur permukaan Penyerapan Kelekatan terhadap aspal
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Klasifikasi Aggregat Berdasarkan Ukuran Butiran

Ukuran nominal maksimum, ADALAH ukuran saringan terbesar yang masih menahan maksimum dari 10 % agregat. Ukuran maksimum, ADALAH ukuran saringan terkecil yang meloloskan 100 % agregat. Agregat kasar : Agregat yang tertahan saringan No. 8 (2,36 mm). Agregat halus : Agregat yang lolos saringan No. 8 (2,36 mm). Mineral pengisi: Fraksi dari agregat halus yang lolos saringan no. 200 (2,36 mm) minimum 75% terhadap berat total agregat. Mineral abu : Fraksi dari agregat halus yang 100% lolos saringan no. 200 (0,075 mm)

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Kebersihan Agregat
secara visual. Pengujian laboratorium

Analisa saringan basah, yaitu dengan menimbang agregat sebelum dan sesudah dicuci lalu membandingkannya. Sehingga akan memberikan persentase agregat yang lebih halus dari 0,075 mm (No. 200). Pengujian setara pasir (Sand Equivalent Test) adalah satu metoda lainnya yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengetahui proporsi relatif dari material lempung yang terdapat dalam agregat yang lolos saringan No. 4,75 mm (No. 4).

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Alat Uji Setara Pasir

72

Kekerasan
Uji kekuatan agregat di laboratorium dilakukan dengan: uji abrasi dengan mesin Los Angeles (Los Angeles Abration Test) uji beban kejut (Impact Test) uji ketahanan terhadap pecah (Crushing Test) .

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Mesin Los Angeles

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Abrasion Resistance : Los Angeles

A common test used to characterize abrasion resistance is the Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test. For the L.A. abrasion test, the portion of an aggregate sample retained on the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve is placed in a large rotating drum that contains a shelf plate attached to the outer wall (the Los Angeles machine see Figure). The material is then extracted and separated into material passing the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve and material retained on the 1.70 mm (No. 12) sieve. The retained material (larger particles) is then weighed and compared to the original sample weight. The difference in weight is reported as a percent of the original weight and called the "percent loss"

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Toughness Resistance : Crushing & Impact Test

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Toughness Resistance : Parameters

Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) : ratio of the weight of fines passing the 2.36mm sieves (No.8) to the total weight of the samples as result for crushing test.

Indian Road Congress have specified ACV of coarse aggregate PCC should not exceed 30 percent, for wearing surfaces ACV should not exceed 45 percent

Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) : ratio of the weight of fines passing the 2.36mm sieves (No.8) to the total weight of the samples as result for impact test.

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Particle Shape

Flakiness Index : the percentage by weight of particles whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three-fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension. This test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm Elongation Index : the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than 1.8 times their mean dimension. This test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm Angularity Number : the amount by which the percentage voids exceeds 33 after being compacted in a prescribed manner.

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Bentuk butir

Kubikal V

Lonjong X

Pipih X
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Alat Uji Kepipihan

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Tekstur
Tekstur agregat utk keamanan (skid resistance) Tekstur: Makro: Utk lalulintas lambat, Diuji dengan Sand patch Mikro: Untuk lalulintas cepat, Diuji dengan Pendulum Test

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Daya Serap Agregat Keporusan agregat menentukan banyaknya zat cair yang dapat diserap agregat. Syarat penyerapan terhadap air 3%

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Durability and Soundness

Durability and soundness are terms typically given to an aggregates weathering resistance characteristic. The most common soundness test involves repeatedly submerging an aggregate sample in a saturated solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. This process causes salt crystals to form in the aggregate pores, which simulate ice crystal formation (see Figure 3.10 and 3.11)

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84

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Aggregate Surface Texture

Smooth Rough Porous,

dapat dibedakan atas agregat berpori sedikit dan berpori banyak. Agregat berpori banyak pada umumnya mempunyai tingkat kekerasan yang rendah, sehingga mudah pecah dan terjadi degradasi.

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Affinity for Asphalt

Jenis Aggregat terkait Affinity :

Hydrophilic Aggregate, mudah diresap air, sulit dilekati aspal

Contoh : granit dan aggregat yang mengandung silika

Hydrophobic Aggregate, sulit diresap air, mudah dilekati aspal

Contoh : Diorit, andesit

Testing : SNI-03-2439-1991 ; AASHTO T182-84 Affinity for Asphalt dinyatakan dalam PERSEN , yaitu persentase luas permukaan aggregat yang dilapisi aspal terhadap seluruh luas permukaan
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Aggregates Specific Gravity

AASHTO M 132 and ASTM E 12 define specific gravity as : "the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. Four types of aggregate specific gravity :

Bulk specific gravity SSD (saturated surface dry) specific gravity Apparent specific gravity Effective specific gravity

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Specific Gravity Calculation

Bulk volume = Vs + Vpp Net volume = bulk volume minus volume absorbed water

GSSD

WSSD Vbulk

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Contoh Soal

Suatu aggregat mempunyai berat dalam kondisi kering sebesar 2017.1 gram. Jika aggregat tersebut direndam dalam air pada kondisi jenuh akan mempunyai berat 1276.1 gram. Aggregat ini mempunyai berat SSD sebesar 2034.2 gram. Hitunglah berat jenis Bulk, berat jenis Apparent, dan berat jenis SSD aggregat ini.

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