How to apply ANSI/ISA 88 or IEC 61512-01

Dirk van der Linden

Table of contents
1 What is S88? .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Types of manufacturing operations ................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Batch processes....................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Continuous processes.............................................................................................. 3 1.1.3 Discrete processes ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Why S88?........................................................................................................................ 4 Strategy of S88....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 S88 and automation......................................................................................................... 5 2.2 3-system-elements........................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Preparation ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Market segments ............................................................................................................. 7 Physical model....................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Physical model in general ............................................................................................... 7 3.2 Process cell...................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Types of trains.............................................................................................................. 9 3.4 Unit ............................................................................................................................... 10 3.5 Equipment module ........................................................................................................ 10 3.6 Control Module............................................................................................................. 11 3.7 Equipment- or control module? .................................................................................... 11 3.8 Design physical model.................................................................................................. 11 Recipes and procedures...................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Procedures and equipment ............................................................................................ 12 4.2 Different demands, different recipes............................................................................. 12 4.3 Recipes and process model ........................................................................................... 14 4.4 Recipes and procedure model ....................................................................................... 15 4.5 Recipes: 5 categories..................................................................................................... 15 4.6 Phases and commands................................................................................................... 17 Linking recipes to equipment control ............................................................................... 17 5.1 Types of equipment controls......................................................................................... 17 5.2 Relations of S88 models ............................................................................................... 18 5.3 Communications ........................................................................................................... 19 5.4 The lower the link, the higher flexibility ...................................................................... 20 Modes and States................................................................................................................. 21 6.1 Modes............................................................................................................................ 21 6.2 States ............................................................................................................................. 21 6.3 Exception handling ....................................................................................................... 22 6.4 Allocation and arbitration ............................................................................................. 23 System specification ............................................................................................................ 23 References ............................................................................................................................ 24

7 8

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

1 What is S88?
S88 is a model and methodology for the design and running of flexible production control. The maintainability is improved because of a better and universal structure. Originally, the S88 standard is made for the batch industry, but it is applicable in discrete and continuous processes as well. S88 is a standard to improve handling production processes. But before we can introduce the standard, we will explain the different types of manufacturing operations we know.

1.1 Types of manufacturing operations

All processes used in industry can be divided in 3 types: batch, continuous and discrete processes.

1.1.1 Batch processes

In a batch process raw materials are putted together in specific amounts to form by mixing or by reacting a new product. This new product can be an end-product or a semi-finished for a new batch. During mixing or reacting phase the supply of raw materials stops. A new batch can only be launched when the previous batch is completed, and the formed product is transported. It is also possible that between two batches there is a delay. Quite often batching involves tanks or mixers wherein a specific amount of good is prepared, and is pumped after a process-part to the next tank, and a new process-part can be started over there. With one batch-installation you can quite often produce a lot of different products, by varying raw materials amounts (mixing)times energy supply (temperatures, pressures...) To reach a maximum flexibility, the S88 standard is a tool. Examples of batch processes: ice cream soft drinks beer brewery glue

1.1.2 Continuous processes

With a continuous process there is a continuous flow of raw materials, and also a continuous flow of finished product. The launching of a continuous process requires in some cases more How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 3

work than maintaining the production flow. Sometimes people choose to keep a continuous product running 24h/24h.

Examples of continuous processes: Production of drinkable water Oil refinery Production of electricity Production of plastic tubes Also here flexibility is requested quite often. Water can be for example hard or soft, drinkable or not. The composition of diesel has to be different during the winter than in during the summer. Sometimes plastic tubes has to be made of alternative raw materials for different qualities, or the thickness of the tube has to be different etc In these cases the S88 standard can help for a good management of flexibility.

1.1.3 Discrete processes

In a discrete process the products are made piece by piece. One piece or a specific amount of pieces in a group are moving from one workstation to the other. Every workstation provides an added value. Every piece has its proper identity (serial number). Assembling cars is a discrete process. It is clear that the production of cars has to be flexible to satisfy all the different options and demands of the customer. Typical workstations for discrete processes are conveyers, robots, screws, bolts, etc Again, the S88 standard helps to realise the requested flexibility.

1.2 Why S88?

In 1996, the SP88 committee wrote the S88 standard because of the following problems: There was a lack of a universal model for batch control Users had difficulties in communicating their batch processing requirements Engineers found it very hard to develop integrated solutions with equipment of different vendors Engineers and end-users had configuration problems for batch solutions

Except finding solutions for these problems, the S88 also wanted to reduce the cost of automation systems. A shorter time to market and a higher flexibility would make the production installation more competitive. The reliability of operations can be improved. A higher process How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 4

quality and a faster development of batch recipes could help the factories to serve their customers better. The S88 standard provides a set of models. Although the first target was batch control, the design of the models are universal, so that they can be used for continuous and discrete processes as well. A clear terminology makes communication between vendors, systems integrators and endusers better. With this terminology, less misunderstandings are possible during discussions about the processing requirements. Data structures helps to integrate solutions in a multi-vendor environment. Parameter guidelines makes configuration of batch solution easier.

2 Strategy of S88
Experts on different fields have to cooperate, but think in another way. Process engineers focus on how to handle the material flow to meet the specs of the end-product. Control system experts focus on how to control equipment. S88 makes a separation of recipes and equipment. Recipes are to be developed by process engineers, and control system experts will have to let the equipment run, following the parameters and procedures of the recipes. Programming the normal operation is often a small part of the job. More code is written for abnormal events or exceptions. Non-structured handling of these unexpected events or workaround makes code difficult to read and to maintain. S88 provides guidelines for exception handling. When there is a problem with a end-product and someone wants to know the circumstances of the production, S88-aware software can track the state of the batch. Sometimes this is integrated in historian software. The terminology and models makes it easier to write system requirements and to communicate with customers and vendors. Collect all the necessary unequivocal information to produce product and installation documentation is easier if based on a standard terminology. For large companies it can be handsome to reproduce the same installation on another site when the installation is based on standard models. Overall validation procedures will be more generic.

2.1 S88 and automation

S88 is not demanding any level of automation. The standard is designed to handle all levels of automation. S88 can be applied to a full-automatic system or a full-manual system. Everything in between (semi-automated systems) is also possible. In terms of operation full automatic means that an operator has hardly anything to do, while a full manual system every step in the procedure is triggered by an operator. For a semi-automated system, the system is suggesting to proceed to the next step, but the operator has to acknowledge every transition. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 5

2.2 3-system-elements
To develop a control system as a good engineering project, you should define three important elements: How to make the product (recipes) What physical tools are needed (equipment) How to run the equipment (control activities)

We will come back on these three elements later.

2.3 Preparation
Before starting developing a control system, you should collect detailed requirements information. The first step has to do with the desired flexibility, or more concrete: a list of all the product variants needed. The different product variants are listed in recipes. This is a question of management. There a more limits than only production flexibility. Even if a system is for example able to produce both soft drinks and beer, a manager will rather decide what the company is going to sell in stead of making things more flexible than needed. Besides, in general the more flexible a system is, the more complex it will be. For the maintenance and usability, it is better not to make a system more complex than needed.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

With this list there should come a meeting with PLC or DCS programmers and process experts. In this meeting, the previewed product variants, the knowledge of process experts and equipment experts should be converted to a recipe structure and equipment procedures, operations and phases. The recipe structure should match the equipment control elements with an unequivocal interface. This interface corresponds with the control recipe.

2.4 Market segments

Depending on the requested flexibility in terms of product variants there are 4 market segments to define: Segment 1: fixed sequencing, with no variations at all. Segment 2: For every product the same procedure, but you can have multiple products by varying formula parameters. Segment 3: Procedures may vary, and also formula parameters can vary. The set of product variants becomes rather high. Segment 4: With multi-path processing equipment can be shared. The amount of product variants remains the same as segment 3, but the production installation can become cheaper because expensive equipment can be shared.

3 Physical model
3.1 Physical model in general
Equipment is modularized by using the Physical Model. This model has a hierarchy of seven levels . It gives an overview of what equipment is available in the company. Based on this overview, people can define the possibilities of an installation. The three highest levels, Enterprise, Site and Area are important for the administration, but less important for the design of a production installation. More details about these levels can be found in the standard S95.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

The four lowest levels, Process Cell, Unit, Equipment Module and Control Module are important for the production installation. Every physical component of an automated control should match one of these levels.

3.2 Process cell

A process cell contains all the units and equipment needed to make a batch or product. A process cell may contain more equipment than needed for a individual batch. Whether or not which equipment is used is decided by the recipe. For batch processes the term train is often used to describe the path of the material flow through various equipment. For discrete processes the term line is often used. In one process cell we can have several trains. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 8

3.3 Types of trains

Three types of trains are possible: In a single path train the material flow is passing always the same equipment or units. The recipe can specify some variations, but cannot change the sequence how the material flow is passing the units.

In a multi path trains the material flow can pass different alternative units, depending on the recipe.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

In a network path train the sequence in which the material flow passes different units can have a lot of variations. The recipe needs a structure which can handle these complex variations.

3.4 Unit
The term unit is more or less abstract with respect to the equipment associated with it. The unit can perform activities which provides an added value to the product. In other words, a unit is a manufacturing tool together (or not) with instrumentation and associated equipment. While designing a production installation, you have to find the units. If the equipment needs a recipe to run, it is a unit. If the equipment do not needs a recipe to run, then it belongs to a unit. With this, you decide the flexibility. A unit is performing a major processing activity. A unit is active on a part or on the entire batch. No two batches can be handled simultaneous in the same unit, a unit can only be active on one batch at a time. Every unit works independent of other units, based on their proper unit procedures and formula parameters. A unit contains an amount of equipment modules and control modules.

3.5 Equipment module

The S88.01 standard defines an equipment module as a functional group of equipment that can carry out a finite number of specific minor processing activities. In other words, equipment modules group physical devices for performing one or more specific functions. An equipment module may be made up of control modules or other equipment modules. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 10

An equipment module contains all the equipment and control functions needed to carry out his process function. Several units can share equipment modules, eg several tanks can share the same pipeline and pump. If an equipment module can work with only one unit at a time, it is called an exclusive use resource. If it can act simultaneous for more than one unit, it is called a shared use resource. In spite of the above, an equipment module belongs in general to one unit. This applies also for control modules.

3.6 Control Module

From a control standpoint a control module is treated as a single entity. Each control module provides a direct connection to the process through actuators and sensors. A control modules belongs to the physical model, but all parts are not necessary physical. A part can be a PLCsubroutine. In the simplest form, control modules can just be devices drivers, but they can provide robust methods of device control too, including functions like automatic and manual modes, simulation mode, permissives or lockings, alarms. In contrast to an equipment module, a control module cannot execute recipe procedures. Instrumentation can be used by several control modules, eg two control modules dose water and dose cream can use the same flowmeter as a common instrumentation. A control device (eg valve, motor) must be controlled by one (and only one) control module.

3.7 Equipment- or control module?

Sometimes it is not easy to decide whether a device is an equipment module or a control module. This depends on the functionality. Control modules may not execute commands from recipes, while equipment modules can. Equipment modules are the smallest entities on which a recipe can act.

3.8 Design physical model

The design of the highest levels are often easy, in case you are designing an S88 physical model. In case the design makes part of a S95-S88 project, these highest levels needs for the S95 part more details. For us, the enterprise level stands for the company, the site stands for the establishment, and the area stands for the production plant. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 11

The lower levels can be found if you concentrate on material flow, and look at your plant layouts and process and instrumentation drawings (P&IDs). You have to determine the process cell boundaries. Remember that a train or line may not exceed these boundaries. Use this rule to check intuitive design. The material flow is passing trough one or more units in a train or line. Each unit is a functional group of equipment which runs recipes-tasks. The physical model is collapsible. A process cell must contain at least one unit. Other levels may contain something. Take care that the physical model is designed in function of the equipment.

4 Recipes and procedures

4.1 Procedures and equipment
One of the key-points of S88 is the separation of process aspects in function of the people who are working with it. We have for example the R&D group, which is defining properties of a product by way of a procedure. Equipment is not really important, it just has to be suitable for the procedure-course. The engineering group is strongly involved in the equipment, but not specific which equipment is used for a specific batch. The production team has a large interest in where and when specific equipment is available at a certain time to produce.

4.2 Different demands, different recipes

The knowledge to make a product is stored in recipes. S88 defines 4 types of recipes, sorted from general to detailed. In general is written how the product can be made in principle, independent of the production installation. The most detailed recipe is describing how the product can be made with a specific production installation, taking into account the available machines and/or storage capacity. In the general recipe the principle of production is documented. These are a sequence of actions and the proportions of raw materials. Besides the circumstances of the production (eg environment temperature, sterile equipment for pharmacy, etc..). The site recipe differs from the general recipe on aspects which has to do with region. For the assembling of cars this means for example the wheel at the left for England or Australia, and at the right for other regions. In Brazil some cars can drive with alcohol, while this fuel is not available in other regions. A refrigerator needs more power for a tropical end-user than in northern regions. Also the voltage of electric apparatuses can differ.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

12

A master recipe is targeted to a process cell and maybe derived from either a general or a site recipe. The master recipe can contain product-specific information required for detailed scheduling, such as equipment requirements. The master recipe takes into account the type of equipment. But unlike the general and site recipe, S88 control requires a master recipe. A master recipe is the template for control recipes used to create individual batches. A control recipe is used to create a single, specific batch. It starts as a copy of a master recipe and is modified as necessary to create a batch. The modifications may account for batch size, characteristics of raw materials on-site, or actual equipment to be used.While several batches may be derived from the same master recipe, every batch has a single control recipe to that batch and that batch alone. Two control recipes may be indentical in ingredients, quantities, or equipment used, but they are identified individually nonetheless. This allows product tracking and tracing.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

13

4.3 Recipes and process model

General and site recipes are focussing rather on process activities than referring to specific equipment. For this reason, the master and control recipes are not based on the same model.

Process Process stage

Process operation

Process action
The general and site recipes are based on the process model, this model is used in an R&D environment. With this model, the necessary steps to make a product can be defined.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

14

4.4 Recipes and procedure model

Procedure Unit Procedure

Operation Phase
The master and control recipes are based on the procedure model. This model is specific for a process cell.

4.5 Recipes: 5 categories

A recipe contains the necessary set of information that uniquely defines the production requirements for a specific product. S88 defines 5 categories of information for a recipe: Header: administrative information and a process summary. The administrative information may include recipe and product identification, the recipe version, the recipe author, the issue date, a revision history, approvals and status.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

15

Formula: process inputs and outputs, parameters. Process Inputs

Process Parameters

Process

Process Outputs

A process input is the identification and quantity of a raw material or other resource required to make the product. It can also include energy or human labour. A process parameter details information such as temperature, pressure or time that is pertinent to the product. Process parameters can be measured values, or set points in PID loops. A process output is the identification and quantity of a material (product) that results from one execution of the recipe. Equipment requirements: the equipment category constrains the choice of the equipment that will be used to implement a specific part of the procedure. In the general and site recipes, the equipment requirements are typically described in general terms. At the master recipe level, the equipment requirements specifies allowable equipment in process cells. The control recipe may include specific allocations of process cell equipment. Recipe procedures: sequence or strategy to execute the process. The general and site recipe procedures are structured using the levels described in the process model since these levels allow the process to be described in non-equipment specific terms. The master and control recipe procedures are structured using the procedural elements of the procedural control model, since these recipes deal with equipment classes or specific pieces of equipment. Other information: everything what is not included in the other categories like safety information, packaging or labelling information.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

16

4.6 Phases and commands

A phase is the lowest level of the procedure model. There are two versions of a phase. A recipe phase is abstract, it is managed by recipe-software (database). An equipment phase is defined for specific hardware. In fact an equipment phase can be a subroutine of software which is controlling the equipment. Mostly equipment phases are programmed in PLC or DCS systems. A phase can be a function block in a PLC project. Physical entities (equipment modules, control modules, units) can get commands of many phases. The status of equipment entities can change after they received a command (eg a pump starts or stops). Programmers should take care of contradictory commands for the same equipment. Sometimes priority management is needed. It can be part of a PLC program to manage (many) phase commands to one control module command.

5 Linking recipes to equipment control

At some point, the rather abstract recipes must be linked to the equipment control. This link has influence on both flexibility and complexity of the system. We will discuss the different aspects needed to decide how this link should be made.

5.1 Types of equipment controls

In the world of S88, there are three types of control: basic control, procedural control and coordination control. Basic control comprises the control dedicated to establishing and maintaining a specific state of equipment and process. This includes: Regulatory control: a system of control that attempts to maintain one or more process variables at or near a desired value. Interlocking: to prevent a function from starting or to stop or hold a function. Monitoring: control to monitor a process and trigger an alarm if a variable falls out of a specific range. Exception handling: taking alarming one step further, trigger an exception-handling function. Repetitive discrete or sequential control: similar to regulatory control but is oriented toward a given state (eg open or close) rather than a given value. Procedural control directs equipment-oriented actions to take place in a given sequence in order to carry out a process-oriented task. In other words, procedural controls manages sequences. It can be automatic, but an operator can also execute a manual procedure. Coordination control directs, initiates and/or modifies the execution of procedural control and the utilization of equipment entities. They manage equipment resources, allocates equipment to How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 17

batches, and arbitrates requests for equipment allocation in case more than a single procedure needs the equipment simultaneously. When a procedural element comes in hold, a coordination control can propagate the hold state up and down the procedural chain.

5.2 Relations of S88 models

While general and site recipes are based on the process model, and master and control recipes on the procedural model, there is a relation between these models. Besides, procedural elements are commanding physical entities by the use of controls. This actions make part of the relation with the physical model.

A procedure is taking place in the process cell. This corresponds with the process of the process model. Each of the lower procedural elements can take place in a unit, and corresponds with a similar level in the process model. A phase can also take place in an equipment module, and corresponds in this case with a process action. A control module cannot receive commands directly from a recipe procedure, but is commanded via an equipment module.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

18

5.3 Communications
In an automation project, pretty often different systems has to operate in a multi-vendor environment. An S88 based system needs a lot of communication to let the relations between the models work. OPC is a very successful standard in industrial communication to help commercial hard- and software products communicate smoothly. We highlight some typical communications needed in an S88 based system.

Process equipment is connected to a PLC, often with a fieldbus. The control modules are not only hardware, very often the hardware corresponds with a function block in the PLC. The basic controls of these control modules are connected via OPC to an HMI or SCADA software on a PC. In this SCADA system, every control module is visualised with a dynamic symbol. Software faceplates are often used to let the operator interact on the commands and settings of the control module, while the states and actual values are used to change the colour or size of the visual object. The control module in the PLC is supervised by SCADA, but also by an equipment module, which corresponds with a PLC function block too. Like the control module, the basic controls of the equipment module is also corresponding with a dynamic object in HMI or SCADA software. The recipe in the PC can call a phase in the PLC via the Phase Logic Interface, which is a set of parameters to control the equipment. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 19

5.4 The lower the link, the higher flexibility

S88 suggest that a batch management and an equipment control system should exist separately. The batch management system will handle elements of the control recipe procedure, and the equipment control system will handle elements of the equipment control procedure.

For batch processes, the most common link is the phase level link. But the linking does not have to be done at the phase level. In general, the lower the link, the more flexibility the recipe manager can have. Keep in mind that flexibility makes things more complex too. Some commercial batch management software packages do not allow linking on another level than phase level. In this case, it is easy to workaround this because collapsing recipes is allowed following S88. Skipping levels can always be done(eg definition of one operation which contains one phase in a unit procedure).

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

20

6 Modes and States

The status of equipment entities and of procedural elements may be described by their modes and states. Modes specify the manner in which these transitions take place; states specify their current status.

6.1 Modes
A mode determines how procedural elements (such as unit procedures and phases) and equipment entities (such as equipment modules and control modules) respond to commands and how they will operate. S88 suggest 3 modes for procedural elements: Automatic: The transitions within a procedure are carried out without interruption as appropriate conditions are met. Semi-automatic: The procedure requires manual (operator) approval to proceed after the appropriate conditions are fulfilled. Manual: the procedure elements and their order of execution are completely specified by the operator. S88 suggest 2 modes for equipment entities: Automatic: Equipment entities could be under the control of a procedure or some control algorithm. Manual: equipment entities are under the control of an operator.

6.2 States
S88 suggests a common set of states and transition commands for procedural elements. The standard does not require any particular set of states and commands, but remember the S88 committee members have a lot experience, and the examples procedural states and commands they chose probably will work in more than 95 percent of the cases. The most elementary states are Idle-Running-Complete. This is what is called normal operation.

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

21

The other states and commands are suggested to use for exception handling.

6.3 Exception handling

Life of engineers would be much easier if all production systems ran perfectly from start to finish. In practice, production systems just dont behave as we would hope in theory. An event that occurs outside the normal operation is commonly called an exception. Handling these exception is an essential function of manufacturing operations and typically account more that half of the design and engineering job. Often exceptions are break downs, like a tripped pump, stuck valve, or a lack of steam. In this case an operator will probably be needed to handle the exception. But also a tank running out of an ingredient in the middle of a production could be considered as an exception. This might be handled automatic. An event can be detected, evaluated, and a response can be generated. Exception handling can occur in procedural, basic, or coordination control. Exception handling can be done in procedures or in equipment control. In general, exceptions should be handled on the level where they occur. How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 22

6.4 Allocation and arbitration

One of the reasons why companies wanted to make their production installations more flexible, is that control equipment is often expensive. So they want to share equipment for different batches. Sometimes, when equipment brakes down, it can be vital that you have substitute equipment on hand. To manage the use of shared equipment, the concepts allocation and arbitration are introduced. Allocation means that shared equipment is allocated to a unit by coordination controls. Obviously a more or less abstract recipe procedure can work with alternative pieces of equipment. When more than one unit wants the same (shared) equipment on the same moment, priority management can be implemented by arbitration.

7 System specification
S88 is not a compliance document. That is, you do not have to follow every letter of the standard to say you are S88-aware. But neither do S88 software vendors. This is why there are such a wide variety of S88 implementations in industry. Use this to your advantage by balancing the concepts in S88 against what is practical and economically for you operations. The result of this exercise should become a system specification document. First, you should document the physical equipment needed or available if you are retrofitting an S88 solution into an existing system. Collect all the P&IDs (process and instrumentation diagrams), electrical drawings and information system requirements. Find your units, determine where your equipment modules and control modules are, and determine which independent tasks equipment entities are performing. Second, you should design master recipes using S88 definitions: header, equipment requirements, procedure, formula, and other information. If you already decided to use a particular S88 commercial software package, it may be easier to specify recipes based on the capabilities of that package. A very large part of the documentation work is describing equipment control. The definitions of phase logic, modes and states, allocation and arbitration, exception handling, etc. are very important, because it determines at the end how the equipment will physically run. Other documents may describe scheduling, production history, data collection, reports, etc.. Finally, the more control engineers and IT professionals communicate, the better off. It is often found that basic problems arise because of misunderstandings over terms. Just as S88 has helped define common terminology for batch manufacturing, another ISA committee, SP95, is defining How To Apply ISA 88 Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher 23

models and terminology for the purpose of integrating control systems with information systems. For a totally integrated system, the S88 and S95 systems should match. Developing a clear, detailed documentation is a good start.

8 References
Applying S88 : Batch Control from a Users Perspective, Jim Parshall and Larry Lamb, ISBN 1-55617-703-8, Printed in the USA, August 2005 [2] S88 implementation guide: strategic automation for the process industries, Darrin W. Fleming, Velumani A. Pillai, ISBN 0-07-021697-5, Printed in the USA, 1999. [3] Applying ISA S88 to Small, Simple Processes, Clark Case, Rockwell Automation, World Batch Forum conference 13-15 nov 2006, Zemst, Belgium [4] S88 for Researchers and Scientists, Zofia Verwater-Lukszo, Delft University of Technology. White paper written for World Batch Forum June 2004. [5] Using Basic Control to Make Recipes Simple, Francis Lovering, ControlDraw Ltd, World Batch Forum conference 13-15 nov 2006, Zemst, Belgium [6] ANSI/ISA-S88.01-1995, Batch Control, Part 1: Models and Terminology, ISBN: 1-55617-562-0, Printed in the USA, 1995 [7] OPC Data Access Custom Interface Specification 3.0, OPC Foundation, March 2003 [8] OPC Fundamentals, Implementation, and Application, 3rd rev. Ed., Frank Iwanitz, Jrgen Lange, Printed in Germany, 2006, Hthig GmbH & Co. KG Heidelberg, ISBN 3-7785-2904-8 [9] www.S88.nl [10] www.isa.org [1]

How To Apply ISA 88

Dirk van der Linden Scientific Researcher

24