PsychicalResearch,ScienceandReligion

StanleydeBrath
Publisher: Me thue n First Published: 1925 Pages: 208 A vailability: O ut of Print

TableofContents
Preface Chapter1 Chapter2 Chapter3 Chapter4 Chapter5 Chapter6 Chapter7 Chapter8 Chapter9 Chapter10 Appendix TheScientificAspectoftheSupernormalFacts TheObjectiveFacts TheObjectiveFacts(Continued) TheSubjective(Psychological)Facts? TheSubjectiveFacts(Continued) PredictionandtheHiddenMemory SomeScientificInferences Survival ConfirmatoryEvidenceonSurvival TheConnectionwithChristianity TheReligiousTeachingofChildren

 P sy c h i c a l R e se a r c h , S c i e n c e a n d R e l i g i o n

Preface
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THISbookisasynthesisoffactsseverallyestablishedbymenofhighstandinginscience,andan inferencefromthatsynthesis.Inthecourseofmylecturesonthesupernormalfactsthatarenowexercising manyminds,averylargenumberofpersonshaveexpressedregretatnotbeingabletofindanysmalland handybooktotellthemwhathasbeenscientificallydemonstratedandmayreasonablybebelieved,what shouldbekeptinsuspenseofjudgment,and,moreespecially,whataretherationalconclusionsatwhich thesubstantiatedfactspoint.Theyareperplexedbythegreatnumberofisolatedstatementsbroughtto theirnotice,andwhiletheyfeelthat"thereissomethinginit,"theywanttoknowjustwhatthat"something" amountsto.Theyaredisposedtoturndownsomeveryexcellenthandbooks,suchastheRev.Professor Henslow'sProofsoftheTruthsofSpiritualism(KeganPaul,1919)becausetheydisliketheword "spiritualism,"andsuspectthatsuchbooksarewrittentosupporttheauthor'sopinions,andtheysaythey havenottimetoreadtheclassicsofthesubject,suchasMyers'HumanPersonality,Flammarion'sthree volumes,Richet'sThirtyYearsofPsychicalResearch,Geley'sFromtheUnconscioustotheConscious , Osty'sSupernormalFacultiesinMan,SirOliverLodge'sRaymond,andstilllessthevoluminous Proceedings oftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.Theyturnfromworksthatarefranklyspiritualistic,such asStaintonMoses'SpiritTeachings ,becausetheydistrustthefoundationofallegedfactonwhichthese rest,andtheysay,moreover,thatalltheseworksareexpensiveandratherinaccessible,besidesrequiring morethoughtandreflectionthantheyareabletofindleisuretobestow. Ihavethereforeundertakentowriteashortsummaryandsynthesisofleadingfactsthathavebeenseverally anddefinitelysubstantiatedfromthescientificstandpoint.Todothisandyetkeepbrevity,Ihavetakenonly oneortwotypicalexamplesineachclass.Itmustbeunderstoodthatthesetypicalinstancescouldbe multipliedahundredfoldandstillnotexhausttheevidencewhichistobefoundinworksbyEnglish,French, Italian,American,GermanandSpanishprofessorswhohavestudiedthephenomenathathaveappeared simultaneouslyinallquartersoftheworld,andhavegivenrisetotheimmenseamountoftestimonyby reliable,thoughundistinguished,menandwomenofgoodsenseandhighintelligence,whichistobefound intherecordsoftheS.P.Randinthejournalsdevotedtothesesubjects.Theseareverynumerous6in Britain,23inFranceandBelgium,9inGermanyandScandinaviancountries,14inNorthAmericaand Mexico,andnolessthan63inSouthAmerica. Butdespite(orperhapsbecauseof)theimmensemassofthistestimony,generalsynthesisisstilltoseek. ThegeneralinferencethatmyoldfriendAlfredRusselWallacedrewfromthesupernormalfactsconjointly withthebiologicalworkinwhichheandDarwinwerecollaborators,wasthattheselective,directiveand organizingpowersinNatureareexplicableonlybyanallpervadingImmanentMindaMindwhichnotonly adaptsorganismstotheirenvironment,butaimsattheirbeautyalso. Thefriendofmylateryears,Dr.GustaveGeleyofParis,anddirectoroftheMetapsychicInstitutethere, thoughhewasnotconversantwithanyofWallace'swork,cametoexactlythesamephilosophical conclusion,thoughhephrasesitinasomewhatdifferentmanner.Essentiallythetwoareagreedonthe evolutionaryaspect. Tak encolleclively,thefactsseemtomeconclusiveonSurvival,providedthatweobservethatthereare certaindifferencesbetweentheessentialSelfthatadaptsitselftotheenvironmentandthePersonalitythat resultsfromthatadaptation. ThefactsthatWallaceconsideredproofsofsurvivalare: 1.Materializationsoflivingforms,someofwhicharepersonal, 2.Hyperphysicalphotographsofdeceasedpersons,e.g.ofhisownmother.

3.Writtenmessages,onthephotographicplateandotherwise. 4.Personalandimpersonalpredictions. 5.Messagesautomaticallywrittenpurportingtobefromsuchpersons,andconveying informationunknowntothosepresentandinstructionswhichwereverifiedwhencardedout. 6.Visionsofthedying,especiallyofdyingchildren,alwaysofdeceasedfriendsandrelatives. Ihavetakenonlyoneortwothoroughlyauthenticatedinstancesofeachoftheseclasses,but,asIhave saidabove,theycouldbesupplementedbymanymore. Strictlyspeaking,onesingleauthenticatedcaseofeachoughttobesufficienttocarryconviction.When Lavoisierobservedthatthe"ash"ofametal(thencalledacalx)washeavierthanthemetalfromwhichit wasderived,thatfinallyprovedthatoxygenhadcombinedwiththemetal.Thishadtoberepeatedmany hundredtimesbeforethe"phlogiston"theorywasgivenup,butthefirstproofwastheconclusiveproof repetitionsmerelyservedtoconvincethesceptical.Itisthesamewiththesupernormalfacts.Whatsome personsdemandisagreatnumberofdetailedandcumulativeinstancesineachclasswithoutthetroubleof readingthemup,andexpressedinlanguagewithwhichtheycanagreeabinitio.Thisislikethedemandof theoldwomanwhoaskedthebooksellerforapocketBibleinlargeprint.Richet,Flammarion,andothers havecollatedthemassofevidenceitisconsideredtoovoluminousinthisage,whichwantsallits knowledgeintabloidstosavethetroubleofthinking.Ihavenotmetasingleresearcherwhohasreadeven Richet'sbookcarefullyfromendtoend.Certainlyveryfewofhisreviewershavedoneso. Ihavethereforeadoptedthebrieferform,givingonlyoneortwoauthenticatedcases. IhavefoundthatthefactsleaduptothefundamentalpostulatesofReligionaCreativeMind,asurviving soul,andaconsequentialhereafterbutIhavenottheslightestdesiretocapturethemforanyparticular formofinstitutionalreligion.Iwaspersonallyacontentedagnostictillin1889thefactsledmeawayfrom thatpositiontoasincerebeliefinessentialChristianity.Idonotnowstartfromaprepossessioninfavourof survivaloranyotherdoctrineandselectargumentstoproveitthatisareversaloftheprocess.Like Wallace,Istartedasascepticandwasconvincedbytheweightofthefacts. Incidentallytheycompelledme,astheyhavecompelledmanyothers,toconsidertheirbearingonthe ResurrectionofChrist.Ifthiswereameretheologicaldogma,IshouldhaveavoidedithereasIhaveavoided asfaraspossiblealltheologicaldogmas.Butifitwasafact,itwas,asSt.Paulconsideredit,absolutely fundamental.Inanagesosectarianthatitproducedfourteenotherapocryphal"gospels"besidesthefour adoptedascanonical,anageinwhichconvertscouldclaimtofollow,somePaul,someCephas,some Apollos,andsomeChrist(ICor.1.12),St.PaullaiddowntheResurrectionasarealitywithoutwhichall Christianitywouldbemereopinion.HedidnotseektoprovethisbecausehewasaChristianhebecamea Christianbecausehehadprovedit.Itisthesametodaywithalargenumberofpersons. ItisagreedbymanythatifmenwouldadoptthemoralprinciplesofChristianity,theirpoliticalopinionsand interestswouldnotleadtoarmedconflictsbecausetheywouldberestrainedfromenmityandviolenceby theprinciples.Butifthoseprinciplesarefoundedinarealevolutionarylawdirectedtothedevelopmentofa spiritualbeing,beliefinthemmust,asheretofore,restonabasisofactuality.Theymust,asMyerspointed out,restontheevidencefor"arealspiritualworldofthings ,concreteandliving,notameresystemof abstractideas."ItisforthisreasonthatIhaveendeavouredtoshowtheconnectionbywhichtheclueof factsleadsuptothefundamentalpostulateofChristianity. Thereisnowawidespreaddemandtoknowwhatthefactsareandbeingfamiliarwiththesematterssince 1889,havingtheprivilegeoffriendshipwithmostofthedistinguishedmenfromwhoseworksIhavequoted, andhavingseennearlyallthephenomenamyselfunderstrictconditions,Imaybeabletogiveasummary toserveasanintroductiontomoreextendedreadingonfactswhichhaveaclosebearingonpersonallife andconductforeverymanandwoman,andarepregnantwithgreatchangesinscientificandreligious ideas. Itisnecessarytogivearapidglanceatmodernscience,becausethisissointimatelyconnectedwithits supernormalextensionsthattheselattercannotbeunderstoodwithoutfairlyclearideasonMatterand

Energy.Ishall,however,makethisglanceexceedinglybrief,onlypremisingthatsomesuchdefinite knowledgeisabsolutelyessentialtocomprehensionofphenomenawhichatfirstsightseemirreconcilable withPhysics. ReproachesaresometimeslevelledagainsttheS.P.R.(London)andtheInternationalMetapsychic(1) Institute(Paris)thattheyconfinethemselvesentirelytothescientificside,andmaintainaneutralorevena scepticalattitudetoallreligiousinferences.Suchreproachesareunjustifiedunlessthescepticismextends tofactsverifiedbyotherexperimentalists .BoththeS.P.R.andtheI.M.I.arescientificbodies."Science"is theverificationoffactsandtheirproximatecausesitleavesprimarycausestoPhilosophy.Thebusinessof ascientificsocietyistoverifyfactsandtoproposeworkingtheories,andtheirscepticalattitudeto spiritualisticinferencesisavaluableassettothelatter.Veryfewmenarecapableofhonestandopen mindedagnosticism,anditisusefultohavethefactssubstantiatedbypersonswhocannotbeaccusedof religiousorspiritualistbias.
(1)"Metapsyc hic."ThistermwasadoptedbytheInternationalCongressof1923todesignateallinvestigationsoutsidenormal psychology.

Butinaworkwhich,howevermodestly,endeavourstoshowconsistencyandreasonrunningthroughthe phenomena,itisimpossibletoavoidthereligiousimplications,becauseeveryone,exceptsome professional"researchers,"feelsatoncethatthecrucialquestionistherealexistenceofthespiritofman anditssurvival.Thisisthebasisofallreligionsand(subconsciously)ofallmoralityexceptingthe ordinancesthateverysocietymustmakeifitistoholdtogetheratall. Evenexperimentalistsonthesupernormalareinfluencedbytheirpositiveornegativeattitudetothis question.ProfessorRichetadmitsthattheveryraisond'etreofthenewscienceisthattheforcesstudied areintelligent.ItisnoviolationofhiscourteoushospitalitytosaythatwhenIsaidtohimthat"unseen intelligentforces"seemtomenotverydifferentfrom"spirits,"hemadeadeprecatorygestureandlaughed. Hisposition,asexplainedinhisbook(p.607),isthatthoughtheseforcesdoshowintelligenceofahuman type,bothinearnestnessandlevity,knowledgeandignorance,theyareundersuchtotallydifferent conditionsthattheycannotproperlybecalled"human"thebrain,bodilysenses,andrelationtoMatter, Time,andSpace,beingessentialtoallthatweknowas"Man."Thosewho(likeF.W.H.MyersandSir OliverLodge)definehumanitybythequalitiesofmemory,affection,andcapacityforspirituality,takea differentview,andconsiderthebodyasthematerialrepresentationonlynotessentialtothehumanSelf,in whichIconcur.ThedifferencefromRichetisreallyoneofdefinition.(1)
(1)Ric hetdefinesmanasdoestheQuicunqueVult,(!)"thereasonablesoulandfleshisoneman,"andonthisdefinitionthe Athanasianc reeddemandsac orporealresurrectiontorec onstitutethehumanpersonality.

Butwhileunable,fromthenatureofthecase,toavoidthebearingofthephenomenaonReligion,because theyarealmostmeaninglessapartfromthatbearing,Ihavebeencarefultoavoiddirectreferencestothe creedsexceptintheonecrucialcase.Creedsseemtomethehumanformulationsofmysteriesmostof whichtranscendthepowersoflanguagetheyaretheformsinwhichearnestmenhavingveryvarious degreesofenlightenmenthavecasttheirperceptions.Iamnotcompetenttodiscussabstrusetheological questions,butitseemsclearthatcreedsarenecessarilyopentorestatementasknowledgeincreases, thoughsuchrestatementmaybeofformratherthanofsubstance.Formulaswillinevitablybemodifiedto accordwithfreshfacts.Theyhavealreadybeenmuchmodified:aGreatAssizefollowedbyeverlasting rewardorpunishmenthasbeengivenupbyallthinkingmenandwomen,andthisistacitlyadmittedbythe Churches,thoughtheyhavenotasyetputanyverydefiniteideasinplaceoftheprimitiveconcepts. Theprimenecessityatthepresentdayistosetinorderthesubstantiatedfacts,toshowthattheseare consistentwitheachother,withreligioushistory,andwiththedeepestintuitionsandinstinctsofmankind. ThepresentBishopofDurham,Dr.H.HensleyHenson,inhisepiscopalCharge(1924),tellshisclergythat "menofnecessitymakethreemaindemandsontheirreligionthatitshallprovidethemwithatolerable explanationoftheRiddleofExistence:thatitshallgivethemasufficientversionofduty:andthatitshall bringthemstrengthtofulfiltheobligationswhichperforcetheyacknowledge." Themetapsychicfactsfulfilthefirstdemandtheyimplythattheevolutionofcharacteristhepurposeoflife, andbyenablingustodiscriminatebetweenlegendary"miracles"andreal"signs"ofsupernormalpower, theyimmenselystrengthentheintellectualpositionofChristianity.F.W.H.Myerssaidthatwithoutthese factstherewouldacenturyhenceprobablynotbeaneducatedmanwhowouldbelieveintheResurrection ofChrist,whereaswiththesefactstherewillprobablybenonewhodisbelieveit.Theyrendertotally

unnecessarythenotionoftheresuscitationofacorpse. Thereis,however,oneaspectofthematteronwhichIfeelitimpossibletobesilent.Childrenarestilltaught theCreationmyths,theDeluge,theTowerofBabel,andtheearlyHebrewlegendsasfacts .Theirreligious instinctsarethuspoisonedatthesource.Theysoondiscoverthatnoreasonableadultbelievesthese things,andreligionbecomestothemanelaboratepretence.Theinjurythusdonetothegrowingmindis incalculableandcanhardlybeoverstated.Parentscantosomeextentcorrectthisperniciousschool "instruction"bypointingoutthattherealmeaningoftheEdenicstoryisthatweareallbornintothegarden oftheworldtomakeitbeautifulbuttheyveryrarelydo.Noteacherwhohasthenewknowledgewilldeemit necessarytostartwithlegendswhoserealhistoricalsignificanceisquitebeyondthechildishmind,norwill trytoimpartadvancedknowledgeprematurely.Achild'sreligionbeginsinrightdoing,andshouldnotbe basedonanytheologicalsystemwhatsoever,butonLoveandDuty.Thisbookhasnopropagandist intention.Thenewfactsdonot,andcannot,constituteanewreligioninanysense,buttakenalongwiththe "HigherCriticism"theymaketheBibleunderstandable.Mypurposehasbeentokeepcloselytoleading factsandthechiefinferencesfromthem,puttingforwardnomorethanhasbeenproved,andnotentering intoabstruseargumentsonthelimitsofthesubconscious.Ihaveevenscarcelymentionedthechief difficultyregardingsurvivalbutinviewofsomecriticismsthathavebeenpassedonthissubjectitis perhapsadvisabletosaysomethingatthispoint. Ifwearetoregardeveryhumanpersonalityas"animmortalsoul"thereisnogettingawayfromtheideathat allthecreaturescalledmenandwomen,fromtheanthropithecusonwardsthroughallsavageracesforthe lasthundredthousandyears,uptothemostdegradedracesofourownday,mustbesupposedtobe existentsomewhere.Thisismuchmoreincrediblethananyofthesupernormalfacts. Itistosomeextentanacademicquestion,becauseatthepresentlevelofdevelopment,survivalseemsan experimentalfact,certainlyforatime.Immortalityisanotherquestionaltogether,forthesolutionofwhich dataarefew. Theexplanationmaybeinvolvedintheprofounddistinction(longsincerecognizedbyOrientals)between theSelfandthepersonality.AnEnglishbabybroughtupinChinabyChinesewouldgrowupintoavery different"person"thaninEngland,whileremainingthesameSelf.Ifthepersonalityistheevolutionary expressionoftheSelfinresponsetoagivenenvironment,itisnecessarilytransformableandprogressive. Orientalssolvethedifficultybyrebirth.Itmustremainforusanopenquestion,furthercomplicatedbythe factthatallindicationspointtoafuturelifeunderconditionsthattranscendallournotionsofTime. Adistinguishedscientificmanhasrecentlysaidthatifthesurvivingmentalityissuchasisrevealedbymost "spiritcommunications,"hewouldpreferextinctionaveryreasonableremark,thoughitwouldalsoapplyto mostvillagers'conversation,andtothatofmanyothersthanvillagers.Averylargeproportionofsuch alleged"communications"areempty,frivolous,orvapidsomearefalse.Thisgivesrisetothenotunusual impressionthatninetenthsofwhat"comesthrough"isvalueless.ThatfigureisperhapsrathertoohighI shouldputitataboutthreefifths,takingaccountofthewholemassof"scripts."Iftheyarefrom"spirits"we maysurmisethattheautomatistisattractingthoseliketohimselfiftheyarefromthesubconsciousthe inferenceisstillmoreunflattering.Assomesittersgetonlyrationalandusefulmatter,itwouldbewellfor thosewhocomplainthattheygetempty,falseorfoolish"messages"tobecautiousbeforeimpaling themselvesononeorotherhornoftheobviousdilemma.Thosewhosaythatnothingnotalreadyknown evercomesbyautomaticwritingarereferredtoMr.BlighBond'sGateofRemembrance(Blackwell,Oxford), whichcontainsthestoryoftherevelationoflostsitesatGlastonburybythismeans,provedtruebyactual excavation,andtothepredictionsgiveninp.82andfollowing.Butwhetherthesurvivingpersonalityisofthe lowtypethatinmanycasesitcertainlyseems(iftheoriginofthescriptsiswhatitclaimstobe)depends onourselves.Ifweelecttoliveaccordingtothefleshalone,forpleasure,gain,orselfimportance,thatwould bejustthementalitythatnaturallywouldsurvive,anditsextinction,orevenitsimprovement,seemslikelyto beapainfulprocess. Thatisallthatvitallyconcernsus.Thereisnoneedtoseektobringalllifeunderoneformula.Wecanleave abstrusequestionsalone.Finally,Iwouldrepeatthatthisbookiswrittenforthosewhowishtoknowwhat classesoffactarereallysubstantiated,withtheconclusionstowhichtheypoint,andarewillingtogive somequietthoughttothematter.Thefactsstatedarenot,orshouldnotbe,controversial.Eachpersonwho thinksthemovercalmlycanformhisownconclusions,butitisworthsometroubletounderstandthe positioncreatedbydiscoveriesthatarealreadyproducingsuchfarreachingeffectsbothinScienceand ReligionthatsodistinguishedabiologistasProfessorDrieschcansaypubliclythewordsthatIhaveplaced

attheheadofmyfirstchapter. Intheexperimentsonsupernormalphotographythemediumswerenotpermittedtotouchtheplatesinany way.Iholdthecertificatesofmycoexperimentersconfirmingmyownstatement. StanleyDeBrath Weybridge,July1925

 Cha pte r 1

TheScientificAspectofSupernormalFacts
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"Theactualityofpsychicalphenomenaisdoubtedtodayonlybytheincorrigibledogmatist." HansDriesch,D.Phil.,LL.D.,M.D.,ProfessorofPhilosophy,Univ.,Leipsic THISquotationisfromanarticlebythedistinguishedbiologistwhohasrecentlybeenlecturingto scientificaudiencesattheLondonUniversity,inTheQuestofJuly1924.ThearticleisOntheBiological SettingofPsychicalPhenomenaitspurposeistoshowthatthemechanistictheoryoflifeisinconsistent withexperimentalfacts.Lifeisnotameremechanism. Hewasapparentlyledtohisconclusionsbythestudyofthesupernormalfacts(aswasA.R.Wallace),but hehassupportedthembysomecrucialphysiologicalexperiments.Iftwooutofthefourcellsfirstformedin thefertilizedeggofcertainmarineanimals(seaurchins)areremoved,theremainingpairdevelopintoa perfectanimal,buthalfsize.This,andotherexperiments,showthattheprimordialcellsofanorganismare notappropriatedtotheproductionofspecificorgans,butthateachcellcontainsthepotentialitiesofthe whole. ThisisthefundamentaldistinctionbetweenMechanismandgrowth:nopartofamechanismcanbe removedwithoutimpairingitsfunction:Lifeonlycanmakegoodthepartsremoved.Thereisapsychic factor,andthesupernormalphenomenaillustrateitsnature. 1.TheGenesisofModernScience Inordertomakethepositionclear,thepsychicfactsmustbelinkedupwithSciencegenerally,forthesake oftheunbrokensequence,andIwillthereforetakeahastyglanceatwhateveryoneissupposedtoknow, becausethesethingsleadintooneanotherinamannernotgenerallyrecognized. Inthe"goodoldtimes"ofthefourteenthcentury,whentherewasnodrainageofanykindandallhousehold refusewasthrownintothestreetswhenonefourthofthewholepopulationofEuropediedofthePlague(the BlackDeath)whenthieves,coiners,andclipperswerehangedpubliclyinbatcheswhenhereticswere burnedalive,andwomenweredrownedorburntforwitchcraftwhenEnglandwasengagedintheHundred Years'WartomaintainashadowyclaimtobesuzerainofFrance,aGermanmonknamedSchwartzseems tohavediscoveredorbroughttonoticeanewexplosive. Thiswasfelttobesovaluableaninventionthatitwasspeedilyadopted,andChemistrycameintorespect notthelessthatitwasbythemanythoughttobediabolical.Laterthisinventionproducedsomeveryfar reachingresultsitwasamainfactorinbringingtheFeudalSystemtoitsendbyenablingtheCrownto havethemonopolyofthatusefulinstrumentofappliedscienceknownasArtillery,anditstruckthefirst reallyseriousblowattheauthorityofthePapacybyencouragingkingstomaintainstandingarmiesof professionalsoldiers.Itwasallverywelltoabsolvesubjectsfromallegiancetoamonarchwhocouldonly disposeofbaroniallevies,butbecamefutilewhenhecoulddealwithrebelswithgrapeshot,andbatter downanybaronialcastle.Othermerelyintellectualdiscoverieswerelesspracticalandattractedmuchless attention. In1540aPolenamedKoppernigt(Copernicus)pointedoutthatobservationsshowreasontoconcludethat theearthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse,norevenofthesolarsystem,andthatifitbemovingroundthe sun,allthephenomenaofseasonalchangearesimplyaccountedfor.Thisbeingcontrarytocommon sense,toreceivedopinions,andtoHolyScripture,wasillreceivedandremainedinabeyanceforseventy threeyears. In1608aDutchmannamedLippersheyarrangedtwolensesasatelescope.In1613anItalian,oneGalileo, improveditandshowedthatthemoonisasphere.TheprofessorsofPaduaUniversityrefusedeventolook

throughtheinstrument.Healsomadeexperimentsongravitationanddiscovereditschieflaws.Hefavoured theCopernicantheory,buttheHolyOffice(notthePope)denounceditas"Iabsurdinphilosophyand formallyheretical."Galileohadtorecant,butwasgentlydealtwith.ThestoryEppursimuoveisafiction. 2.TheExperimentalMethod Anotherseventythreeyearselapsed,andin1686anEnglishmannamedNewtonpublishedabookon mechanics,inwhichheshowed,amongafewotherthings,thataheavybodyinmotionwillgoonatthe samespeedinastraightlineforevertillarrestedordeflectedbydefiniteforces.Infactitwillgoontillthere issomethingtostopitnot,saidthecritics,anyverynotablediscovery.Itwasnotable,however,forit substitutedrealforcesfortheusualnotionof"affinities"and"tendencies"asthecausesofmotion.Healso calculatedthatifgravitationextendsasfarasthemoon,thatwouldaccountforitsfalloffifteenfeetper minutetowardstheearth,and,inconjunctionwiththedespisedFirstLawabovementioned,wouldalso accountforitsorbit.Healsofoundthatallotherplanetarynotionscouldbesimilarlyexplained.(1)
(1)Newtondidnotdiscovergravitation,andthestoryoftheappleisasillyfic tion.Gravitationwasdisc overedbythefirstpalaeolithic flintc hipperwhodroppedhisflintonhisfoot.Hedidnotkic kitbec ausehistoeswerebare,andhedidnotswearbec ausehehad notyetlearnedhow,buthediscoveredthatheavybodiesfallvertically.GalileomadethenextstepandNewtonapplieditto astronomy.

TheCopernicanastronomy,condemnedbyCatholicsandReformersalike,wasprovedtruebyresults,but Newtonhimselfwasviolentlyassailed,asallgreatdiscoverershavealwaysbeen.Hewrotetohisfriend Oldenburg: IseeIhavemademyselfaslavetophilosophy,butifIgetfreeofMr.Lucas'business,Iwill resolutelybidadieutoiteternally,exceptwhatIdoformyprivatesatisfactionorleaveto comeoutaftermeforIseeamanmusteitherresolvetoputoutnothingnew,ortobecomea slavetodefendit. Fortunatelyhisloveoftruthpreventedthatresolutionbeingkepthediscoveredandpublishedagoodmany otherfacts,allofwhicharedependentontheinvariablelawsofthatinvisibleentitywhichwenowcall Energy.Heinventedthedifferentialcalculusinhissparetimetomakehisworkeasier,anditmay reasonablybeclaimedthatmodernscience,basedonexperimentinsteadofargumentation,beginswithhis name.AgainaboutseventyyearsafterNewton,towardsthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,whenthe mathematicsofthePrincipiahadwontheirway,agroupofFrenchmen,ofwhomthemostdistinguished wereLavoisierandLaplace,establishedbyexperimentthegeneralprinciplesofphysicalsciencethathave prevailedeversince.Lavoisier,forinstance,discoveredthatthe"ash"ofametalisheavierthanthemetal fromwhichitisderivedandhedrewtheremarkableinference,muchdisputedatthetime,thatsomething hadbeenaddedtothemetal.That"something"heisolatedandnameditOxygen,andonthathefounded thechemicalnomenclaturethathasbeeninuseeversince,bywhichthestructureofacompoundis describedbyitsname.Laplace,adoptingNewton'sastronomy,developedthebrillianttheoryknownasthe NebularHypothesis.Thenceforward,continuousprogressfollowedtheExperimentalMethodwhichconsists inexaminingcloselysmallorexceptionalfactsofNaturewhichtheaveragemandisregardsordenies. Twomorelandmarksmustbenoted:In1841Faradayfoundthatthemotionofawiretowardsamagnet generatesatinypulseofelectricity.Thistriflegrewintotheimmenseelectricalindustriesoftoday. FiveyearslaterGrove,inhisCorrelationofthePhysicalForces ,showedthatelectrical,magnetic,and thermalenergiesaremutuallyconvertibleinmathematicallyexactandinvariablequantitiestheyare,infact, differentformsofthesamethinginvisible,intangible,andimponderableEnergytheproximatecauseofall changewhatsoever.Thislastdiscoveryneedsmorethanapassingnotice,foritrevealedsomethingin NatureradicallydifferentfromthecrudechemicalatomicMatterwhichwasthenthoughttobe untransformableandisnowartificiallytransformedwithdifficulty,andinverysmallquantities,whereasheat iseasilytransformedintomotion,magnetism,electricity,light,andchemicalchange,andviceversa. AfairlydefiniteconceptofEnergyisabsolutelyessentialtoanyunderstandingofthesupernormalfacts. Hereagain,however,weneednottroubleourselvesaboutwhatEnergymaybeinitself.Forpractical purposesitis"thepowerofdoingmechanicalwork,"i.e.thepowerofproducingvisiblemotionorchanging thestateofmatter,fromsolidtoliquidandliquidtogas,orotherwise.Energycanbestored(potential,asin acoiledspringoraraisedweight)oritcanbekinetic(active,asactualmotion).Forinstance:Potential

energyisreleased(asheat)bythecombinationofcoalwiththeoxygenoftheairchangeswatertosteam, nopressurecanstopthisthepressureandexpansionofthesteaminthecylinderdrivestheenginethus convertingtheheatintomotion.Thismotionismeasurableinfootpounds,i.e.theunitofpowerbeing1lb. raised1ft.againstgravity.EverychangeinNaturethewind,thetides,growthofplants,flowofrivers,fire, light,andchemicalchangeofallkindsisproducedbyinvisibleintangibleenergy.Gravitation,Heat,Light, Electricity NervousPowerareallformsormanifestationsofenergy.Solarenergygrowsthewheat,itsenergyis communicatedtothebodyasfood,andexpendedinphysiologicalacts,andis"dissipated"aslowgrade heat,butnotdestroyed.Itisremarkablethatacoldwindorafallinthetemperatureoftheroomisoften concomitantwithsupernormalphysicalphenomena.Thisindicatesalossofenergybytheenvironing atmosphere,andisimportantasindicatingsomecluetothesourceofenergyutilized. Thephysicalenergiesareinterconvertibleinexactquantities(e.g.energyrequiredtoraise1lb.ofwaterI0 Fahr.=772footpounds).Energyinitselfisnotintelligent,butcanbedirected.Allmanufacturedarticlesare theresultsofenergydirectedbyhumanminds.Engineeringscienceisthescienceofdirectingtheenergies ofNaturetotheserviceofman.Naturalobjectsandphenomenaaretheresultsofenergydirectedbythe CosmicMind. Thisenergyrequiresavehicleormediumforitstransmissionandastheformofenergycalledlighthasa measuredspeedandcomestousfromthesunandstars,itisinferredthatallspace,includingthat occupiedbymaterialthings,ispermeatedbyanimponderable,elastic,frictionless,invisiblesubstance whichhasalsoaveryhighrigidityandiscalledtheEther.Itisonlyimponderableinthesensethatwateris imponderableinwater,butithasawholerealmofPhysicstoitself.It'squalitiesarecontradictoryfromthe pointofviewofordinaryphysics. Latterly,theanalysisofthechemicalatomhasshownthatoursolidponderableMatterisnotaselfexistent ultimateentity,butitalsointhelastanalysisisaformofimpalpableenergy,beingsimplyamore permanentformofetherialrelationthanthesocalledphysicalforces.Itissaidtoconsistofprotonsand electronsinmotionatplanetaryvelocitiesinatomsthemselvestenthousandtimestoosmalltobeseenby themicroscope. This,whichismuchmoreunimaginablethananyofthesupernormalphenomena,isreadilyaccepted. Why?Wemaysuspectthatthereasonisthatitmakesnoclaimonmorality.This,however,belongstothe religiousaspectandnottothescientific. 3.ThePresentPositionofScience Inshort,startingwiththefirstapplicationofchemistrytopoliticallife(asaforetasteofitsbenefitsstillin storeintheshapeofhighexplosiveandpoisongas),therehavebeendiscoveriesthathaverevolutionized theartsofpeaceandwar,andallpointtotheimpermanenceandquitesecondaryimportanceofmaterial thingscomparedwiththecharacterthatmakesuseofthem. ThereisalsogreatconfusionofmindbetweentherelativitythatincludesMatterandthatwhichdoesnot. Thematerialityoftheelectron(ifitismaterial)isverydifferentfromthematerialityofthechemicalmolecule. But,howeverthechemicalatomscameintoexistenceandwhatevertheircomposition,theatomsthatwe knowasoxygen,iron,sodium,etc.,areatthebaseoftherelationsinwhichweexist.Spaceisthe distancemeasuredinthreedirectionsbetweenrealorimaginedmassesTimeisrateofchange,eitherin materialthingsliketheageingofatree,orinpositionasoftheearthwithrespecttothesun.Theactual durationoftheminuteandsecondisinverselyproportionaltothemassoftheearthonalargerplanetthe pendulumwouldswingfaster,onasmalleroneslowerthanwithusournotionsofTimeareboundupwith Matter,ourbodiesaremadeofitandoursensesarerelatedtoit.Wereallyknowthree,andonlythree, kindsofrealityinthisrelationMatter,EnergyandMind.Allthathasweightbelongstothefirst:allchange offormiscausedbythesecond:andalllivingthings(andprobablyallinanimatethingsalso)are,as ProfessorDrieschshows,productsofenergiesdirectedbyIntelligence(Mind):allart,literature,inventions, andhumanactivitiesaremindinactionandChurches,nations,andpartiesarebutgroupsofmindsin differentmodesofmanifestation.Weneednotgobehindthisforourstudyofthesupernormalfacts,though theexplanationofthemmaytakeusintothatetherialrealmwhosephysicssciencehasbeguntoexplore.

ThisconsiderationwillrelieveusfromtheperplexitiesoftheFourthDimensionandEinstein'sTimespace speculationsalmostasmysteriousastheperegrinationsoftheyoungladynamedBright,whowouldtravel muchfasterthanlight.Shestartedonedayinarelativewayandcamebackthepreviousnight! 4.TheConflictofSciencewithTheology AfterGroveawholegalaxyofnewsciencescameintobeing,andshoweduniformityoflawpervadinga universesovastthatitsspacesareestimatedinlightyearslight,travellingat186,00milespersecond, takingcenturiestoreachusextendingtounimaginabledepthsoftimeandspace.Allchangewas recognizedtobebythetransferortransformationofEnergytheearthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse,but oneofthesmallerplanetsattendantonasunwhichisbutaminorstarandManwasdevelopedfroma loweranimalform. TheChurches,whichhadignored(and,asDeanIngeremarks,stillignore)Copernicus'abolitionofalocal heaveninthesky,wereseriouslyalarmedbyLyell'sGeologyandDarwin'sDescentofMan.Theyelectedto standontheinerrancyoftheBible,thoughOrigen(A.D.250),whomHarnackconsiders"themost distinguishedandinfluentialofallthetheologiansoftheancientChurchwiththepossibleexceptionof Augustine,"hadshownthatthevalueofalltheOldTestamentnarratives(theNewTestamentwasnotyet compiled)liesintheirreceptionasvehiclesofspiritualideas,independentlyoftheirauthenticity,andhad ridiculedtheirliteralacceptance.Unabletoperceivethatthisviewwouldhavemadeanyconflictwith scientificdiscoveriesimpossible,theChurchesidentifiedReligionwithaninfantiletheology.Inconflictwith factstheywereofcoursedefeatedallalongtheline,andlostprestigeaccordingly. NowScienceistheverificationoffactssensoriallyperceivedanddiscoveryoftheirproximatecausesand inthelaboratory,theobservatory,andthedissectingroomonlyphysicalfactscanbeverified.Their interpretationcanonlybebysuchfewlawsofenergyashaveyetbeendiscovered.SolongasScience standsonthatground,shespeakswiththevoiceoftruthherfactsareestablished,andhertheoriesare admittedlyprovisionalworkinghypotheses. Butsundryprofessors,irritatedbytheclericalattitude,wentmuchfartherthanthis,andleavingtheprovince ofSciencefortherealmsofPhilosophy,theyundertooktoformulateaphilosophyoflife,forgettingthat "science"is"knowledge,"not"wisdom,"andthatanyvalidphilosophymustcoverallfactsphysical, biological,historic,aestheticalandethical.HaeckelundertooktoanswertheRiddleoftheUniverse,and dismissinggenius,art,music,religion,andethics(inshort,thephenomenaofMind)as"epiphenomena" chancebyproductshedeclaredthatthoughtisasecretionofthebrainimpossiblewithoutphosphorus, thatMindisaproductofMatterandEnergy,andthatallthingsproceedfromaceaselessinterchangeof energyundirectedbyconsciousIntelligence.Hesays: Thedevelopmentoftheuniverseisamonisticmechanicalprocess,inwhichwediscoverno aimorpurposewhateverwhatwecall"design"intheorganicworldisaspecialresultof biologicalagencies...allistheresultofchance...Ourownhumannature"whichexalted itselfintoanimageofGodinananthropisticillusion,sink stothelevelofaplacentalmammal whichhasnotmorevaluetotheuniverseatlargethantheant,theflyofasummer'sdayor thesmallestbacillus...TheConservationofEnergy"rulesoutthethreecentraldogmasof metaphysicsGod,Freedom,andImmortality"(RiddleoftheUniverse,p.87.) ThisdoctrineofremorselessandconsciencelesscompetitionbytheStruggleforExistenceandSurvivalof theFittest,repeatedincyclesofendlesschangetilltheearthfallsintothesun,wasproclaimedasthelast wordofmodernscience.Nietzsche,whodeclaredthathehadsearchedthroughtheNewTestamentwithout findingonenoblethought,stigmatisedChristianityas"aslavereligion,"andclaimedthatthesupermanis "abovegoodandevil."Heasks,"Whatismoreharmfulthananyvice?"andsuppliestheanswer,"Pityfor theweakandhelpless." ThisreleasefrommoralresponsibilitywasfoundsoattractivethatitspreadthroughEuropelikea contagiousdisease.GermanyinparticularwentbacktwentycenturiestotheethicsoftheRomanEmpire, andsoughttoreestablishtheRomanWeltmacht.EuropehasreapedintheGreatWarandtheburdensit hasleftbehinditthefirstcropofitsscepticalsowing.Thereisstillaharvestofclasswar,racewar,poison gas,incendiarybombsandhighexplosive,awaitingmaturityorweedingout.

5.TheNewDeparture Thisneatandfinalmaterialistictheoryaccountedforeverythingexcepttheselectiveanddirectingforcesof life,rightandwrong,genius,supernormalphenomena,andafewotherthingslikeunselfishloveand heroism,andthecharacterbywhichmenandnationslive.Itisnotaphilosophy,becauseitleavesmatters ofthehighestimportanceunrecognizedandunaccountedfor.Itmighthavebeenjudgedbyitsfruits independentlyofreasonbutithasbeenrudelyupsetbyundeniablefactsprovingtheexistenceofforcesof quiteanotherorderthanthephysical. Thephysicalforcesareunintelligent,theyshownovolitionchlorinewillbleachorasphyxiate,electricity willlight,warm,orkillwithsublimeindifference.Thenewforcesareintelligentandvolitionaltheyproduce livingorsemilivingformstheycognisethepast,thedistantand(sometimes)thefuture.Theybeganin unaccountable"rappings"thatconveyed"messages,"andtheseweakthingswhichseemchosento confoundthewisehaveforcedtheirwayintopublicnoticeafterseventyyearsofdenial,doubt,ridiculeand obstruction. Therearealways,however,menawareoftheimmensedifferencebetweenfactsandopinions.Theyknew thatSciencedatesfromtheadoptionoftheexperimentalmethodinsteadofdialectic,andtheyappliedthat methodtotheallegedphenomena. Thenewdeparturehadastoundingresults.Expectingtofindthephenomenaillusionsorfrauds,theyfound themtrue.Crookes,theeminentchemistwhodiscoveredthallium,said:"Idonotsaythis[materialization] ispossibleIsayitistrue."Wallace,whostartedincompletescepticism,said:"Iwasconvincedbythe weightofthefacts."In1882theSocietyforPsychicalResearchwasfoundedunderthepresidencyofHenry Sidgwick,ProfessorofMoralPhilosophyintheUniversityofCambridge,byEdmundGurney,F.W.H. Myers,AndrewLang,Professor(nowSirWilliam)Barrett,Mrs.Sidgwick,F.Podmore,LordTennyson,Lord Rayleigh,andProfessorAdams.Itsprogrammewastheexaminationof(1)Telepathy,(2)Hypnotism,(3) Sensitives,(4)Reportsonapparitions,monitions,"hauntedhouses,"andthelike,(5)Spiritualist phenomena,and(6)historicaldata. Extensiveexperimentswerecarriedoutonthefirst,andobservationsonthefourthitemsofthisprogramme, resultinginthedefiniteproofofinfluencefrommindtomindbutthemethodsoftheSocietybeingchieflyby "researchofficers"investigatingsporadicphenomenaofthefourthclass,itwaslargelydependentonthe viewsofindividualcritics.Spiritualisticsancesbeingrarelyconductedunderrigidsystemsofcontroland mostlywithoutanycontrolatall,theyweregenerallyassumedtobefraudulent,fellunderthebanofthe Society,anddroppedmoreorlessoutofinvestigationandthedecisionnottoemploy"professional mediums"(i.e.speciallygiftedpersons)cutattherootofexperimentation.Astimewenton,dialectical discussiontendedmoreandmoretodisplaceexperiment,exceptsuchaswascarriedonbyprivate enterprise,andfortherecordsofsystematicandscientificexperimentonobjectivephenomenawehaveto looktoFrance,Italy,Germany,andPoland.Therearetwo,andonlytwo,methodsofscientificprogress (1)directfirsthandexperimentand(2)studyoftheworksofthosewhohavesoexperimented.Thepractical Englishmindhasdevoteditselfwithimmensesuccesstotheformerinphysicalandmechanicalscience, butdespitethepronouncementsofsopracticalamanasMr.Gladstonethatpsychicalresearchisthemost importantscientificworkofthedayandofMr.G.F.Romanes,F.R.S.,that"iftheallegedphenomenaare true,theywouldbeofmoreimportancethananyotherinthescienceandphilosophyofourtime,"thiskind ofexperimentationhasbeensystematicallyneglectedinEngland.Thisisthemoresurprisingasthe objectivefactsarenotonlytheguaranteeofreality,butthrowmuchlightonthesubjectivegroup,whereas thesubjectivefactsareoflittleornohelptounderstandingtheobjective.Itisnottoomuchtosaythatthe formercannotbeexplainedatallwithoutthelatter.

 Cha pte r 2

TheObjectiveFacts
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"Beforeexperienceitselfcanbeusedwithadvantagethereisonepreliminarysteptomak e,whichdepends whollyonourselves:itistheabsolutedismissalandclearingfromthemindofallprejudice,andthe determinationtostandorfallbytheresultofadirectappealtofactsinthefirstinstance,andofstrict logicaldeductionfromthemafterwards" SirJohnHerschell THREEquestionsatoncepresentthemselveswithreferencetothemanyallegationspressedupon us: (1)Whatarethefactsdefinitelysubstantiatedbyscientificmethods? (2)Whatistheevidenceforthem? (3)Whatistheiruseandvalue? Ishalltakethesecondquestionfirst,becauseafterbrieflydisposingofthatIcanproceedtothefacts themselves. 1.TheWitnesstotheFacts Theevidencebulksverylargeandisdailyincreasing.Hundredsofpersonshaveseensomeofthesethings. Thenumberofmenofsciencewhohaveexperimentedtotesttheirtruthisalreadyconsiderable.Themere bibliographyoccupiestwocloselyprintedpagesinProfessorRichet'sTreatiseonthesubject,andamong thesewitnessesImayquotethefollowing:ProfessorDeMorgan(1863)TheLondonDialecticalSociety's Report(1870)SirWilliamCrookes,F.R.S.(1874)Dr.A.R.Wallace,O.M.(1875)ProfessorZollner (1879)ProfessorAksakof(1890)ProfessorBrofferio(1892)F.W.H.Myers(1902)J.Maxwell(1905) ProfessorHyslop(1905)ProfessorE.Boirac(1907)SirWilliamBarrett,F.R.S.(1908)SirOliverLodge, F.R.S.(1909)ProfessorCalderone(1913)Dr.G.Geley(1919)Dr.vonSchrenckNotzing(1920)Professor Richet(1922)Dr.E.Osty(1923)alsoalargenumberofmenofstandingandpositionChiaia, Schiaparelli,Gerosa,Finzi,Morselli,Foa,Bozzano,Botazzi,alluniversityprofessorsinItalydeGramont, deRochas,Segard,P.CurieandMme.Curie,d'Arsonval,Courtier,Watteville,Dariex,andSabatierin FranceOchorowiczinPolandCromwellVarley,EdmundGurney,Feilding,Carrington,ProfessorandMrs. Sidgwick,F.Hodgson,andothersinEngland. Eachofthesehastestifiedtosomeoneorother(sometomany)ofthefacts,thoughvaryinggreatlyintheir interpretationsnottospeakoftheimmensemassofobserversmentionedintheProceedings oftheEnglish andAmericanS.P.R.,andtherecentlypublishedcertificateofover100Germandoctorsandscientiststo thegenuinenessofSchrenckNotzing'sexperimentsatwhichtheywerepresent,andthesimilardeclaration of35highlyplacedliteraryandscientificmeninParis.Ihavegiventheforegoingdatestoshowthe continuousdevelopmentofthesubject,butsomeofthewritershavepublishedworksbothearlierandlater thanthedatesquoted.Itistoberemarkedthatnearly,ifnotquiteall,ofthesemenwereentirelysceptical atthebeginningoftheirinvestigations,andthatnoneofthemwereconvincedbycasualsances,butonly bylongcontinuedandpatientexperiments.Evennewspapermenhavenearlygivenupscoffing! 2.TwoGeneralAspects ThefactstestifiedtohavetwoleadingaspectstheScientific,knownasPsychicalResearch,andthe Religious,knownasSpiritualism.Itcannotbeoveremphasizedthatthebasicfactsarethesameinboth, thoughspiritualistsrecognizesome(suchascommunicationsfromtheUnseen)thatarenotyetadmitted asfactsbymostmenonthescientificside(1)Allimportantdiscoverieshavethesetwoaspectsitisonly necessarytorecallthenamesofGalileo,Lyell,Lamarck,andDarwintoperceivethattheirdiscoverieshad

farreachingreligiousimplicationsandprovokedasmuchoppositionasthesupernormalfactshavenowto encounter.ItisacuriousandmelancholyreflectionthatfromCopernicusandNewtontoPasteurand Richet,everygreatadvancehasbeenreceivedwithdeterminedhostilitybymanyoftheverymenwhose position,whetherinscienceorreligion,madethereceptionoftruththeirspecialfunctionandduty.

(1)Nevertheless,nosharplinecanbedrawn:somedistinguishedmenonthescientific side(suc hasSirWilliamCrookes,SirWilliam Barrett,SirOliverLodge,SirA.ConanDoyle,ProfessorHyslop,ProfessorBozzano,andalargenumberofthemembersand associatesoftheS.P.R.areconvincedofsurvivalandcommunication.Meanwhile,Istronglydeprec ateoppositionbetweenthose whoacc eptrathermoreandthosewhoacceptratherlessthanhasbeenformallyproved,oracc ountforthefac tsindiverseways. TheonesideistypifiedbymenlikeSirWilliamBrewster,whosaid"SpiritisthelastthingIwillgiveinto,"andtheotherbyfanatic al spiritualistswhoscornthesc ientific investigationsfundamentaltotheirownposition,fornothingoutofharmonywithScienc ewill getanyextendedhearing.ThewholedifferencebetweenPsyc hic alResearchandSpiritualismliesinthetreatmentofthesame factsbytwotypesofmind:theoneworksforthepuresc ienc ewhichappealsonlytothefewtheotherseekstoturnthemanytoa recognitionofspiritualverities. Asforcertainc hemistsandphysiologistswhodenyorcontemnthewhole,noman'sopinionisworthanythingonanewsc ience,on whic hhehasnotexperimentedcarefully,afterstudyingtheworkofhispredecessors.

3.WhataretheFacts? Theyfallintotwoclasses: (1)TheObjectivewheresomevisible,tangible,orfulfilledresultremainsforexamination. TheseareMovementsofheavybodieswithoutapparentcontact(telekinesis) MaterializationsHealingandSupernormalphotography. (2)TheSubjective(mentalorpsychological)suchasClairvoyance,Crystalvision,Lucidity, Telepathy,Prediction,andthelike. Itisnoteasytodrawaclearlinebetweenthetwosomephenomenapartakeofboth.Prediction,for instance,isentirelysubjectivetillthepredictionisfulfilled.Dowsingforwaterissubjectivetillthewateris found.Automaticwritingissubjectiveastothemethod,objectiveinrespectofthematterwritten. Thefactsoftheobjectivegrouparetheveryfoundationsofpsychicalresearch,becausetheyarethevisible, tangibleproofsthatwearedealingwithverymuchmorethanthesubconsciousfacultiesofthemindto whichthesubjective(psychological)phenomenaareoftenentirelyreferred.Itisimpossibletoascribeto subconsciousnessanectoplasmicmaterializationwhichhasbeenphotographedbyflashlight,ora photographproducedwheretherehasbeennovisibleobjectpresent. Ishalldealinthissectiononlywiththosefactsthathavebeenabsolutelyandrepeatedlyproved:thereare othersconcerningwhichweshouldsuspendjudgment. ThechiefprogressherehasbeenmadeinFrance,inGermany,inItaly,andinPoland,especiallyinthe firstnamedcountry,wherealonetherehasbeenfoundawealthymansufficientlyimbuedwithasenseof theimportanceofthesubjecttoendowduringhislifetimeaninstituteforexperimentalwork.
(1)AbequestOf400,000dollarshasrecentlybeenmadetoendowaChairofPsyc hicalResearc hintheUniversityofColumbia, U.S.A.

4.TheInternationalMetapsychicInstitute(Paris) In1920Mr.JeanMeyer,havingreceivedindubitableproofsoftherealityofthephenomena,foundedthis Institute,placingitunderthehonorarypresidencyofProfessorCharlesRichet,andinvitingleadingmenof sciencetobemembersofitsCouncilandtoconductactualexperimentalwork underthedirectorshipofDr. Geley,mygreatfriendwhoserecentdeathbythecrashoftheaeroplaneinwhichhewastravellingfrom WarsawtoParisweprofoundlydeplore. Itslaboratoryisfurnishedregardlessofexpense,withautomaticandselfrecordingweighingmachines, photographicappliancesandeverypossibleaidtoobservation.Itislockedofffromallotherroomsandis notenteredbyanypersonsbuttheexperimentersandfriendstheymayseefittotakewiththem.The methodpursuedistomakephysicallyimpossibleanyfraudulentimitationofphenomena,asIhavemyself

seen.Thusfortelekinesisthemediumisseatedinasmalllockedcabinetofclosemeshwirenetting.The lightingiscontrollablebyswitchesfromafeebleredlighttopowerfulelectricflashes.Almostall experimentsarecarriedoutinthelight,modifiedaccordingtorequirements. 5.Telekinesis Themovementofobjectswithoutphysicalcontacthasbeencarefullyverified,andthisfirstandvery commonphenomenonneednotbeminutelydescribed.ThemostexhaustiveexperimentsweremadebyMr. W.J.Crawford,B.Sc.,ofBelfast,forthreeconsecutiveyears.InhisRealityofPsychicPhenomenaand otherworksheshows:(1)thatthemediumbeingseatedonachairplacedontheplatformofaweighing machineregisteringto2oz.thereisalossofweightwhilethephenomenaareinprogress(2)thatthereis aninvisible,ordimlyvisible,connectionbetweenthemediumandtheobjectdisplaced(3)thateveninits invisibleconditionthis(ectoplasmic)connectioncancarrypoweritisavehicleofenergy(4)thatastrong lightdispersesthepower(5)thatamoderatelightcanbebornewithoutinterferencewiththeresults(6) thatthisconnectioncanassumemechanicalforms,rodsorcantilevers(7)thatthese,evenwheninvisible, candischargeanelectroscopeand(8)thatverbalrequestsmodifyresults. 6.EctoplasmicForms ThemoststrikingresultobtainedattheParisInstituteistheverificationofectoplasmicforms. Ithaslongbeenknown,andconfirmedbysuchcarefulexperimentalistsasDr.A.R.WallaceandSir WilliamCrookes,thatfromcertainmediumsinthetrancestatethereemanatesatenuoussubstancewhich assumesanimatedformssuchasfaces,hands,andfeet,havingtosightandtouchalltheappearancesof life.ThishasbeenamplyconfirmedinthelockedlaboratoryoftheInstitutebyrepeatedexperiments extendingovermanymonths.Thesubstanceishighlyideoplasticcapableofbeingmouldedbymind. Themediumhavingbeencompletelyundressedandreclothedinblackgarmentsprovided,andmoreover havingbeenmostthoroughlyexaminedmedically,wasseatedinachairscreenedfromlightbycurtains, andspeedilyfellintotrance.Theexperimentswereconductedbydullredlight.Thefirstappearanceof ectoplasmwasinformofluminouspatcheswhichcoalescedintoalargermassinwhichtheregrew,under theeyesofthespectators,livingfacesandforms.Theeyesmove,themouthsmiles,andthehandsgrasp. Allwerephotographedbyflashlightinthewholecourseoftheirgenesisanddisappearance.Theentire processisdescribedinfulldetailinDr.Geley'slastbook,EcloplasmieetClairvoyance,andalsoinFrom theUnconscioustotheConscious .ThephotographinthefrontispieceisreproducedfromDr.Geley's originalbykindpermission. InapaperreadbeforetheMetapsychicCongressatCopenhagenin1921Dr.Geleysays: Theectoplasmicphenomenonisaphysicalextensionofthemedium.Duringtranceaportion ofherorganismisexteriorized.Thisportionissometimessmall,sometimesconsiderable.It isfirstobservableasanamorphoussubstancewhichmaybesolidorvaporousitthentak es organicform(usuallyveryquick ly)andthereappearformswhich,whenthephenomenonis complete,mayhavealltheanatomicalandphysiologicalcharacteristicsoflivingorgans.The ectoplasmhasbecomeaBeing,orfractionofabeing,butalwaysinclosedependenceon thebodyofthemedium,ofwhichitisak indofprolongationandintowhichitisabsorbedat theendoftheexperiment...Thisfactisestablishedbyflashlightphotographsofmaterialized forms,impressionsofthemonclay,putty,andlampblack enedpaper,andhollowcastsof theminparaffinwax.Theectoplasmicphenomenaarethesameinallcountries,whoeverthe mediumandtheobserversmaybe.Crook es,Dr.Gibier,SirOliverLodge,ProfessorRichet, Ochorowicz,ProfessorMorselli,Mme.Bisson,Dr.Schrenck Notzing,Dr.Geley,Dr.Crawford, Lebiedzinsk iandothershavegivenrigorouslyconcordantdescriptions . Apartfromitsfarreachingphilosophicalimplications,thephenomenonisrelativelysimple, butmuchcumulativework wasneededtoreachpreciseideasonitsgenesis.Amongsuch work ,thatwhichrefersspeciallytothenatureofthesubstanceishighlyimportant.Itappears underthreeaspects,thevaporousandthesolidorthesemisolid.Bothhavebeenobserved withpowerfulmediumssuchasMr.EglingtonandMme.d'Esperance.Itiscurious,however,

thatthefirstobserversdidnotestablishthesystematicandinvariablerelationthatexists betweentheshapelessectoplasmandthecompletedmaterializationthelatterisdeveloped outoftheformer,sometimesveryslowly. Dr.Geleycontinues: In1909Mme.BissonmadetheacquaintanceofEvaC.(MartheBeraud)andbegantowork withher.SheobservedthatEva'sheadandfacewerecoveredwithak indofwhitesubstance whichchangedheraspect...In1910ProfessorSchrenck Notzingtook thematterupand work edwithMme.Bisson.HisinvestigationsandthoseofDr.Geley,bothwithMme.Bisson, werepublishedsimultaneouslyinFranceandGermany.Thesubstanceinitsvaporous conditionappearsasafog,moreorlessvisible,sometimesslightlyphosphorescent,which proceedsmainlyfromthemedium'shead.Inthisfogthereappearbrighterpointsof condensation,resemblingthelightoftheglowworm.Whethertheemanationbesolidor gaseous,itisusuallyrapidlyorganized,andgivesmaterializationswhichmaybeabortive (partial)orcompleteandperfect.Bothgeneratelightsometimestheformsareselfluminous, eithercompletelyorinplaces. Verydistinctanalogiescanbetracedbetweentheectoplasmicprocessandsomewellk nown biologicfacts: Thefirstoftheseisthetransformationofsomeinsectsinthechrysalisthelarvaisalmost entirelyreducedtoawhitepulpandisreintegratedintoneworgansbyinteriorforces. Thesecondstrik inganalogyiswiththeemissionofcoldlightbycertaininsects,microbes, deepseafishes,andplantsalsointhefirststagesofdecompositionoforganicmatter.Inall thesecasesweobservethetransformationofbiologicenergyintoluminousenergywithout anysensibleproductionofheat. 7.CastsinParaffinWax Themostundeniableproofsoftherealityofmaterializationare:(1)theseriesofphotographstakenby flashlightbyDr.GeleyandProfessorRichetinthelaboratoryoftheInstitute,showingthesuccessive phasesofthephenomenonand(2)thehollowmouldsofhandsandfeet,takeninparaffinwax.Thefull detailoftheseexperimentsisgiveninDr.Geley'slastbook,EctoplasmieetClairvoyance.(1) Inbrief,theexperimenterspreparedintheirownlaboratoryaspecialmixtureofparaffinwaxcolouredwith bluedyeandimpregnatedwithcholesterin,achemicaladmittingofeasytest.Thisparaffin,keptatmelting pointbybeingfloatedonwarmwater,wasplacednearthemedium,FranekKluski.Asarule,the ectoplasmicmaterializationsaretoofleetingtobemoulded,butwiththismediumtheyarerathermore durable.Themedium'shandswereheldduringthewholeexperiments,whichwereconductedbyweakred light,andtheectoplasmicprolongationsfromhisbodywererequestedtodipintothewax.Thehandsso producedbecamecoatedwithwax,andbydippingtwoorthreetimes,theglovesoformedwassufficiently solidtoretainitsshapewhenthehanditselfwaswithdrawn,bydematerialization,throughthenarrow openingofthewrist.These"gloves"beingfilledwithplaster,gaveexactcopiesoftheectoplasmichands. Fragmentsoftheglovesbeingdetachedandtestedforcholesteringavethereactionwhichabsolutelyproved thattheyweremadefromtheparaffinprovidedinthelaboratory. (1)SeeP.257.Dr.Geleysays:"Wehadthegreatsatisfactionofactuallyseeingthehands whichdippedintheparaffin.Theywerevisiblebyluminouspointsattheendofthefingers. Theypassedslowlybeforeoureyes,plungedintotheparaffinwax,movedinitforafractionof aminute,cameoutofthetroughstillluminousanddepositedthemouldsstillwarmagainst ourhands." IntheMayJuneissueoftheRevueMelapsychique(1922)thephenomenonismorefully describedindetail.ThemediumwasFranek Klusk ihishandswereheldduringthewhole time.Hewasintranceandmadenomovement.Experimenters:ProfessorRichet,Dr.Geley, M.Ossowieck i.ColonelOk olowicz,Dr.Guirard,andMdlle.L.Gzeliak .

Ihaveseentwentyeightofthesecasts,somewiththeparaffinstilladherent.Theyareofallkindssingle hands,openandclosedtwohandsclasped,somemasculineandsomefeminineandthetwomost remarkablecharacteristicsare: (1)Allthehands,andthefoot,thatIhaveseenshowthecreasesandfoldsofthesk in preciselylik enormalhands,downtotheminutemark sthatarerelieduponasproofsof personalityinfingerprintcriminology.(Seethephotograph,P1.2,annexedofoneofthese casts.) (2)Someofthemareabouthalfsize,butadultinanatomicalstructure,notroundandplump lik ethehandsofchildren. SimilarexperimentshavebeencarriedoutatWarsawbyMr.andMrs.HewatMcKenziewiththesame medium,andthehollowwaxmouldsaretobeseenattheBritishCollegeofPsychicScience,59,Holland Park,London,W.II.Thesetwodisinterestedworkershavespentmanyhundredpoundsinprovidingthe opportunitiestoprivatepersonswhodesiretoseefactsforthemselves.Afullaccountoftheirexperiments isgivenintheirQuarterlyTransactionsinPsychicScienceforJuly1922. Inthepresentconnectionthepalmaryvalueoftheseexperimentsistheundeniableproofofobjectivereality atthebaseofmetapsychicscience.Wehavehereaseriesoffactsasrealasanychemicalexperiment, withthevastdifferencethatthe"forces"thatproducethemareintelligent,can,anddo,complywith requestsandareabletoproducetheformsandmovementsthatweassociatewithlife. 8."DemonstrationandProof" Ofcourse,noproofconvincesthosewhoarefixedintheirscepticismofanyexistencebutthematerial. "Proof"isusedintwosenses,(a)forthatwhichoughttoconvince(Q.E.D.,quoderatdemonstrandum),and (b)forthatwhichactuallydoesconvince(Q.F.V.,quodfacitvidere).Themoreaspecialisthasdevoted himselftohisspeciality,thelessdoesheknowofanyotherandthelessvaluableishisopinionoutsidehis ownspeciality.Iwillgivetwoinstances,onequotedfromProfessorRichet,theothermyown: M.Thiers,exPresidentoftheFrenchRepublic,whoseeminenceasastatesmannoonewill question,devotedhimselftoPhilosophyafterhisretirementandsoughtthenecessary mathematicalk nowledgeasapreliminarystep.Histeachershowedhimmathematicallythat everyslantsectionofaconeisaperfectellipsethesumoftheradiifromeachfocusbeinga constantlength(Q.E.D.).Thestatesmanobjectedthatanobliquesectionofaconicalsugar loafmusthaveabigandalittleend.Asugarloafwasbroughtandcutbeforehimhereceived theproofQ.F.V.(Richet'sTreatise,Engl.trans.,P.597) Averydistinguishedchemist,A.,wasdiscussingwithanengineer"dematerialization"asprovedbythe paraffinglovesabovedescribedandbyZollner'sexperiments.Hedeniedthepossibility,fromcommon sense,thattotieaknotinanendlesscordisimpossible.TheengineermaintainedthatZollner'sexperiment withthemediumSladeshowedthatitisnotimpossibletothe"intelligentforces."Theprofessormaintained thatthismusthavebeenafraud.Theengineertookanarrowstripofpaperoverafootlong,twisteditthree halfturns,gummedtheendstogetherandaskedthechemist,"Isthisanendlesscord?"Receivingan affirmativereply,heproceededtocutthepaperalongitsmiddleline.Theresultwasaknotintheendless cord.ProfessorA.wasdelightedatthe"exposureofSlade'strick."Noargumentcouldconvincehimthat therewasneithertricknorexposure.Therealexplanationissimple:theaxisofthepaperwastwisted through180x3=540inthehorizontalplanethedivisionalongtheaxisallowedeachhalftobeturned through180x2=360intheverticalplane,theresultbeingaknotinatwistedloop,necessarilyproduced bythemathematicsofthecase.ProfessorA.couldnotseethishemaintainedthatasthisknotwas producedwithoutsupernormality,Slade'smusthavebeenproducedinlikemanner.Demonstrationthatin Zollner'sexperimentneitheroftherotationscouldhavebeenmadewasofnoavail.(Ifthelittleexperimentis variedbygivingtwotwistsonly,thecutalongtheaxiswillgivetwotwistedringsinterlockediffourtwists aregiven,theresultistworings,onedoublylinkedtotheother.Withthreetwists,theknotwasreallyhalf completedbeforetheendswerejoined.) Dematerializationhasactuallybeenwitnessed.Crookeswrites:

Ihaveretainedoneofthesehandsinmyown,firmlyresolvednottoletitescape.Therewas nostruggleorefforttogetloose,butitgraduallyseemedtoresolveitselfintovapour,and fadedinthatmannerfrommygrasp.(NotesofanEnquiryintothePhenomenacalled Spiritual,p.93.) Richetgivesotherinstances(Traite,p.506).These,however,arenotdematerializationsofordinarymatter andtheallegedpassageofsolidsthroughsolids,thoughoftenasserted(andIhaveseenwhatappearedto besuch)requiresmuchmoredetailedexaminationbeforeitcanbeconsideredproven.Zollner's experiments,giveninhisTranscendentalPhysics ,arethebestyetavailable. 9.NoteonPhysicalPhenomena ThelaboratoryexperimentsonphysicalphenomenaareverylittleknowninEngland.Fromtimetotime perplexedpersonswritetothenewspaperpresscallingforinvestigation.InarecentissueofEnglish Mechanics(February1925)thereappearedthefollowingparagraph: Whatisnowcalledforisareallyearnestandscientificinvestigationintothephenomenaof materialization...Providedtheinvestigatorsweretrainedobserversfreefromanytaintof spiritism,theymightbetrustedtoestablishonceandforallwhetherornotthesocalled materializationsaregenuinephenomenaandifso,theymightproceedtofurther investigationswithaviewtodiscoveringthenaturallawsunderwhichtheyaremanifest. Thisissomewhatamusing.Ofcoursethephysical(objective)phenomenaarethefoundationsofpsychical research,fortheythrowlightuponthepsychological(subjective)group,whereasthelatterdonotexplain theformer.ButthewriterisevidentlynotawareofCrookes'andWallace'sinvestigations:Wallaceespecially wasathoroughgoingagnostic,asopposedtospiritualismashewasdevotedtonaturalscience.Nordoes heappeartoknowthattheinvestigationcalledforhasalreadybeenmadeattheParisInstitutebyProfessor Richet,Dr.Geley,andother"trainedobservers"ofthehigheststandingincontemporaryscienceandfree fromanytaintof"spiritism."Theirexperimentshaveextendedoverfouryearsinalaboratoryfurnishedwith everyapplianceforexactscientificwork.Therecordoftheseexperimentshasbeenpublishedinfulldetail andistobefoundinDr.Geley'sEctoplasmieetClairvoyance.Thisworkisaclassicofthesubject,andhas beentranslatedintoGermanandSpanishbutinEnglandsolittleinterestistakeninthematter,thatthree publisherstowhomIwascommissionedtoofferit,declinedonthegroundthatitwouldnotpay. SomeindicationofthereasonforthisindifferencemaybegatheredfromthepresidentialaddressofMr. PiddingtontheS.P.RinMay1924.Heavowsthatheisnotconversantwiththeobjectivephenomena,and adds: IfindinmyowncasethatasageneralruleIdonotattachthesameweighttotheevidenceof foreigners,evenofAmericans,astotheevidenceofmyowncountrymen,andhavingno reasontothink Iamsingularinthisrespect,Iassumetheimpressiontobeacommonone. (1)
(1)Estimatesof"nationalc harac ter"appliedtoindividualsaremoreoftenwrongthanright.Irishmenaresupposedtobesentimental becauseofIrishfairyfolkloreandbec auseTommyMoorewrotesentimentalsongsIhaveknownmanyIrishmen,butneveraone turnedasidefromthemainc hancebysentiment.Frenchmenaresupposedtobeexcitablebec ausetheygethotonpolitic s,butin scienc etheyareveryc almandclosereasoners.Germansarecreditedwiththoroughnessandlogic ,whichistrueunlesstouc hing theVaterland.Weprideourselves,notwithoutreason,onBritishgoodsense,butwehavemoresloppyepiceneidealiststothe squaremilethanthereareinFranceandItalytogetherwhosay,"Wewillurgewomentorefusetobearchildrentobec ome soldiers,"bywayof"preventingwar"whowouldretirefromeverylandwhereadogbarksatus,reduc etheNavy,andleaveAustralia defencelessbeforeanovercrowdedAsiaticPowerwhichc anputmoresoldiersintothefieldthanthewholemalepopulationof Australia.

Thisis,unfortunately,quitetrue,andextendseventonormalscience.InEnglandthedifferentialcalculusis ascribedtoNewton,inGermanytoLeibnitz:inFrancethediscoveryofoxygenisreferredtoLavoisier,in EnglandtoPriestley,thoughthelatterwasattachedtothe"phlogiston"theoryandcalledthegas "dephlogisticatedair":thelawconnectingthevolume,pressure,andtemperatureofgasesisknownas "Boyle'sLaw"inEngland(1675)and"Mariotte'slaw"(1676)inFranceandsoon.Thesequestionsof priorityorindependencematterverylittlebecausethelawsthemselvesareadmitted.

Butinmetapsychicscienceitmattersgreatlythatcarefulanddetailedlaboratoryworkshouldbeignored becauseofthenationalityoftheexperimenter.Mr.Piddington'sanalogyofanEnglishmanontrialbeforea juryofforeignersconversantwiththeEnglishlanguagebutnotwithEnglishlifeisquitemisleading:guiltor innocencemayturnlargelyonlocalcustomsorhabits,butaneducatedmanofwhatevernationalityisable totestifytofacts.Innormalsciencediscoveryisfairlyevenlydistributedamongthechiefnations.In electricalscience,forinstance,Faraday,ClerkMaxwellandLordKelvinareEnglishGalvaniandMarconi ItalianVolta,GrammeandCoulombFrenchWeber,Ohm,andHerzGerman.Inpsychicmatterswhichare commontothewholehumanracethereisasmuchsoundjudgementinonecountryasanother.Idonot seemtoseeforeigners,or"evenAmericans,"muchdistressedbyMr.Piddington'sopinion,andinFranceI happentoknowthattheyareamused,fortheyareawarethattheirowncountryhasmadeunparalleled progressinmetapsychicsciencebyapplyingtheExperimentalMethodwhich,datingfromLeonardo, Galileo,andNewton,hasgiventhesplendidresultsofphysicalscience. InFrancethereisaregularendowedlaboratory,approvedbytheGovernmentas"ofpublicutility,"where carefulscientificworkisdonebyfirstclassmen.InAmerica400,000dollarshaverecentlybeenbequeathed forthesamepurpose,InEnglandthereisasyetnosuchinstitution,andprivateresearchismost inadequatelysupported. Ofcourse,ifprivatepersonsweretochargethemselveswiththehighlytechnical,laborious,andexpensive experimentswhichthewriterinEnglishMechanics soinnocentlydesires,exactlythesameresultswould followthathavealreadytakenplace:ascepticalmanofsciencelikeWallaceis"convincedbytheweightof thefacts":heisthenunderthe"taintofspiritism"andisreviledbytheIgnorant.Evenascepticaljournalist likeMr.Blatchfordmeetsthesamefate. TheinferencestobedrawnfromtheworkofsuchmenasCrookes,Wallace,Lodge,Richet,Geley, SchrenckNotzing,OchorowiczandMorselli,maywellbeheldtobesubjudice,buttheactualitiescannot bedoubtedbyanyonewhoreadstheirworkswithanopenmind.Aslong,however,asEnglishinvestigators shuttheireyestotheworkofresponsibleContinentalexperimentalists,therewillbenosynthesisworththe name,butonlyinterminablediscussionsbywhichthefactsarelostsightofinthefogofinsularsuspicion andendlessverbiage.

 Cha pte r 3

TheObjectiveFacts(continued)
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Itwouldbeablessingifsuchasystematicconstitutionofthespiritualworld,asconceivedbyus,hadnot merelytobeinferredfromthe(toohypothetical)conceptionofthespiritualnaturegenerally,butwouldbe inferred,oratleastconjecturedasprobable,fromsomerealandgenerallyack nowledgedobservation. Kant,Werk e,vol.vii,P.32 1.HyperPhysicalPhotography THISisperhapsthemostinexplicableofallthephysicalsupernormalfacts,andalsoonewhose actualityhasbeenmostfrequentlyestablished.Itisconceivablethatectoplasmmaybesoimbuedwithlife astobe"ideoplastic"expressingaformativeidealatentinitor,again,thatinthecaseswherea recognizedmaterializationisapparenttheremaybealivinginvisible,etherialformthattakesupthe ectoplasmasamicroscopicalpreparationtakesupastain,(1)thusbecomingvisibleorthattheectoplasm isusedasasculptorusesclaybuttheportraitsofdeceasedpersonsthathavebeenproducedingreat numbersmustbeduetosomeunknownformofactinismimpressingthesensitivefilm.Notonlysuchforms, butalsodirectwriting,flowers,anddesignsaresoproduced,andthat(sometimes)withoutexposureinthe cameraatall.
(1)Forthosewhoareunfamiliarwiththeprocessofmic rosc opicalpreparationsImayexplainthataverythinslic eofanimaltissue presentsanearlyuniformgreysurfac eunderthemicrosc ope.Byaddingcarmine,methylblue,eosin,osmic ac idorsomeother stain,thenervous,musc ularandfattyelementseachtakeupadifferentc olour,andsobecomedistinguishable.

Mr.TraillTaylor,presidentoftheLondonPhotographicSociety,inhislecturetotheLondonandProvincial PhotographicAssociation(reportedinfullintheBritishJournalofPhotography,March1893,andpartly reproducedinPsychicScience,January1925),averredthathehadconductedprolongedexperimentswith Mr.Duguidasmediumthatdistrustinghisownpowersofobservationwhileengrossedwiththecamera,he hadtakenwithhimtwodetectivestowatchtheproceedingsforpossiblefraudthatapartfromMr.Duguid's presenceinthestudio,thelatterwasnotallowedtooperateortotouchtheplatesatallthathebroughthis ownstereoscopiccamera,plates,andallaccessoriesbutthatneverthelessmany"extras"appearedonthe negatives,SimilarexperimentsbyMajorR.E.E.SpencerandothersaregiveninSirA.ConanDoyle's bookTheCaseforSpiritPhotography(Hutchinson,1919,2S.6d.)andaSocietywasformedat Birmingham,largelycomposedofscepticalphotographers,expresslyforthestudyofthesesupernormal pictures.AtarecentmeetingofthisSocietyattheBritishCollegeofPsychicScience(59,HollandPark, London,W.ii)theyrecordedthefollowingResolution: Thememberspresentatthismeetingdesiretoplaceonrecordthefactthataftermanytests andtheexaminationofthousandsofpictures,theyareunanimouslyofopinionthatresults havebeensupernormallyobtainedonsensitivephotographicplates,underreliabletest conditions.Atpresentthemembersdonotundertak etoexplainhowtheresultsareobtained, buttheyassertthattheyhaveundoubtedlybeensecuredunderconditionsexcludingany possibilityoffraud. InNovember1919Dr.Geleyandmyselfvisitedthemediumsthathaveproducedaverylargenumberof theseportraitsMr.HopeandMrs.BuxtonatCrewe.Wetookourownplatesonepacketofordinary RapidandoneofpanchromaticboughtinLondonofMessrs.GriffinandCo.,Kingswaywesignedeach plateontakingitfromthewrappertoobviatepossiblesubstitution,andcloselysupervisedthewhole process.Dr.GeleywasfamiliarwithphotographyandIhaveoperatedforoverthirtyyears.Weexposedfour plates.Onthetwopanchromaticplatesthereappearedcloudssodenseastoobliteratethesitterspartially orwholly(P1.3)ontheordinaryplatestherewere(1)aphraseinFrench,"Bonjour,vouseteslebienvenu" (P1.4),and(2)theportraitofaladywhohadbeenassociatedwithmywifeandmyselfforseventeenyears, thensixyearsdeceased(P1.5).Thisphotographdidnotreproduceanyexistingphotographbutwas instantlyrecognizedbyfivepersonswhohadknownherwell,includingherownbrother,anonspiritualist

andscepticallydisposed.Ihaverecently,withthekindcooperationofMrs.McKenzie,of59,HollandPark, andMissScatcherd(wellknownasexperimentalists)carriedout(JulySeptember1924)experimentswith platesspeciallymarkedandsealedbytheImperialDryPlateCompany,Cricklewood,forsuchexperiments, withtheaidofthesetwomediums,whowere,however,notpermittedtotouchtheplatesinanyway,orto takeanypartinthemanipulation,whichwasdoneentirelybymyself.AnexcellentportraitofDr.Geley appearedononeofthefournegativesexposed(P1.6)andapoorattemptonanother.P1.7isan enlargementofthefaceinP1.6.Ihavehadsimilarresults(someportraitsandsomeunrecognised)onmy ownplatesandwithmyowncamerainpresenceofthesamemediumsandonewithoutthepresenceof anyknownmediumatall. Thefacesthatappearareveryfrequentlyunrecognizedandhavenoknownconnectionwithmediumor sitters.P1.8isoneofthese.ThephotographwastakenatHulhamHouse,Exmouth,onmyownplates, markedimmediatelyonopeningthepacketandnottouchedbythemediuminanywaywhatever,developed andfixedbymyself.Itwasoneofaseriestakeninrapidsuccessionthatmorning,onlyoneslidebeing usedinaverysimplecamera,withthesamesitters(MissChilton,MissHarvey,anotherlady,andmyself), thesamebackground(interiorofchapel),noscreen,andnospecialarrangements.Different"extras" appearedfromeachexposure.AsanexperiencedphotographerIcertifyfromcloseandcriticalexamination ofthecamera,slide,andallaccessories,thatthenormalprocesswasinnowaydepartedfrom.The exposurewasfifteenseconds.Theloadedslideneverleftmyhandstillputintothecamera,wasneveroutof mysight,wasremovedfromthecamerabymyself,keptinmyhandstillopenedItookouttheplatesand developedthemmyself.Bothhadbeenexposedonthesamesittersinthesameway:onehadonlynormal images,theotherisP1.8. Dr.GeorgeLindsayJohnson,F.R.C.S.,testifiesasfollows: "OnmyarrivalfromSouthAfricaIwasapproachedbycertainpersonsrequestingmetoexaminesomeof thephenomenaofspiritualismwiththeobjectofputtingthemtosuchtestsaswouldabsolutelysetatrest alldoubtsastotheirrealityorotherwise.(1)Iaccordinglybeganmyinvestigationswiththesocalledspirit photography.
(1)Howoftenhasthisbeendone!Itconvinc esthosewhoseeitandnoothers.

"AboxofplateswasboughtbyMissScatcherdatrandomfromarespectablefirm.Thenthemediums(Mr. HopeandMrs.Buxton),sayingthatthetestproposedwasofaseverenatureandveryrarelysuccessful, askedtheir"spiritguide"forinstructions.Thiswasdonebyholdingplatestothemedium'sforehead.Onone oftheseplatesthereappearedondevelopmentthefollowingmessage: "Friendsall,itiswiththegreatestpleasurewegreetyouhereagainandshalldoaswehave doneinthepastourverybesttohelpyou,socarryoutourinstructionsandsuccessshall attendyourefforts.Dootherwiseandfailureiscertain.Sealwithwaxthebox,andask two goodpeopletowitnessit.Thendiptheboxquick ly,veryquick ly,inwater,dry,andholditon yourladymedium'sforehead.Thenletyourabsentfrienddevelopthecentrefourwithaslow developer,andwatchresults.Ifnothingappears,developthewhole.Godblessyou.Whata doublevictoryitwillbe. "T.COLLY(sic). "Thismessagewasinfinelithographichandwriting,finishingupwithtwolinesinthe handwritingofthedeceasedArchdeaconColley.Theomissionofthe'e'inthesignaturewas afterwardsexplainedasintentional. "Theinstructionsgivenwerescrupulouslycarriedout.TheboxwasbroughtbyMiss ScatcherdtotheroomsoftheRoyalPhotographicSociety,andinpresenceofmyfriendand oneotherwitnessandthreemembersoftheSociety,aftercloseexaminationofthesealsby allthewitnesses,Ibrok ethesealsandremovedthecentrepack etoffourplates,which,in theirpresence,Iplacedinalargedevelopingdish.Ondevelopmentaveryfineimageofa roseandleafappearedononeofthefourPlates,theremainingelevenbeingclearglasswhen fixed. "Inasmuchastheboxwassealedwithsixsealsandthenamesofbothwitnesseswritten

acrossit,notamperingwiththecontentscouldhavebeenpossible,especiallyasthebox neverleftMissScatcherd'shandsforaninstantfromthetimeitwaspurchaseduntilitwas openedinthepresenceoffivewitnessesattheSociety'srooms,theinstantbeforethe contentsofthecentrepack etwereplacedinthedevelopingdish.Asthesealswereintact andweneverremovedoureyesfromtheboxortheplates,Iamatalosstoaccountforthe roseononeoftheplatesexceptonthehypothesisthatitwasproducedbysomeextra mundaneagencyorbysomemysteriousintrinsicpowerpossessedbythemedium.Alltrick s, suchasdoubleexposure,exchangeofplates,formationofanimagebyamirror,reflected light,Xrays,orphosphorescentcards,werecompletelyruledoutbythenatureofthe experiment,sinceonlytheplatesinthecentreofthepack etboreanyimage,alltheremaining platesbeingunaffected.Allfivewitnessestestifiedinwritingtothegenuinenessofthe experiment.TheformationoftheImagecannotbeexplainedbyanyphysicalmethod,andis inexplicablebytrick eryorbyanymethodk nowntoconjurorsortoscience." "GEORGELINDSAYJOHNSON,F.R.C.S "WELBECKHOTEL,LONDON "September22,1920" Herewehavealltheelementsofsupernormality:(1)apromisepurportingtocomefromunseenoperators, given(2)onaphotographicplatebydirectwriting,(3)withoutexposureinthecamera(4)thedirections carriedoutbyresponsiblepersonsexpertinphotography,(5)beforecompetentwitnesses(6)the productionofaperfectimageinthemiddleofthesealedpacketofplateswithoutaffectingthoseoneither sideofit,(7)withoutexposuretolightatalltillopenedbyredlightfordevelopment(8)developmentinthe presenceofwitnessesand(9)thepromisefulfilled. Thesecases,eveniftheystoodalone,woulddemandtheclosestattention,fortheyindicateanunknown powerbuttheydonotstandalonetheyhavebeenduplicatedinoneformoranothermanyscoresoftimes. ItistrulyextraordinarythatthevariousSocietiesforPsychicalResearchshouldhavepaidsolittleattention toaphenomenonsoeasilycontrolled.Doubtlessthereasonistheprejudiceexcitedbythefactthatmost disgracefulandheartlessfraudshavebeenperpetratedinthisbranchofthesubject.Allthesedependonthe "medium"beingallowedtohandletheplatesatsomestageoftheprocess.Manyofthetheoriesadvanced toaccountforfraud(pinholesinthecamera,imagespaintedinthebackgroundwithsulphateofquinineor otherfluorescentsolutions,etc.)arequiteunpractical.Thefraudsare,Ibelieve,invariablydonebyeasy photographictricks,andarecompletelyavoidablebytheuseoftheexperimenter'sowncamera,plates,and appurtenances,coupledwiththeprecautionthatthemedium,whethersuspectedornot,mustnottouchthe platesinanyway. 2.Healing Ihavesomehesitationinplacingthisamongverifiedobjectivephenomenaforthreereasons:(1)becauseit issubjectivetotheextentthatcureisbyinteriorforces (2)becauseoutoftheabundanttestimonytosuch curesitiscomparativelyseldomthatreliablemedicalevidenceisavailableand(3)becausewhenthey occurtheyareusuallyclaimedasreligious"miracles,"notatLourdesonly,butatotherplaceswhereno carefulrecordsarekept. Nevertheless,sincethemanysuccessesofDr.Coue,itiscurrentlyadmittedbythemedicalprofessionthat curesinexplicablebynormalmeansdooccasionallytakeplace,andassomeofthesecuresaresupported byadequatemedicaltestimony,and,finally,because(aswillappearlaterinthisbook)thereisarational, thoughpartial,explanationpossible,Ihavedecidedtotakethepossibilityofsuchcuresasscientifically verified.Thetwocaseshereadducedaresuchastoprecludethecommonexplanationofimaginative action.TheyarefromtheReportsofDr.Boissarie,theChefdeBureaudesConstatationsaLourdes,and canbeverifiedbyanyone.Theabridgedaccountsareasfollows: VaricoseVeins .Mr.X.,aged58,hadfortwentythreeyearssufferedfromseverelyulceratedvaricose veins.Hisdoctorsconsideredthemincurable.OnhisarrivalatLourdes,Dr.Roeschstatedinhisreportthat bothlegswerecoveredwithenormousvaricositiesaccompaniedbytheusualulcers.Justabovetheinner anklewasalargeandextremelypainfulswelling,andattheinnersideofeachkneewasahugevenous swellingknownas"theMedusa'shead."Immediatelyhewasplacedinthewaterhefeltaburningsensation asifahotironhadbeenapplied,andthevaricoseveinsandulcerscompletelydisappeared.Adayortwo

afterwardshisdoctorcertifiedasunder: Rightleg.Theskiniswhiteandaconsiderableamountoffatcanbefeltundertheskin.Theveinsarequite normalandallvaricositieshavedisappeared. LeftlegThesameinappearanceastherightleg.Theveinsinbothlegsareperfectlystraightandnormal. Theperfectcirculationimpliestheperfectrestorationofthevalvesoftheveins.Allpainhasvanished,and thepatientcanwalkmileswithouttheslightestdifficultyorfatigue.Hisheart,whichhadgreatlytroubled him,asheoftenfaintedfromsyncope,hasatthesametimebecomeperfectlynormal. ThisconditionhasremainedforsevenyearswhileundertheobservationofDr.Roesch.Wemusttherefore believeeitherthatthevalvesoftheveinswereimmediatelyreconstructedorthatthepatient,thenurses,the patient'sowndoctorsandthedoctorsatthebathsareinaconspiracyofmisrepresentation,andthatonan occurrencethattookplaceinpublic,andcouldhardlyfailtoberefutedifuntrue. SuppuratingFractureoftheLeg.PierredeRudder,wholivedatJabbeke,nearOstend,hadhislegbroken byafallingtree.Dr.Affenaerreducedthefractureandplaceditinastarchsplint,bothbonesbeingfractured andprotrudingthroughtheskin.Thefleshturnedgangrenous,alargeulcerformedonthedorsalpartofthe foot,thewoundwasfullofpus,andDr.Vassanaereandothers,calledtoaconsultation,advisedimmediate amputationtowhichthepatientwouldnotconsent.AboutthemiddleofJanuaryDr.Verriestagainadvised amputation,withouteffect.InAprilthepatientwastakentotheGrottoatLourdes.Therewasagapofover aninchbetweentheendsofthebonesandfoulpuspouredfromthewound.ArrivedattheGrottohefelt somethinghappeningasherestedontheseat.Hekneltdownandgotupunaided,hislegresumedits normalsize,thewoundshealedupandthebonesweresolidlyunited.DeRudderthengotupandwalked withoutcrutchestotheomnibuswhichtookhimbacktoGhent.ThenextdayDr.Affenaercametovisit him "hefoundthebonesquitesmoothatthescatoffracture,whichwasfirmlyunitedwithoutany callus.Themanlivedfortwentythreeyearsafter,andduringthattimework edcontinuallyon hislandwithouttheleastsignoffatigueorpain." "AsthiscaseexcitedanenormousamountofinterestthroughoutBelgium,Dr.van Hoestenberghe,afterDeRudder'sdeath,gotpermissiontoexhumethebody,andheremoved thebonesofthelegs,whicharenowinthepossessionoftheBishopofBruges." Theseboneswerephotographed,rightandleftlegforcomparison:thephotographshowsdeformityatthe scatofthefracture,butperfectunionofthebonesthereisnoshorteningandonlyslightdisplacementfrom thestraight.Themedicalgentlemanwhohassokindlybroughtthiscasetomyspecialnoticeremarks: Howcanweexplainthiscase?Weareconfrontedwiththesamedifficultyasintheprevious one.Itisimpossibletorejectthedirectevidenceofsomanycompetentmedicalmenwho examinedthefracturebothbeforeandafterthecure.Besides,wehavethedirectevidenceof theunitedboneswhichwereexhumedinthepresenceofanumberofwitnesses.Wehaveno alternativebuttoadmitthemiraculous,althoughitgoesdeadagainstallourpreconceived notionsoftheinviolabilityofnaturallawstodoso.ArewetobelievethatNature'slawscanbe setaside,orarewetorejectallhumantestimonyandtheevidenceofthebonesthemselves? Ormayitbethatthemiracleistheresultofsomeunk nownlawofthespiritualworld?When Dr.Verriestexaminedthefracturethreemonthsbeforethecure,hestatedthattherewasa separationofthreecentimetres(11/3inches)betweenthetwoends.Inthecentreofthe woundtwobonyfragmentscouldbeseen,black enedandnecrosed,andbathedinpus.To obtainanaturalcurethenecrosedendswouldfirsthavetoberemoved,andbythattimethe separationoftheboneswouldhaveamountedtothreeinchesormore.Howwasthiscavity filledup?Theperiosteumhadlongsincebeendestroyedbythesuppuration...Buthereis anotherdifficulty:wheredidthephosphateoflimecomefromtofillthegap?Itcouldonly comefromtheblood.Nowthewholebloodinthebodyonlycontainsabout1.6grammesof phosphateoflime,andthecalluswouldrequireatleastfourtimesthatamount.Wherecould itcomefrom?(1)Andfurther,whatbecameofthesequestra?Theymusthavedisappeared, butwhere?Andwheredidallthepusgoto?Itwassoprofusethatitpouredoverthecushions ofthevehiclethatbroughthimtotheGrotto,muchtotheannoyanceofthedriver.And,lastly, themusclesduringalltheseyearsafterthefracturetook placewereatrophiedanduseless.

Howdidtheyregaininstantlytheirpristinevigour?Nooneisabletoansweranyofthese questions,andyetthecureisincontestable.
(1)Possiblybyabstrac tionfromthehealthybone.Inthephotographthistibiaisthinnerthantheother.

SofarDr.Johnson'saccount:Iagreethatthesequestions,especiallythelatterones,cannotbeanswered asyetbutitisuselesstoappealtoit"miracle."Weneednotabandonthatcontinuityofnaturallawwhich istherootofallunderstandingbecausewedonotknowofanylawadequatetoaccountforsuchahealing. Itis,however,worthyofremarkthatthehealingpoweronlyrestoresthenormalorganizationthatthe creativeenergyoriginallyconstructed.Itdoesnotvarythetype.

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TheSubjective(psychological)Facts
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"Thephenomenonofsupernormalcognitionisreproducibleatwillprovidedthatitsprocessesarek nown.It doesnotdependonanyfaithinthewitnesses,noronanybeliefs,whetherpositiveornegative,butonexact observations,andonexperimentsthatcanberenewedatanytime." Dr.E.Osty,SupernormalFacultiesinMan,Preface EXPERIMENTSinthesementalphenomenaareinsomerespectseasierthanwiththeobjective classthemediumswhohavethesepowersaremuchlessrarethanphysicalmediumsbutontheother hand,clearinferencesaremoredifficultbecauseitishardtoseparatebetweensubconsciousmentalaction thatdoesnotgobeyondnormalpowers,andthatwhichisnecessarilysupernormal,suchasprediction,or perceptionatadistance. Automaticwriting,forinstance,maybe,andusuallyis,quiteunconscious,andtherefore,asregardsthe automatist,perfectlygenuine,thoughitmay,andusuallydoes,revealnothingatall(evenifitbeactually inspired)beyondwhatmayreasonablybeattributedtosubconsciousprompting.Theassuredlysupernormal comesinifthematterwrittenissuchascouldnotbeproducedbynormalconsciousness,e.g.prediction, orasinMr.BlighBond'sGateofRemembrance,wherethefactswereknowntonolivingperson.Itis closelyalliedtohypnotism,inwhichthesubconscious,dissociatedfromthecentraldirectingmind, producesresults,sometimesverysurprising,ofwhichthesubjecthasnoremembranceatallonwaking butthehypnoticstateisnotinitselfsupernormal. TheProceedings oftheEnglishandAmericanS.P.R.arethechiefauthoritiesforavastnumberofcarefully criticizedfactsofthismentalorder,andalsoformanyexhaustiveexperimentstotesttheirgenuineness. TheSocietyhasestablishedbeyondallquestionthefactoftelepathythatperceptionsandsensationsin onepersoncanbetransferredtoanotherpersonwithouttheaidofthenormalsenses,providedthatthe percipientcanremainsufficientlypassivetothementaloperationsoftheagent. Morethanthis,therearemanywellprovencasesonrecordoftelepathyfromconsiderabledistances,when therehasbeenconsciouseffortbetweenagentandpercipientandalsoacertainnumberofcasesinwhich therehasbeennosucheffortcasesinwhichthetelepathicexplanation(inthesenseofthought transference)isdoubtful. Forinstance,SirOliverLodge,inhisbookTheSurvivalofMan(p.59),recordsawellsubstantiatedcasein whichProfessorRedmayne,exploringinaremotedistrictofSouthAfricawithaDurhamminernamedAlbert Tonks,deposesthatthismanhadanintimationofhismother'sdeathinEngland,andrepeatedherlast wordsthesebeingconfirmedbothastodetailanddatebylettersreceivedsixweekslater. 1.Telepathy Hereacautionmustbeentered.Theword"telepathy"iscurrentlyusedinthreequitedistinctsenses:(1)for thefactthatwhenagentandpercipientareinpresenceormentalconnection,impressionscanbe transferredwithoutanyexerciseofthenormalsenses(2)forthetheorythatwhenimpressionsreacha percipient,"thoughtwaves"arethemeansoftransmissionand(3)fortheassumptionthatallsuch impressionsareduetoconscious(orevensubconscious)thoughtinsomeothermindsomewhereorother. ProfessorHyslop,whomadeaspecialstudyoftelepathyforseveralyears,isofopinionthatwhilethefirst istrue,thesecondisverydoubtful,andthethirdhasnofoundationatall.SirOliverLodge,too,says: "SpiritualandpsychicaleventsdonotenterintotheschemeofPhysics...Iftelepathyisan etherialprocess,assoonasitisprovedtobeanetherialprocess,itwillcomeintotherealm ofphysicstillthenitstaysoutside"(SurvivalofMan,p.24).

Mostetherialforcesaregovernedbythelawofinversesquareofthedistancebetweenoriginandeffect. Light,forinstance,ofgivenintensityatonefootdistance,givesonlyonefourthoftheilluminationattwo feet,oneninthatthreefeet,andsoonitisinthehighestdegreeimprobablethatMrs.Tonks'dyingthought shouldsetupit"waves"ofsuchintensityastopenetratetoSouthAfrica. Anothercase:Mrs.Green,inEngland,hadadreaminwhichshesawtwogirlsdrownedbythefallofa carriageintoalake,theirhatsbeingleftfloatingonthewater.Aboutthesametime,allowingforlongitude, hernieceandanothergirlweresodrownedinAustralia,thebodiesbeinglocatedbythefloatinghats (Richet,P.301).Otherdetailswereequallycircumstantial.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingcaseson record,beingwellsubstantiatedandforeigntothetelepathicandspiritualistexplanationsalike,fortheaunt andniecehadneverseeneachother,sothatitisinthehighestdegreeunlikelythatthedrowninggirlwould thinkofthisauntorthathersoulshouldtraveltoarelativeshedidnotknow.Carefulanalysisofthe phenomenapointstotherealexistenceoffacultiesindependentofspaceandtimeasweknowthese,and alsoindependentofinterveningmaterialobstacles. Wewillreturntothislatermeanwhilewewilltakeafewtypicalfactsselectedalmostatrandomoutof manyhundredsimilarones,whichIshallendeavourtoplaceinascendingorderastheypointtothis inference.IshallfollowProfessorRichetintakingTelepathy,Clairvoyance,Crystalvision,Dowsing, Palmistry,andmentomentalphenomena(communicationsfrommindtomind)generally,asspecial manifestationsofsensitivenesswhichhenamesCryptesthesia,meaning"ahiddensensibility,"not necessarilyto"vibrations"ofanykind(Richet,pp.69,2667),butdescribingthebroadfactofpsycho cognition,withoutimplyinganytheoryatall. 2.SubconsciousSupernormalAction Theterm"supernormal"carriesacertainambiguity.Itisordinarilyunderstoodtomean"facultiesof cognitionindependentofthenormalsenses,"(1)andasapopularrenderingthismaypass.Butany accuracyofthoughtwillrecognizethatfacultiesindependentofthephysicalsensesarenotonlyolderthan historyandfoundinuncivilizedraces,andareinthatsensenormaltohumanity,butarealsoclosely paralleledintheanimalworldbymany"instincts,"especiallyininsects,migratorybirdsandfish,which, thoughequallyindependentofthenormalsenses,areperfectlynormaltoeachspecies,andhave, moreover,averyhighsurvivalvalueinitsexistence,thoughitisnoteasytoseehowtheycouldbe producedbyNaturalSelectionorthecompulsionoftheenvironment.
(1)Ihavebeentakentotask,somewhatmagisterially,fornotsaying"independentofthenormalactionofthesenses,"andhave evenbeentoldthatIoughttoknowthedifference!IhumblyremarkthatIdoknowthedifferenc ebutwhenac lairvoyantdesc ribes aneventahundredmilesaway,oroneintimelongpast,orstillmore,onetoberealizedinthefuture,Iregarditasmerequestion beggingtoseeinsuc hcognitionanyformwhatsoeveroftheac tionofthenormalsenses.

Forinstance,itwouldseemthatthesetwofactorsshouldoperatetoproduceeelsaccommodatedtofresh waterlife,ratherthancompelthematmaturitytoseekthedeepsea,where,underenormouspressure,they procreateanddietheyoungeldersintheirturnseekingtheriversathousandmilesdistant,unguidedsave byinherentfaculty,torepeatthecycle.Theyoungcuckoos,too,donotaccompanytheparentbirdsthey migrateamonthortwolater,butreachtheirdestinationwithoutfail. Inthehumanbeing,however,thefacultiescalledsupernormal,oratleastthosemanifestationsofthemthat aresupernormal,havetotallydifferentobjectstheyarepersonal,notcommontotheracetheyhaveno apparentrelationtothecontinuanceofthespeciesandtheyinvolvecognitionsthatareremotefrombodily life,andofnoassistancetoit.Theyarecomparativelyrareamongindividuals,theyaresporadicand unusual,andinthatsense,supernormal. Butthemainfunctionsofthesubconsciousphasesofthemindarenotonlynormal,butareessentialto personalandgeneralevolution.Unlesswearepreparedtoadmitthattheforces ,thedirectiveagency,and theorganizingpowerthataretheessentialfeaturesofallgrowthareaccidentalanduncausedbyany permanentdirection,wemustadmitaninternalintelligentagencyofwhichweareunconscious. 3.NormalFunctionoftheSubconscious Mylatefriend,AlfredRusselWallace,thecodiscovererwithDarwinofevolutionarylaw,writingonthe constructive,selectiveanddirectivepoweroflife,usesthesimpleillustrationofabird'sfeather(Worldof Life,P.294).Lookatafeatherunderalowpowerofthemicroscope,orevenwithanordinarylensitis

builtupofdelicatehornyplatesofmarvellouselasticityandlightness.Thebarbsoneachsideofthemidrib areprovidedwithtinyhooksthatlockthebarbstogether.Eachfeathergrowstoexactlythesizerequiredin thegeneralscheme,andtakestheexactcolorationrequiredbythepatternoftheplumagepropertothe species.Allareformedbygroupsofspecialcellsnourishedbythesameblood.Whatisthedirectiveforce thatselects fromthebloodthemolecularconstituentsrequiredandorganizesthemintothatextraordinary combinationofcurvature,lightness,andelasticity?Andthatnotonceonly,butaftereverymoult. Theplumageofabutterfly'swingisevenmoreintricate.Itconsistsofmanythousandminutescales,each ofwhichhasitsplaceinthemosaiccolourscheme,andthisisproduced,alongwithneworgans,froma whiteemulsioninthechrysalisintowhichnearlythewholeofthelarvaexceptitscentralnervehasbeen dissolved. Inourownbodies,whatistheintelligencethatformseachorganfromthesameblood,correlatesnerveand muscle,brainandsenses,maintainsthevitalfunctions,repairsinjuries,andevenmodifiesfunctionwhen somepartistoofarhurtforrepair? DirectedEnergyandIdeoplasticMatteristhekeytothemystery. IhavealreadymentionedtheexperimentsbywhichProfessorDrieschhasshownthatthefacultyof producingdiverseorgansandstructuresisnotlimitedtospecialcells,butiscommontoall.Thegenesisof anorganismcannotbeexplainedasamechanism,andthewholemechanistictheoryoflifebreaksdown. ThereisalatentIntelligence,adirectiveandconstructivepowerworkingtowardsthepreexistingtypeofthe perfectanimal.Agreeablytotheprinciplethatallchangeandmovementofwhateverkindresultsfrom Energyworkingforceascontrastedwithstaticforceweseeinallthesemetamorphosestheoperationofa directedEnergyconformingtoapreexistentIdea. ThislikewiseistheconceptofLifedevelopedbyDr.GeleyinhisbookFromtheUnconscioustothe Conscious ,theactiveagentbeingMindimmanentinNature,actingthroughanindividualizedconcrete energythathecallsa"dynamopsychism,"atermwhichmeansneithermorenorlessthan"soulenergy." ProfessorDrieschisinsubstantialagreement.Itisobvioustotheinnerexperienceofanyonewhothinksout thematterthatthisdirectedenergyformsthebodyandmaintainsitfrombirthtodeath,takingchargeofthe functionsofnutrition,repair,andthesumofthesubconsciousphysicalprocesses. 4.Intuition Ithasalsoverydistinctmentalactivities: Agreatartistwork sirregularlyhisplanasfirstconceivedundergoesgreatandsometimes completealteration.Theoutlinesdonotfollowfromoneanotherasamanbuildsahouse theyvaryaccordingtotheinspirationofthemoment.Infacttheartistisnotmasterofhis inspiration,itissometimesabsentandifhepersists,hewillonthatdayproduceonly moderatework whichhewillafterwardsreject.Ifheiswiseenoughnottopersist,hewillon someotherdaybeabletocompletehiswork asifbyenchantment,forthesubconscious activityhasproceededduringrepose,especiallyduringsleep... Intuitionistheveryessenceofsubconsciousnessitsdataliebeyondfacts,experiences,and reflection.Outlinedintheanimal,whereitappearsasinstincts,itacquiresinManthehigher aspectsofGenius...Finally,allthefoundationsofourbeing,thatwhichistheprincipalpart oftheSelf,innatecapacities,goodandbaddispositions,characterallthatisnottheresultof personaleffort,ofeducation,orofsurroundingexamples,aremodesofsubconsciousness. GELEY,Loc.cit.,pp.8588. ThereisthereforeasubconsciousIntelligencelatentinManthatiscapableofproducingresults unapproachablebyconsciousvolition. Moreover,theconnectionbetweentheConsciousandtheSubconsciousisveryclose:thereiscontinuous exchangebetweenthem.Thesubconscious,bydeterminingourproclivities,impelsustomanychoices:on theotherhand,byprolongedconsciouseffortweacquiretechnicalskill,whichmaybemechanical,literary, artistic,mathematical,oranyother,includingthatgeneralacquirementthatwecallexperienceoflife.Itthen becomesafaculty,isputtouse,andisexercisedsubconsciously.

Thedevelopmentofmoralqualitiesproceedsalongthesamelinesofhabitualactionsandabstentions,and thuswhatwecall"character"isbuiltup. ThishastysketchofthechiefnormalfunctionsoftheSubconsciouswillshowthatitisnotaseparatemind existing,asitwere,internallytoConsciousness,butispart(thelargerpart)ofthewholementalitywhich determinesourtastes,proclivities,andaptitudes.Howeverimperfectthisoutline,itwillsufficetoshowthat assoonasweprobebeneaththesurfaceweknowverylittleindeedofthetruecausationofeventhemost ordinaryphenomenaoflifebutitwillpreparethewayforabetterunderstandingofthesupernormal. 5.TheHypnoticState This,ashasalreadybeenmentioned,isnotsupernormalitbelongstonormalpsychology.Ithasbeen knownfromtheremotesttimesonlyinmoderndayshasitbeendeniedandascribedtofraudwiththatself assuredcomplacencythatcanfindnootherexplanationforwhateveritdoesnotunderstand.Aristotletreats ofitunderthetitleofProphecyinSleep.TheaccountswehaveofthepriestessesofDelphiindicatea similarconditionoftranceorsemitrance. Itisimpossibleheretogointothegradesofthehypnoticstate.Broadlyspeaking,therearethreelight hypnosis,whichmaybeautomaticorartificiallyinduced,inwhichthesubjectishighlysuggestibleby dissociationfromthecontroloftheconsciousmindthesecond,orcatalepticstateanddeephypnotism, whencertainreallysupernormalfacultiesappear,thoughtheseare,withsomefewsubjects,asfrequentin thefirstconditionoflighthypnosis. Thesefacultiestaketheformofgreatextensionsoftheinformationnormallylimitedbysightandhearing. Thesubjectperceiveseventsdistantintimeandspace(Richet'sCryptesthesia),manifestsasingularly perfectandimpeccablememory(Cryptomnesia),andalso,inmanycases,isabletodescribepersons, places,andthingsdirectlyorindirectlyconnectedwithanobjectplacedinhis(moreusuallyher)hands.In thishypnoticstate,whichisalsocalledsomnambulicor"magnetic,"thepercipientmaybeabletodescribe accurately,organbyorgan,theinternalstateofhisownbody,or,ifalinkisprovided,thatofanother,but alwaysinnonmedicallanguage,suchashewouldnormallyuse.Thereisnotraceofthoughttransference fromthequestioner. Withthispreamblewemaynowproceedtothecertainlysupernormal. 6.Dowsing(WaterFinding) Itisalmostunnecessarytoasserttherealityofthisfaculty.Likehypnotismitwasnotlongagovehemently assertedtobefraudulentbutdowsersarenowregularlyemployedbyboththeFrenchandGerman GovernmentsandbyprivatecompaniesinEngland.ThelocationofspringsatGallipolibyadowserthere wasknowntothewholearmy.ReferencemaybemadetoSirWilliamBarrett'sworkonthesocalled DiviningRod(Proc.S.P.R.,xiiiandxiv),inwhichhegivesanumberofcarefullyverifiedexperiments.Richet givesthefollowingparticularsofotherexperiments:

Subterraneanwater Subterraneancavities Metalsandmetallicveins Coal

Numberof Experiments 19 23 11 9

Percentage Successful 89 87 80 55

Iwoulddrawparticularattentiontothefactthatnotonlywaterandmetals,butundergroundcavitiesare correctlytracedbydowserswalkingoverthesurfaceoftheground.Ithasbeensupposedthatthedowseris sensitivetoparticularvibrationsproceedingfromthesubterraneansourceproducingunconsciousmuscular

movements.Inthatcasewemustadmitthatmetals,ores,coal,andoilgiveoffthesevibrations,andthat evenemptyspaceshavethesameeffect,whichseemstoaddconsiderablytothedifficultyofthevibration theory.Itisalsotobenoticedthatthedowsermustk nowwhatheislook ingfor,andthathisresultsdonot seemtobeaffectedbywaterwhenheislookingforsomethingelseafactwhichwouldseemdefinitelyto provethepsychic(nonphysical)natureofthefaculty.Astounconsciousmuscularmovements,thefact thatthetwigsometimesbreaksinthehandsofthedowserwhoresistsitsmovementwouldseem inexplicableonthattheory. Thephenomenonmaybetakenasalinkbetweenthesubconsciousandtheentirelysupernormal.

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TheSubjectiveFacts(continued)
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"Itisnolongerpossibletoconsiderthehumanbeingasanaggregateofthoughtproducingmechanism. Theevidencecompelsadmissionthatweareinpresenceofadynamopsychicfocuswhenceemanate manifestationsofapowerwhoselimitswecannotdefine." Dr.Osty,SupernormalFacultiesinMan,p.139 1.ThoughtTransference ITisacommonplaceofexperimentthatinthehypnoticstatesensationsinthehypnotizercanbe transferredtothepatient.Whenholdinghands,butwithoutverbalsuggestion,thetasteofsalt,sugar,acids, bitters,astringents,etc.,inthemouthoftheformerareperceivedbythelatter.Ammoniasmeltbythe formersuffocatesthelatter,pinpricksaretransferredasifinflictedonthepatient,andsoforth. Verynumerousanddetailedexperimentshaveshownthatideasinthemindoftheagentcanbetransferred tothepercipientwithouthypnoticaid,thoughthelatterhastomakehismindasblankandreceptiveas possible,thuscultivatingapassivitywhichiscertainlyanalogoustolighthypnotism.Manyinstancesof suchintercognitionwillbefoundinSirOliverLodge'sSurvivalofMan.Oneisasfollows: Thepercipienthavingbeenblindfolded,anopaquepaperwasshowntotwoagents simultaneously,havingasquareononesideandaSt.Andrew'scrossontheother.This paperwasplacedbetweentheagents,sothatonelook edatthesquareandtheotheratthe cross,withouteitherk nowingwhattheotherwasgazingat.Therewasnoconversationor contactofanyk ind.Thepercipientk newnothingofanyvariationintheexperiments.Shedrew asquare,and,alittlelater,itstwodiagonals.SirOliverwrites:"Theexperimentisnomore conclusivethanfiftyothersthatIhaveseenatMr.Guthrie's,butitseemstomesomewhat interestingthattwomindsshouldproduceadisconnectedsortofimpressiononthemindof thepercipient." Thelatest,andperhapsthemostcomplete,demonstrationwasgivenonFebruary3,1924,bytheZancigs, husbandandwife,attheNationalHotel,UpperBedfordPlace,London,wheretheMagicians'Clubgavea testoftheallegedpowersofthesetwopersonsbeforeacriticalaudience,assuringthemthatthetestwas anabsolutelygenuineone. Mrs.ZancigwasblindfoldedbyaDailyMailrepresentative,andtomak estillmorecertain,a black bagwasplacedoverherhead.ButeventhisdidnotsatisfyMr.EricDingwall,the ResearchOfficeroftheS,P.R.,whoprofessedhimselfdissatisfiedevenwiththeblack bag, whichhewaspermittedtoexamine.Finallyitwasarrangedthattheladyshouldsitwithher back totheaudience,andfurthermorethatMr.Zancigshouldbebehindascreen,inviewof theaudiencebutconcealedfromhiswife.Mr.Zancig,inhiswhitesuit(whichsomesuggest hassomethingtodowiththe"code")washandedasecretparcelpreparedbeforehandbyMr. E.T.Marr,avicepresidentoftheClub.Nowordswerespok en,andthenthewizardbeganto "concentrate"hard,andMrs.Zancigtodescribefirstapack ageinbrownpapertiedwith stringayellowbox"withsomethingwhiteaboutit"tiedwithwhitetape.Thenthreeenvelopes wereopenedoneinsidetheother,andfinallyaslipofpaperbearingthewords,"Madam, frank lyyouhavemebeat." ThismessageMrs.Zancigreadslowly,spellingoutsomeofthewords.Itwasallcorrect. Light,February9,1924. Richetremarksthatthechiefdifficultyattendingallattemptstoexplaintelepathyphysiologicallyisthatitis impossibleeventoimagineanyprocessbywhichtheminutechemicalchangescorrespondingtoaname,a

date,orthedetailofaneventoccurringinonebraincanproduceidenticalmolecularchangesinanother brain.The"vibrations"sooftenappealedtoexplainnothingwhatever:certainvibrationscangiveorreproduce amusicalnoteorashadeofcolourothervibrationsproducearticulatespeech,butalltheseareessentially physicalandbelongtothematerialworldthenotionof"vibrationsofthought"isamereanalogyorguess, without,asfarasIamaware,theshadowofproofbehindit.Somewouldbescientificpeopleareeven beginningtotalkof"wavelengthsofthought,"Identicalbetweenagentandpercipient,whichiswholly unjustifiedbyexperiment,andisatbestafigureofspeech. 2.PsychoCognitionCryptesthesia Thesepropertiesofthesubconsciouswillhavepreparedthewayforthestudyofcasesofsupernormal cognitionwhichmustbeplacedinacategorybythemselves,thoughthereareaspectsofthenormaland seminormaltowhichtheyareakin.Thecriterionofthesupernormalisthatitinvolvesindependenceof TimeandSpaceandofordinaryphysics.ThetwentyeightvolumesoftheProceedings oftheS.P.R.area mineofinformationforthestudent:theycontainavastnumberofcarefullysiftedcases,andhavebeen freelydrawnuponbyallwritersonthesubject.ThisappliesalsototheProceedings oftheAmericanS.P.R. Unfortunatelytheyarealmostunreadableforthegeneralpublic,notonlyfromtheimmensemassofprint, butfromtheoverloadingwithcriticaldetailsoessentialtoscientificconsideration.Severalhundredcases abridgedfromtheseandothersourceswillbefoundinthebooksbyProfessorRichetandCamille Flammarionalreadyalludedto,andinseveralEnglishpublications,especiallyMyers'HumanPersonality. Oneofthechiefstumblingblocksinthesecomplexmattersisthedesiretobringallphenomenathatshow superficialresemblancesundersomeoneformula.Thustheearlyspiritualists,perceivingquitejustlythat thechiefvalueofallthephenomenaisthattheyrevealanultraphysicalworld,therealityofthesoulandits continuedlife,referredeverythingto"spirits":laterinquirerssoughttoreduceallto"telepathy,"however distanttheotherhypotheticalmindmightbe:othersaresoenamouredof"thesubconsciousmind"thatthey ascribetoitalmostomniscientpowercombinedwithtotalabsenceofmoralresponsibility:whileothers againimaginea"reservoir"ofallthathaseverhappenedintowhichthatcleversubconsciouscandipatwill andselectjustthoselittlepersonaldetailsthatcharacterizesomeoneindividual(sayGeorgePelham)out ofthemillionsdeceasedsincehisday.Predictioncompletelyupsetsthislastingenioushypothesis,so thosewhofavouritdenypredictions,howeverwellproven.Itisbettertosticktothebarefactstillthosefacts suggestinferences(thoughnotnecessarilyanyonehypothesis)thatmaycoverthewholefield. Dr.EugeneOsty,aParisianneurologistofgreatexperienceandlargepractice,whohasnow(January1925) followedinthestepsofDr.GeleyintakinguptheonerousandunpopularworkoftheInternational MetapsychicInstitute,hasdevotedtwelveyearstotheexperimentalstudyofonesingleaspectof supernormalfacultythatinwhichperceptionisdirecteduponanotherhumanbeing.Ofsingularlycooland orderlymind,hehasbeenabletocollectagreatmassofdata,notonetenthofwhichispublishedinthe bookinwhichhehassummarizedhisprincipalresultsLaConnaissanceSupranormale,translatedas SupernormalFacultiesinMan(Methuen).Thisbookisabsolutelyessentialtoanyonewhowishestoget reliabledataonthismostinterestingbranchofpsychicalresearch. Themereheapingupofcases(unavoidableintheserialpublicationsoftheS.P.R.)leavesthereader perplexedbythewantoforderandclassificationmanyinstructivecasesareburiedunderlateronesand obscuredbycriticalcommentary.Dr.Osty'scasesareclearlyarrangedinalogicalordertheyarebrief, convincingintheirdetail,andreadableaboveall,theyaredefiniteexperiments,notmereobservations gathered,howevercarefully,atsecondhand. Thegreatsuperiorityoftheexperimentalmethodovermereobservationisthatitdefinestheconditions underwhichthephenomenastudiedhavetakenplaceand,inthisinquiry,itenablesthedisturbingfactorof possiblethoughttransferencefromthequestionertobecompletelyeliminatedbyensuringthatthe questionershallhavenoknowledge,oronlytheslightestacquaintancewith,thepersondelineated.Knowing Dr.Ostypersonally,cantestifytothecare,accuracy,andfreedomfrombiaswithwhichhehascollected thesedata. Hismethodofexperimentationis:(1)totakedowntheexactwordsofthepercipient(2)toascertainwhat thepercipientmighthavealreadyknown(3)toestablishwhathemightguessunderthegivenconditions (4)toascertainthementalcontentoftheexperimenterandofthepersonalityonwhomthefacultyis directedwithreferencetothematterdisclosed(5)toconsiderthemovementofthoughtofeachduringthe experiment(6)tocomparethewordstakendownwiththerealfactsand(7)criticalexaminationofthe informationgivenwithreferencetoallthesefactors.

Someofhissubjectsworkunderhypnotismothersinthenormalstate,thoughmostofthemfallintobrief tranceduringtheexerciseoftheirgifts,thisbeinginsomecasessoslightastoescapeordinary observation. Theirgiftsarecuriouslyspecializedandoftenlimitedtoonesingletype.Thus,onemaybeabletodescribe thegeneraleventsofalifeasawholeanotherwillgiveminutedetailsofitsmoreorlesssalientevents anothercangiveaccuratedescriptionsofapatient'sinternalorgansanotherwillmakeaspecialityof tracinglostobjectswhileyetanothercanreconstructthehistoryofacrimeoradistantevent.Afew instanceswillshowtheamazingvarietyandpenetratingnatureofthefaculty. (a)MedicalDiagnosis .(Dr.Ostyspeaks:)InAugust1920IreceivedanurgentcalltovisitMine.A.C., somewhattiredduringtheprecedingdays,andsuddenlyprostrated.Ifoundthiswoman,agedabout38,ina stateofcollapse,pulse120,temperature36oC.,tendencytosyncope,hardlyabletospeak.Methodical examinationdisclosednothingabnormal.Strongtonicsimprovedhercondition.Onthethirddayanother urgentcall,thepatientmuchworse,herfamilyfearingimmediatedeath.NextdayIgothertowriteafew lines,andplacedtheminthehandsofMdlle.deBerlythesameevening.Shelookedatthewriting, crumpledthepaper,heldittoherforeheadamomentandsaid: "Howfeeblesheis...deadlyweak ...afrailbodythatdoesnotreactagainstillness...her wholenervoussystemisrelaxed,especiallytheheart...Thebodyisinfectedthereisinward fever...Youwillsoonk nowwhatisthematter...theywillthink herabouttodie,butyouwill discoverthesourceofthetroubleandwillcureherquick ly." Onthemorningofthe19thIfoundherbetter,butat6p.m.shewasworsethanever.Ihadpreviously directedthathertemperatureshouldbetakenasnearlyaspossibleeveryhour.Thisshowedatnoon30.6o atIp.m.40.5ovaryinground40otill5p.m.,followedbycollapse.Thecasewasoneoftertianmalaria bringingonheartfailureinapatientpredisposedtothis.Mme.A.C.hasneverbeforehadmalarious attacks,andlivedinaplacewheresuchwereunknownbeforethewar.(Muchabbreviated.) (b)DelineationofCharacter.(Abbreviated.)OnDecember30,1921,Mme.H.G,atParis,receivedashort letterfromEmilyV.intheArdennesofferingherselfascook.ThisletterwasplacedinthehandsofMine. Fraya,whoknewnothingbutthatthequestionreferredtodomesticservice.Shesaid: Thisyoungpersonisveryhonestandpainstaking...devotedtoheremployers...willgivenotroublewith loverssheisafraidofmen.Sheisanaemicandwilloftencomplainofbeingtired...thinksherselfunlucky ...honest,thoughfondofmoney...haslittleintelligenceandnomemory...veryreserved,obstinateand slowtolearn,butthereisanidealinhersimplemind...Iadviseyoutoengagehersheisnottheperfect servant,butisverysincere." Notmuchencouraged,Mme,H.C.engagedthegirl,andfoundherexactlyasdescribed,about20,anaemic andneedingcare,speakingverylittleexcepttocomplainofbeingtired,andsoslowthataftersixmonths hermistresswasdoubtfulifshecouldkeepher.Dominantcharacteristics,anabsoluteterrorofmen,andan idealismmanifestbyconstantattendanceattheSalvationArmyandfrequenthymnsinging. (c)RevelationofMoralCharacter.(Abbreviated,P.71.)Mr.G.wasengagedtoanattractiveladywhomhe hadmetonhistravels.Havingintroducedme,heaskedformyimpressionsonhisprospectivebride.Isaid thatIcouldformnoestimateofanyonebyhalfanhour'sconversation,butthatifhehadanyofherwriting wemighttestoneoftheclairvoyantes.PartofaletterwasplacedinMine.Fraya'shands.Sheknewneither thepersonnorherhandwriting.Shesaid: "Thewriterisimperious,overbearing,anddevouredbyprideandambition...itwouldbewell todistrusthergentleandgracefulmanners,fortheseshowgreatpowersofdissimulationto gainconfidenceforinterestedends...Inintimacythismannergivesplacetoanirritableand despotictemper.Toosatisfiedwithherselftodoubtherowncharm,shethink sthatnoone canresisther.Changeable,impulsive,andincapableofmoderation...sheconstantlytwists thetruth,andhasnoscrupleinaccusingotherstoclearherself..." Mr.G.wasstupefied,andentirelyrefusedtobelievetheportrait.Amonthlatertheladyshowedsome unexpectedtraits.Mr.G.madesomecautiousinquiries,andfoundthatshewasadivorceewhohad

woundedherhusbandwithapistolshot,andwaseventhenengagedtoanothermanwiththeintentionof marryingthericherofthetwo. (d)RecoveryofLostProperty.(Abbreviated,P.79)InMay1921Mme.S.wentfromParistoVersaillesfor thedaytovisitfriends.Shewaswearingavaluablediamondstar,andonreturninghomemissedthejewel. Notracecouldbefound.ShewastakentoseeMine.Morel,whoheldoneofherglovesMine.S.sittingin acorneroftheroomwhileherfriendspoketotheclairvoyante.Mme.Morel,whoworksinastateoflight hypnosis,asked"WhatamItoseeaboutthiswoman?"Shewastold"Lookforwhatistroublingherat thismoment."Shesaid"Sheisdistractedaboutthelossofsomething...Alargejewel,shiningand valuable.Itisnotlost,itishiddenandwillberestored...Ifollowthisladyassheleavesherhomeinan automobilewithanotherperson...shegoestoatownnearhere...Idonotknowitsname...shevisits threehouses...thejewelhasfallennearoneofthem.Iseeitpickedupbyawoman,young,verystout, withlighteyesandhair.Thejewelhasbeenlockedupshethoughtofkeepingitbutisafraid...shewill restoreitbeforetheweekisout.Nopolicemeasuresshouldbetaken,shewillgiveitback." Mr.S.,whohadinformedtheMayorofVersailles,receivedaletterfourdayslater,summoninghimtothat town,andthejewelwasrestoredbyaworkmanwhosesisterhadpickeditup.Themanwasstout,andvery fairincolouring.Mr.S.didnotseethesister,whomhesupposedtoresembleherbrother. (e)DescriptionofaDistantEventandPrediction.(Abbreviated,p.96)OnApril12,1916M.Mirault happenedtoheararefugeefromtheinvadedprovincesexpresshisfearsastocertainvaluablesthathehad hiddeninawallwhentheGermanswereapproaching.BeingdueataseancewithMme.Morel,M.Mirault askedthemantogivehimsomethingofhis,ashemightbeabletogivehimnewsofhispapers.Quite astoundedatsuchaproposition,therefugeegavehimthesmallknotofribbonfromtheinteriorofhis hatband.ThiswasputintoMme.Morel'shands,andafterdescribingthemanshesaid: "Iseehimmuchdisturbed...hegoesdownintoacellarbyastonestairseventeenor eighteensteps.Heiscarryingapack etcontainingvaluablesandalittlepotcontaininggold.... Helightsacandle,displacessomeemptyk egsandpiecesofwood...Hedigsatthefootof thewallinyellowishsand,andthenintothewallitself,putsinthepack etandthelittlepot, andclosesupthemasonry..." "Whathasbecomeofthegoldandthepapers? "Iseesometimelater,butbeforethispresenttime,wrink ledhandsseek ingandfinding, displacingallthat...but...surprising,Iseealso,lateron,themanwhohidthesethingsquite happyinpossessionofallyes,all." Therefugeewasstupefiedwhentold,andstatedalltobeperfectlycorrect,eventothenumberofsteps. Afterthearmistice,hewrotethatthecellarhadcertainlybeensearched,butnotthewall,wherehefoundall thathadbeenhidden. (f)DetectionofaCrime.(Abbreviated,P.235)Betweenmidnightand8a.m.onJanuary101919a cupboardintheofficeoftheAmericanRedCross,locatedintheCentralHotelatBourges,wasforced,and acashboxcontaining5,000francsinmoneyand2,000francsinchequeswasstolen...Icutaboutfifteen inchesofstringfromtwonailsinsidethecupboardandputitintothehandsofMme.Morel.inParison January12th,saying: "SeewhatwaswitnessedbythisobjectonthenightbetweenJanuary9thand10th." ShemadetwofalsestartsafterwhichIsaid: "Itook thisstringfromacupboardwheretherehasbeenatheft.Seethesceneofthetheft." Shesaid:"...Yes,Iseeacupboard...ithasbeenforced....Iseetwopersonslik e shadows...theyarenotstrangerstotheroom,theyk nowit.Theydonotgoback intothe housebythedoor...theygooutbyanopeningclosetothecupboard...itisalargeopening, awindow.Itisinthemorning,notyetdaylight.Thecupboardwasforcedinordertosteal.... Papersandmoneyhavebeentak en....Hewhodidtheactivepartisamanwithlightchestnut hair,dark eyes,irregularfeatures,asquareandratherflatfacehisclothingislik e unbleachedserge...heseemstohavealongcloak ofthesamecolour...Theotherdoesnot

move,sotospeak ...heisquiteyoung...look scunning...playsasubordinateparthe touchednothing." OnJanuary15ththeAmericanpolicetookuptheaffairtheyarrestedayoungAmericanchauffeur,and somedayslater,onfindingthathehadreceived1,000francsfortakinganAmericancaptaintoParis,they issuedawarrantagainstCaptainS.BothmenweretriedbyanAmericancourtmartialinJune1919the chauffeurwasacquittedCaptainS.wasconvictedandcashiered.Accordingtotheevidencehehadpassed mostofthenightenjoyinghimselfinthehotel,andmusthavegoneintotheofficeabout3a.m.,forcedthe cupboard,andleftbythewindow,whichwasfoundopenbythenightporteratdaybreak.Itwasstatedin evidencethatCaptainS.wasassiduousinattendanceattheRedCross:noonewouldhavethoughtof suspectinghim. Thecaseisespeciallyinterestingbecausetheclairvoyancebeganwithimaginarymatterandendedwith exactcognisanceofanevent.ThephysicalcharacteristicsofthetwomenwereexactlyasgivenbyMme. Morel. Itmustnotbesupposedfromtheprecedingexamplesthatanyonewhowantssupernormalinformationhas onlytogotoagoodclairvoyanttogetit.Theseexamplesareselectedfromagreatnumberofothersmore orlessdefective,toshowthatcertainpersonsreallyhavesupernormalfacultiesindependentofTimeand Space.Itisprobablethatsuchfacultiesarelatentorpotentialinallofus.Theyappearinveryvarious degrees. Inpointoffact,manygenuinerevelationsdonotgobeyondverytrivialincidents,andareoftencomplicated bythoughttransferencefromtheunskilfulexperimenters,when(asisnearlyalwaysthecase)theseare unawareofthenecessityforcompletementaldetachmentfromthequestioninhand.Thosewhoconsult clairvoyantswithrealorimaginativepreconceptionsarenearlysuretobemisled.Thisisthegreatest safeguardagainstmisusebyunprincipledpersonswhowould,iftheycould,useinformationsoobtainedfor themostwickedends.ThosewhowouldunderstandthesubjectbettershouldconsultDr.Osty'sChapterV (PartIV)ontheCausesandNatureofErrors.

 Cha pte r 6

PredictionandtheHiddenMemory
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"Timeisdurationsetoutbymeasures." Locke,HumanUnderstanding,II,xiv,17 MOSTpersonsregardTimeasastreamflowingthroughthefieldofthepresentandforpractical purposesthisanswerswellenough.ButaverylittlereflectionshowsthatournotionsofTimeareintimately relatedtoMatter.Itismeasuredbythemotionoftheearthwithrespecttothesungivingustheyearand thedaythelatterbeingdividedintohours,minutes,andseconds.Daysandyearsdonotcoincidethe siderealyearis365days,6h.9min.9.5sec."Leapyears"weredevisedtoharmonizethedayswith astronomicalfacts.TimeisthereforeessentiallyarelationofchangeinMatter,eitherofpositionasofthe earthtothesun,orintrinsicastheageingofamanoratree.Psychologicalchangesarealmost independentofTimeadream,forinstance,maycoveralongseriesofsensationsinanalmost inappreciablefractionoftime. ThephenomenaweshallnowconsiderareboundupwithourconceptsofTime. 1.PredictionsandPremonitions Averylargenumberofpremonitionsofdeathareonrecord.Whentheserefertothepatient'sowndeath, thoughhemaybeinperfecthealthatthetime,theymaypossiblybeduetoasubtleandsubconscious sensationratherthantopsychocognitionproperlysocalled.These,aswellasthenumerouspresentiments ofvariouskindswhichare,muchmoreoftenthannot,unverifiedbyresults,areabsolutelyruledoutby ProfessorRichet'scriteriaforsupernormality:helaysdownthatthreeconditionsmustbefulfilledbeforewe canholdapredictiontobesupernormal: (1)Thefactmustbeindependentofthepersontowhomthepremonitionhascome: (2)Itmustbesodetailedthatitcannotbeascribedtochancenortosagacity: (3)Theconditionsunderwhichitisgivenmustbenoteddownorreportedbeforetheevent referredto.(1)
(1)Infac eofthesecriteriaitisamazingtoreadtheremarksbyreviewersofProfessorRichet'sbookthat"ifthepresentimentsthatare notfulfilledarebalancedagainstthosethatare,thelatterdonotexceedthenumberthatc hancewouldac countfor."Dothese gentlemenreadthebooksonwhichtheypresumetoinstructthepublic?Ordothey"cuttheleavesandsmellthepaperknife,"as onerevieweractuallysaidhisprac ticeiswhenreviewingabookonpsyc hic matters.

RichetquotesBozzano'sfiftyfourthcase.InFebruary1890Mrs.R.V.wenttoconsultaclairvoyante,who warnedherthatherhusbandwouldleaveforSouthAfricaandwoulddiethereInNovemberofthesameyear andthatheshouldputhisaffairsinorder.Shenotedthisinherdiaryatthetime.Mr.V.'sdeparture,then uncertain,dulytookplace,buttheprecautionswerenottaken,Mr.V.beinginrobusthealth.HediedIn Novemberaspredicted,andmuchtroubleandexpensefollowed. AmostremarkablepredictionofthewholecourseoftheRussoPolishwarisrecordedintheRevue MetapsychiqueforSeptemberOctober1921.ThefirstpredictionwasobtainedatWarsawbythePolish S.P.R.,countersignedbytwelvemembersandsenttoParisbeforetheeventspredictedlook place.Itwas followedbyaseriesofothers,allofwhichwereexactlyverified.Theywerereceivedclairaudiently,and claimedtobefromanexternalsource. Thisfirstmessagewasreceivedwithentireincredulity:atthattime(June10th)thePolesseemed completelyvictorioustheyoccupiedanimportantpartofRussiaandhadtakenKieff.TheBolshevikswere infullretreatonJune9ththelineoftheriverSochahadbeenforced,andonJune10ththevictoryofthe

Beresinawasofficiallyannounced. PredictionofJune10th TheCouncilofMinistersisnotyetconstituted,butsoonerorlateryouwillhearofWitos. Whatmisfortunes!Whatdisasters!Howmanydeadonyourbattlefields.Adisastertoyourtroops.During thismonththerewillbeagreatchangeintheCouncil.WitoswillbePrimeMinister.Agreatermanthan yourministerswillgiveyouhisfriendlyhelp.InAugusteverythingwillchange.Astrangerarriveswithwhom Pilsudskitakescounsel.Hewillhavemuchinfluence. Thesystematicstrikeswillcometoanend.TowardsthemiddleofAugustyourmisfortuneswillchange,but uptothattimetherewillbenothingbutdisasters. Eventsrealized Thedisasterpredicted,thoughquiteunexpected,didnotfailtocomeabout.Ageneraloffensivebythe BolsheviksbeganonJune28thonthenorthernfront.OnJuly8ththelineoftheUpperBeresina(550kil. fromWarsaw)wasabandoned.Minskwaslostonthe13th,ViInaonthe16th,andLida(350kil.)onthe 18th.TheattackonWarsawbeganonAugust13th,andonthe15ththebattlebegantogoinfavourofthe Poles. Onthe18ththevictoryoftheVistulawascomplete,butuptothe15ththePolisharmyhadonlydefeats, Thearrivalofthestranger,GeneralWeygand,andhiscooperationwithMarshalPilsudski,hadagreatshare insavingPoland.Mr.Witos,tillthenalmostunknown,becamePrimeMinisterJuly24th. Onlyasmallpartofthepredictionsisquotedabove.TheycontinuedtillAugust19th,andwereverifiedin everysingleparticular. 2.APersonalPredicition(1)
(1)Reprintedfromtheauthor'scontributiontoSurvival(Putnam's,1924).

In1897IwasemployedasTechnicalAssistanttotheUgandaRailwayConstructionBoardattheForeign Office,andthoughtheworkwasfaradvancedIhadnothoughtofleavingit.ButinDecemberofthatyear, MissB.,afriendlivingwithmywifeandmyself,wentonavisittoaladywhomIwillcallKate(nota professionalclairvoyante),whoveryrarelyexercisedherpower.Sheshuthereyes,tookMissB.'shand, andsaid: NowIseeyougoingoverseasnowyouarelivinginalargehouse,itlook slik eabarrack or institutionofsomek ind,andithastwotowers.NowIseeyoudrivinginacountrylanewitha stoutelderlyladywhohascurlsalloverherhead,inacuriousvehiclelik ealargebathchair drawnbyapony. OnMissB.'sreturnnothingmorewasthoughtofthepredictionwhichseemedquitewideofanyprobability. ButinMarch1898quiteunexpectedeventstookmetotheChannelIslands,whereIwasofferedasingle storiedhouseunsuitableforthepurposeunderdiscussion,whichconcernedtheson,N.,oftheowner,who suggestedthatthehousemightberemodelled,andaskedmetodrawtheplans.Theseinvolvedraisingthe houseonestoryandaddinganewwing.IdrewtheplansforhiminMay.Tomydrawingheaddedtwo towers.ThealterationswerecompletedinSeptemberandwewentintoresidence. SomeweekslaterMissB.foundherselfdrivingwithalady,thewifeoftheowner,preciselyasdescribed, andinavehicleasspecified.Theprediction,tillthenforgotten,flashedintohermind.Isuggestedlaying beforeKateaphotographofthehousealongwithothers,butgivingnohintofthepurpose.Thiswasdone, andKateatoncepickedoutthephotographsaying,"Why!thatisthehouseI'saw'youin." Thepointsofinterestarethatthehousewasnotevendesignedatthetimeofthevisionthepeoplewere unknowntousallevenbynameIhadnothoughtofgoingoverseasthehousewasnotbuilttillsixmonths laterthedriveinthelaneswaslaterstillandthevisioninthiscasewasprecise,notsymbolical.(1)

(1)Confrontedwithsuchfac tsmostpersonseitherpassthembywithoutanythoughtatallorinfersheerfatalism.Thetruthseemsto bethatweac tfromc onditionedchoices,theconditionsbeinginherentinthementalitiesthatwehavemadeforourselvesandin theenvironingcirc umstances.MissB.deceasedinAugust1913,havingbeenamostvaluedc olleagueinmyeduc ationalworkfrom 1898tothatdate,andonewhoselossaffec tedmegreatly.Someyearslater,whenmymilitarydutiesduringthewarwereended,I receivedthroughaverypassiveautomatist,whoisignorantofwhatshewrites,frequentc ommunic ationpurportingtocomefromthe deceasedlady.AmongmanyotherquestionsIputthefollowing,andrec eivedtheanswersappended: CanyouexplainhowKatecouldforeseeinJanuarythehousenotbuilttillSeptember? A.Icannotsayhow,butalthoughyoudidnotknowit,thoseeventswereboundtofollowtheworkingsoftheminds.Ithadnothingto dowithKate,really. Thenwhomhadittodowith? A.Youandme,withN,'sneed,andhisfatherandmother.Katewasonlythemedium. Q.Howwassheimpressed? A.Shewasclairvoyant,andthelinkcamethroughmeasbeingcloselyassoc iatedwithyou. Q.ThatagreeswithOsty'sconclusions,butwhatissodiffic ulttogetatis,howcouldthefac tofyourc onnectionwithmebringthe futureintovision?"Clairvoyanc e"isonlyawordexpressingafact. A.IamnotabletosaymorethanOurLordsaid,"Yeareallmembersoneofanother,"andasc olleagues,ofcoursemypersonality showedsignsofyourfutureandmine. Theautomatisthadc ertainlynotreadOsty'sbook,theEnglishtranslationnothavingthenappearedandIasc ertainlydidnot connectthepredictionwithanytheory.MyownstateofmindwasratherahopethatImightgetsomenewlightonthenatureof Time.This,itwillbenoticed,wasnotreferredtointheanswers,andwhateverthesourc eoftheinformation,thefactsremain .

IdonotthinkthatthesefactsimplyFatalismbuttheydoimplyDeterminism.Incasesofpredictionit seemstomeprobablethatthesubconsciousnessofthemedium,ortheconsciousnessofthe communicatingintelligence(asthecasemaybe),hasaccesstothemindsthatwillproducetheevents. LaplacesaidthatanIntelligencecognisantofallcausescouldpredictallresults.InthecaseoftheRusso Polishwar,themilitarymovementsweretheresultsofthemindsconcerned,andanypersonwithfullwritten reportsofallthatwashappeningonbothsides,couldhavepredictedthemovementsandtheirissues. TheHiddenMemory(Cryptomnesia) TheBritishMedicalJournalofJanuary31,1919,hassomedetailsofamostinterestinginstanceofthis faculty.ItisthatofasignallerintheR.F.C.whowasburiedinatrenchbytheexplosionofaheavyshell. Whendugout,theobjectsthathesawseemedtohimtobedisplacedatrightangles.Thisdislocation persisted,andhecouldnotrememberwhenthedisplacement,whichhadhappenedbefore,hadfirst occurred.Themedicaltreatmentwashypnoticthehypnotist,endeavouringtotracethefirstoccurrenceof thekind,carriedhimbackthroughhispastlife.Onsuggestingtohimthathewassixyearsold,helived vividlythroughhisoldexperiences."Heissittingonawoodenhorseinthediningroomhisauntcomesin andwishestowashhimbeforegoingtobedhedeclines,andedgesawayfromherthehorsecatcheson thehearthrug,andhefallsonthefender,strikinghistemple.Heknowsnomoretillhefindshimselfinbed, hisauntbathinghisface."Afterthisincidentthedisplacementfirstoccurred.Furthersuggestionscarried himbacktofive,four,andthreeyearsold,inwhichstatesherecallstheirexperiences. DeRochasmadeaspecialstudyofthisregressionalmemory,andfoundthatitcannearlyalwaysbe broughttothesurfaceunderhypnotism.IthasalsobeendeeplystudiedbyFlournoywithsimilarresults, andthereisgoodreasontothinkthatalltheeventsofalifetimewhichhaveaffectedthedevelopmentofthe personalityareineffaceablystoredinthehiddenmemorylongafterthebrainmemoryhasletthemslip. Thissubconsciousmemoryaccountsformuchintheactionsofeachoneofus.Our"experienceoflife"is littlemorethanthenetoutcomeofimpressionswhosegenesishaspassedfromourconsciousness. Normalpsychologyisbeginningtotaketheseoriginsintoseriousaccount:morbidstatesarefrequentlythe resultofdeepimpressionsonayoungmindthathavepassedintosubconciousness,anduncorrectedby reason,havebecomefixedideasorevenmonomania. Thisprocessaccounts,too,formuchreluctancetofaceunwelcomefacts.NathanielHawthornesaysthat "nosagaciousmanwilllongretainhissagacityifhelivesexclusivelyamongreformingandprogressive peoplewithoutperiodicallyreturningtothesettledsystemofthings,tocorrecthimselfbyanewobservation

fromtheoldstandpoint":hissubconsciousnessbecomesdominatedbyonesetofideas. Weallknowthepermanenceoffirstimpressionssometimesthesecanbetraced.Myownimpressionsof RomanCatholicismwereformedonreadingKingsley'sWestwardHo!whenabouttwelveyearsold:nottill longafterwasIabletoformajusteropinion.Moreoftenthecauseofabiashasbeenforgotten,butthebias remains. Habitsareformedinlikemanner,andeachrepetitionofanactstrengthensthesubconsciousdispositionto repeatitandthisappliesequallytogoodandbadhabits.Almostanyoneofmatureagewhocanreflect dispassionatelyonhispastlifewillrealizehowverylittlereasonhadtodowithhischoiceofaprofession, hisreligiousandpoliticalopinions,hismarriage,theeducationofhischildrenandtheconductofhishome.I donotsayitshouldbeotherwise.Imerelystatethateveninthemostimportantmattersweactfrom impulsesandafterwardsfindreasonstojustifythem.

 Cha pte r 7

SomeScientificInferences
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"Sitdownbeforefactslik ealittlechild,bepreparedtogiveupeverypreconceivednotion,followhumbly whereverandtowhateverabyssesNatureleadsoryoushalllearnnothing." Huxley THESEwordswerewrittenwithreferencetothosewhomaintainedaninfantileliteralisminreligion againsttheplainestgeologicandevolutionaryfacts.But"thewhirligigofTimebringsitsrevenges":the positionisnowcompletelydifferentthefactsforwhichHuxIeycontendedarenowfullyaccepted,anditis toanentirelynewseriesoffactsthatinvolveimmanentMindthathiswordsnowapplyfactswhichmany priests(ofScienceandReligionalike)havehithertorefusedtoconsider.Buttheusualperiodoftwo generationshasnowelapsedsincethosefactswerecertifiedbytwomenofScienceofthefirstrank (CrookesandWallace)andtheirgeneralrecognitionisaboutdue. 1.DirectedEnergytheFundamentalFact IntheprefacetohisTreatiseonMetapsychicsProfessorRichetsays: Thethreefundamentalphenomenaofthisnewsciencecanbesummedupinthree sentences: (1)Cryptesthesia(thelucidityofformerwriters)isafacultyofcognitionthat differsfromthenormalsensorialfaculties. (2)Telek inesisisamechanicalactionthatdiffersfromallk nownmechanical action,beingexertedatadistanceandwithoutcontactonpersonsorobjects, undercertaindeterminateconditions. (3)Ectoplasm(thematerializationofformerwriters)istheformationofdivers objects,whichinmostcasesseemtoemergefromahumanbodyandtak eon thesemblanceofmaterialrealitiesclothing,veils,andlivingbodies. Thesemak eupthewholeofMetapsychics.Itseemstomethattoadmitthisistoadmita greatdeal.Togofartheristogobeyondthepresentlimitsofscience. Ido,however,claimthatsciencestrictandinflexiblescienceoughttoadmitthesethree strangephenomenathatithas,uptothepresent,refusedtorecognize. Incertainrespectsmetapsychicscannotbecomparedwithanyotherscience.Nointelligence isapparentinthevariousmodesofenergy,whereasbothinobjectiveandsubjective metapsychicsthephenomenaseemduetosomek indofintelligence.Thisintelligence... maybepurelyhumanbutifso,itproceedsfromaregionofhumanintelligencequite unk nowntous,sinceitrevealsthingsthatoursensescannotreveal,andactsuponmatter otherwisethanbymuscularcontraction.Inanycasetheprovinceofmetapsychicsdiffers fromthatofallotherforces,theselatterbeingcertainlyblindandunconscious. Theessentialfactinthesethreeclassesofphenomenaisthattheirproximatecausesareintelligent.The energythatproducesthemisdirected. Thatisthefirstandmostcrucialinferencefromthecertifiedfacts. 2.TheIntelligenceisofaHumanType

Consideringtheobjectivegroup,intelligentdirectionappearsmostobviouslyinthephotographicand ectoplasmicphenomena.Theappearancesareoflivingfacesandmemberschieflyhumanfacesandhuman members.Incertaincasestheyrespondtorequestsandactfromtheirownvolition,asintheinstancesof theformationofhollowwaxmoulds.Theseforms,thoughnotunderthecontrolofthemedium'swill,arein organicconnectionwithhim. Butinthephotographicprocessthereisnosuchorganicconnectiontheintelligenceseemsentirely external.Thatthereisnoinvisibleimageposingbeforethecameraisobviousfromthefactthatimagesare independentofthelensandaredifferentoneithersideoftheplatewhenastereoscopiccameraisused. Autosuggestioncanhavenopart,fortheportraitsproducedarealmostalwaysunknowntothemediumand oftenunknowntothesitters,evenwhensubsequentlyrecognizedbyotherpersons.Whowrotethegreeting "Bonjour,vouseteslebienvenu"citedabove?OrtheColleyletter?Bothwereimpressedbydirectwriting onthenegative.IntheformercasethemediumscertainlyknownoFrenchIcertifytheydidnottouchthe platesDr.GeleycertainlydidnotthinkofgreetinghimselfandIassuredlyhadnosuchthoughtinmy mind,beingwhollyoccupiedinwatchingtheprocedure,ofwhosesupernormalityIwasnotthenconvinced. Allthephysicalmodesofenergyelectric,magnetic,chemical,mechanical,thermal,luminous,etc.are blindforces.Whereverthereislifetheseforcesaredirectedtoproducespecificforms,andconversely whereverspecificformsareproduced(exceptcrystals)weinferalivingagency,directingtheenergythat producesthem. Thisisthesecondinferencethereisalivingagencybehindthephenomena 3."FromtheUnconscioustotheConscious" AllNatureisfullofthisdirectedenergy.Itisinherentineveryformofvegetableandanimallife.The spectroscoperevealsthatothersystemsarecomposedofchemicalmatterlikethatofoursolarsystemit isthereforereasonabletoinferthatthesamephysicalandbiologiclawsgovernthewholeuniverse. Ithaslongbeenadmittedbymenofsciencethatweliveinthemidstofaninfiniteandomnipresentenergy fromwhichallthingsproceed. PhilosophyhasalsoadmittedthatthiseternalprocessionofenergyisdirectedbyMind.Science, concernedwithphenomenaandtheirproximatecausesonly,stilllagsbehindthisinference,yetthewhole evolutionoflifeonthisplanetshowsacontinuousprogressfromlowertohighertypesofconsciousness. A.R.Wallace,inhisWorldofLife,showsthateachgreatgeologicepochismarkedbyafreshaccession ofconsciousnessuptothedevelopmentofabeingcapableofthatdegreeofintelligencethathasits inflorescenceinreligionandmoralitytheconsciousnessofrightandwrong,andthemoralImperative.The nextthreeparagraphsaresummarizedfromthatbook.(1) ThePrimary(Palaeozoic)periodisthatoffishesandamphibiatheSecondary(Mesozoic)thatofreptilesIn amazingabundanceandvarietyandtheTertiary(Cainozoic)isthatofanalmostequalabundanceof mammaliaandbirds.Atthecloseofeachofthesegreatperiods,probablyextendingtomanythousandsof years,thedominantformoflife,Insteadofbeingmodifiedbysmallcontinuousadaptationsintonewspecies andgenera,was
(1)Thiswork,publishedbyMessrs.Chapman&Hallin1910,isonethateverystudentofpsychic phenomenaoughttopossess.The demonstrationoforganizingmindinNatureissingularlycompleteandc ogent,entirely,oralmostentirely,sweptawayand succ eededbynewdevelopmentsfromsmallparentforms.Eachofthesedominantformsofliferepresentsahigherstageof organizationwithcorrespondingdevelopmentsofIntelligenc e.

4.ThePalaeozoicPeriod Thisdiffersfromthetwolatererasinhavingnoknownbeginning,andtheconsensusofopinionamongthe highestauthoritiesisthattheexistinggeologicrecordonlycarriesusbacktoaboutthemiddleofthetime thatlifehasexistedontheearth.Itsspecialconditionswereprobablyahighanduniformtemperaturewith abundantmoistureandalargerproportionofcarbondioxideintheairthantherehaseverbeensince. Wemaylookonthisperiodasthenaturalprecursorofthesubsequentrapiddevelopmentofterrestrialand aerialanimallife.Thevegetablelifewassuperabundant,anditstracesremaininthecoalbeds,which,by

fixingenormousamountsofcarbonfromtheatmosphere,purifiedtheairsufficientlyforthehighertypeofair breathinganimals.Inthisfirstandworldwidecoalmakingepochweseetheresultofacosmicadaptation thatinfluencedallfuturelifedevelopment. 5.TheMesozoicPeriod OnpassingtotheSecondarystrata,thearchaicbonelessfishesentirelydisappearandarereplacedbytrue vertebratefishes,andwhiletheearlyamphibialingeron,theirplaceissoontakenbytruereptileswhich rapidlydevelopintocreaturesofstrangeformsandoftenofhugedimensions,whoseskeletons,tothe uninstructedeye,mighteasilybetakenforthoseofmammalia,asinfactsomeofthemhavebeen mistaken.Theseearlyreptilesalreadyshowhighspecialization.Somehaveenormouscanineteethothers wereadaptedtofeedontheluxuriantvegetation.Theremarkablethingisthatsomehundredsofspeciesof variedformsandsizes,herbivorousandcarnivorous,shouldhavebeengraduallydeveloped,arrivedat maturity,andcompletelydiedoutduringthecomparativelyshortperiodsofthePermianandtheTriasorin theintervalbetweenthem.Theyweresucceededbythehugereptileformswithwhichourmuseumshave mademostpersonsfamiliarthelargestlandanimalsthathaveappearedontheearth.Someofthesewere eightyfeetinlength,bothneckandtailbeingverylonginproportiontothemassivebodyandtheyallhave incommonthefactofverysmallbrains,someofthelargesthavingabrainnolargerthanthatofadog,"as iftheyweremarkedoutforextinctionfromthefirst."Thedifferentspecieswereextremelynumerous, adaptedtoterrestrial,marine,andaeriallifeyetnotoneofthevariedformsoftheterrestrialdinosaurs,the aerialpterodactylsortheaquaticichthyosaurs,allaboundingdowntothetimeofthechalkformations,ever survivedthechasmthatintervenedbetweenthelatestSecondaryandtheearliestTertiarydepositsyet discovered.Superiortothefish,theirintelligencewasstillofaverylowtype. Inthesameperiodthereoccurthefirsttracesofmammalianlife,allquitesmall,notmuchlargerthanarat. ThenduringtheblankintherecordseparatingtheSecondaryfromtheTertiaryerathewholeofthisteeming reptilianlifetotallydisappearedwiththetwoexceptionsofcrocodilesandtortoises.Tocompletethegreat seriesoflifechanges(perhapsasanecessarypreparationforthem)plantsunderwentasimilar transformation,theprominentformsbeingsucceededbyhigherfloweringplants,whichthenceforwardtook thefirstplaceandnowformfully99percentofthewholemassofvegetationwithavarietyofnourishing productsinfoliage,fruit,andflower,neverbeforeavailable. 6.TheTertiaryEpoch Nowherewehaveatremendousseriesofspecialdevelopmentsoflifeformssimultaneousinallpartsofthe earth,affectingbothplantsandanimals,insectsandvertebrates,allcontemporaneousinageneralsense, andalldeterminingthetransitionfromalowertoamuchhighergradeoforganizationandconsciousness. DirectlywepassfromthechalktothelowestoftheTertiarydepositsweseemtobeinanewworldoflife. Notonlyhavethegiganticdinosaursandtheaccompanyingswimmingandflyingreptilestotally disappeared,buttheyarereplacedineverypartoftheworldbymammalswhichalreadyexhibitindications ofbeingtheancestorsofhoofedanimals,ofthepresentcarnivora,andofapes. Forthepurposeofthisbriefoutlineofleadingfactsitisunnecessarytotouchonthedevelopmentand extinctionofgreatnumbersofthemoredevelopedspeciesduringthemostrecentgeologicalformations.In thelatestagethegreatIrishelk,thecavelion,thesabretoothedtiger,cavebearsandhyaenas,extinct deer,antelopes,sheepandcattlewereabundantoverEurope,somereachingourowncountry.Lyddeker, GeographicalHistoryofMammals ,p.1:8,says:"Itwouldseemthattheremustbesomegeneral,deep seatedcauseaffectingthelifeofaspecies,withwhichweareatpresentunacquainted." 7.MindinNature Enoughhasbeensaidtoindicate,thoughnotadequatelytorepresent,Wallace'scontentionthatthewhole courseofvisibleevolutionisaprogressbytheactionofCreativeMinddirectingnaturalenergiesfrom relativelyunconscioustomoreandmoreconsciousformsoflife,culminating(sofar)inManspiritualbeing capableofmuchfurtherprogress,Hesays: If,asJohnHunter,T.H.HuxIey,andothereminentthink ershavedeclared,"lifeisthecause, nottheconsequenceoforganization",sowemaybelievethatmindisthecause,notthe consequenceofbraindevelopment.Thefirstimpliesthatthereisacauseoflifeindependent oftheorganismthroughwhichitismanifested,andthiscausemustitselfbepersistent

eternallife,anyothersuppositionbeingessentiallyunthink able.Andifwemustpositan eternallifeasthecauseoflife,wemustequallypositaseternalMindasthecauseofmind. DarwinalwaysadmittedVariabilityasafundamentalfactwithoutwhichNaturalSelectionwouldbe powerlessorevennonexistent. HeelaboratedhistheoryofPangenesisforthepurposeofrenderingthemanystrangefactsof inheritancemoreintelligible,butevenifitwereprovedtobeanexactrepresentationofthe factsitwouldnotbeanexplanation,because,asWeismann,Kerner,andmanyothersadmit, itwouldnotaccountfortheforces,thedirectiveagency,andtheorganizingpowerthatarethe essentialfeaturesofgrowth.... ToappreciateWallace'spositionitmustberememberedthathestatesinthemostpositivemannerthathe haddefinitelyfreedhimselffromalltheologicaldogmas.ItwasbystudyofNatureinthefirstplace,andof thesupernormalfactsinthesecond,thathecametohisconclusion: Whenwelook uponManasbeingherefortheverypurposeofdevelopingdiversityand individuality,tobefurtheradvancedinafuturelife,weseemoreclearlythewholeobjectof ourearthlifeasapreparationforit...Ihavefullydiscussedtheevidencesinplantandanimal lifeindicatingaprevisionanddefinitepreparationoftheearthforMananolddoctrine, supposedtobeexploded,butwhich,toallwhoaccepttheviewthattheuniverseisnota chanceproduct,will,Ihope,nolongerseemtobeoutsidetherealmofscientificinquiry.Still moreimportantistheargument,setforthinsomedetail,showingtheabsolutenecessityofa creativeanddirectivepowerandmindasexemplifiedinthewonderfulphenomenaofgrowth,of organization,andfundamentallyofcellstructure,andoflifeitself. 8.TheEvolutionaryScheme Wallace'sschemeoutlinedinthelastsectionmayberoughlysummarizedasfollows: Mindisallpervading.Themanifestationofitsinfinituderunsinbothdirectionsinfinitelygreatinthestellar universe,infinitelysmallinatomsandcells,butpresentineveryatomofinorganicmatterastheoriginof physicallaws.Intheorganicworldeverylivingformplant,animalormanexpressessomeoneormore attributesofthecreativeMind.ThisistherealomnipresenceofSpiritourtelescopesandmicroscopesshow thatinfinitude,fortheynevergettofinalitythereisalwaysmuchmorebeyondtheirpowers. ThisMinddoesnotactonMatterdirectly,butthroughtheequallyomnipresentenergywhichisprobably etherialinitsnature.EveryformexpressestheCreativeIntelligenceuptothedegreeofwhichthatformis capable.Thehigheranimalsalreadymanifestacertainamountofunselfishparentallove,butthe consciousnessofMan,aloneamongallmaterialbeings,issufficientlyevolvedtobecapableofethical choicesi.e.tobecapableofpresentingsomeofthehighercharactersofCreativeLoveandWisdomthat wemeanwhenwespeakof"God." Ineveryatomthereismuchmorespacethansubstance:thepositivenucleusandthenegativeelectrons aresmallrelativelytotheatomitself,whethertheatomsbefreeorcombinedintomolecules.Thisspace mustbepervadedbytheether.Ifthenthisskinofmattercouldbestrippedoff,therewouldremainan etherialindividualizedformoflivingenergy.Thiswouldapplytoanylivingformplantoranimal.Thereis nothingcontrarytoreasoninthisideaofinvisibleform.Richetsays: Thatthereshouldbeintellectualpowersotherthanthoseofmank indandconstructedona whollydifferentplanisnotonlypossiblebuthighlyprobable....Itisabsurdtosupposethat oursistheonlymindinNature,andthatinevitablyeveryintelligentpowerisorganizedonthe humanoranimalmodel.Whyshouldtherenotbeintelligentandpuissantbeingsdistinctfrom thoseperceptibletooursenses? 9.Body,Soul,andSpirit Allusionhasalreadybeenmade(p.26)toDr.Geley'ssynthesisofthesupernormalfacts.Hisexperiments onectoplasmicmaterializationledhimtoperceivethattheformlessectoplasmextrudedbyamedium growsundertheeyesoftheobserversintohumanformsandfaces.Theremustbeanenergythatperforms

thischange.ItalsoconformstoapreexistentIdea.Itisthereforeadirectedenergy.Heatoncerecognized thatthisprocesshasacloseanalogueinthetransformationofinsectsandinthequickeningoflifeinan eggoraseed. Inthechrysalisthelarvaisreducedtoawhiteemulsioninwhichnearlythewholeorganismexceptthe centralnerveandportionsofthedigestivetubedisappear.Inthisformlesspulp,shutofffromexternal influences,entirelyneworgansadaptedtoaeriallifearerapidlygenerated.Notonlyso,but,aspreviously noticed,ahighlycomplexandbeautifulcolourscheme,consistingofthousandsofminutescales,isformed, andthosescalesarearrangedinmosaicpatternsofextraordinaryvarietyandbrilliancewhosedetailis revealedbythemicroscope,thispatternbeingalwaysinconformitywiththepreexistingIdeaofthe species.Thesameprocesstoadifferentendtakesplaceineveryeggandeveryseed.Hethereforeinferred thatalivingbeing,andmoreespeciallyahumanbeing,proceedsprimarilyfrom(1)anarchetypalDirective Idea,actingthrough(2)anindividualizedsoulenergywithbothphysicalandmentalaspects,producing(3)a materialrepresentationonthematerialplane. TheDirectiveIdeaintheindividualisinsolidaritywiththevastImmanentIntelligenceinNature:itisaminute fraction(sotospeak)oftheCreativeIntelligenceoftheCosmos.Thisbeingessentiallytrue,ithasalways beenperceivedunderoneformoranother.Plato'sintuitionalcontemplationperceiveditasbody(soma), soul(psuche),andspirit(pneuma),thelatterreceivingitsvitalimpulsefromtheLogos theDivineReason orWord.Aristotledefinedtheprocessasanentelechy,meaningthecompleterealizationofdirecting Energy.Theseconclusions,foundintheProloguetotheFourthGospelandinSt.Paul'sepistles,arenot necessarilycopiedonefromanother,butmaywellbecommonperceptionofatruthunderlyingthelife process.TheentirelyindependentVedantaphilosophyofIndiapresentssimilarideasunderametaphysical aspect,towhichSt.Paulgivesspiritual,andPlatophilosophicalexpression.Meredifferencesofformulation shouldnotblindustothesimilarityofideas. ThenoveltyanddistinctionofGeley'sviewisthatitisascientificandexperimentalconfirmationofthe essentialideaimpliedinentelechy.Thislatterwordiscomingagainintogeneralusebybiologists.Itmeans realizationofanendasdistinctfromtheprocessitisrealizationincontrastwithpotentiality. Frequently,itistrue,Aristotlefailstodrawanystrictlineofdemarcationbetweenenergyand entelechybut,intheoryatleast,thetwoaredefinitelyseparatedfromeachother... Entelechyistherealizationthatcontainstheendofaprocess,thelaststageintheprocess frompotentialitytoreality. E.WALLACE,Aristotle'sPsychology,p.xiii. NowthisideacouldnotbefullydevelopedtillthemoderndiscoveryofEnergyasaconcretepower,known initselectrical,chemical,thermal,magnetic,andothermanifestations.Entelechyinvolvestherealizationof anideawellandgood:but,Whoseidea?ItmerelystatesapurposivefactorinNatureitdoesnotexplain itsoriginnoritsmechanism.Geleysubstitutesforthevaguenotionapreciseandconcreteindividualized energy,aspreciseandconcreteastheelectric"current"thatenergizesthelivewire.Energyqua"force"is nomoreintelligentthanMattertheremustthereforebeIntelligencedirectingevolutionandgrowth.He explainsintelligiblyonthisbasisthephenomenaofhypnosis,alterationsofpersonality,healing, supernormalphenomena,andmediumshipnotofcourseinfulldetailbutinbroadprinciple.Geleyishere againincloseagreementwithAlfredRusselWallace,whowasledbythestudyofthesamesupernormal andnaturalfactstotheinferencethattheprimarycauseofVariability,withoutwhich,asDarwinfully admitted,adaptationandselectioncouldnotact,isapsychic factor.Thatgreatbiologistshowed conclusivelyinhisWorldofLifethatEvolutionispurposivebeingunderadirectiveideamanifestbyits actualresult"thedevelopmentofaspiritualbeing." Nowaspiritualbeingisonepossessedofmoralandethicalqualities.Itisthereforetothedevelopmentof thesehigherqualitiesthatwemustlookasthetruecourseofhumanevolution.Thereisnoperceptible advanceinphysicalevolutioninthelastfivethousandyears.Wearecertainlyneithermorebeautifulnor moreintellectualthantheGreeksof500B.C.,butthereisplentyofscopeformoralevolution!Huxleypoints outthesamething:thedesireforkeenersightismetbythemicroscopeandtelescope,notbyimproved eyes. 10.ThePresentPosition Itisnothingshortofamazingthatafterthetestimonytotherealityofsupernormalphenomenagivenby

yearsofcarefulworkinEngland,France,Germany,Italy,andPolandbyskilledexperimentalistssuchas Wallace,Crookes,Lodge,Richet,Geley,Morselli,Bozzano,SchrenckNotzing,andOchorowicz(tonamea fewonlyofleadingauthorities)thatcriticsshouldstillbewastingtimeondiscussionswhetherthisorthat mediumhasbeenguiltyoffraud,insteadofdrawingtheinferencessogreatlyneededatthepresent juncture.Enoughhasbeenthoroughlysubstantiatedtoserveasthefoundationoftheentirelynewscience whichProfessorRichethascalledMetapsychics,andtoenlighteninquiringmindsthathaveneitherthetime northeaptitudefororiginalinvestigation,butwhocanseetheenormousimportanceofthegeneral developmentofthequalitiesthatdependonwiderecognitionofspiritualrealities,andofReligionasvital perceptionofthoserealitiesratherthanasassenttoanyspecialformsofcreed. Thepresentsocialandpoliticaltroublesoftheworldarereducibletoonesimplefactintellectualprogress hasfaroutstrippedmoraldevelopment,(1)sothatthevastpowersthatsciencehasplacedinthehandsof mankindarelargelyusedfordestructioninsteadofupbuilding.Preparationforwarbylandandseaabsorbs enormoussumsthatshouldbedevotedtosocialbettermentandhowevernecessarythismaybeinStates suchasEngland,France,andItaly,whoonlywantsecurityfromaggressionandseeplainlyenoughthat warisasruinoustothevictorsastothevanquished,itisnonethelesstruethatthewholedangerisdueto humandisregardofthemoralfactorsofprosperitywhichareindustry,goodwill,andreligiousbelief.
(1)High,orevenfaultless,moralcharacterisassumedbyallthemakersofsoc ialistandotherUtopias. Theactualfactsare:(1)Therearefartoomanypersonsengagedon"distribution"fartoomanyshopspeddlingothermen'swork. (2)Averagemoralityissolowthatassoonasmencandictatetermstheirworkbec omesmuc hlowerinqualityandmuchlessin quantity. Theoreticallyandutopially,nationalizedundertakingsmightbefeasible(withmodific ations)ifthemanagementwerechosenfor abilityaloneandnotbypolitic al"influence"ornepotismifthemenwereaskeentodogoodworkastogethighwagesifinfact theyhadthetemperoftheprofessionalclassesifpolitic swereleftoutsidetheyardgatesandif70perc entofdistributorswere employedonusefulproduction. Allnecessariestoc ivilizedlifeandleisuretoenjoythemcouldthenbewithinreac hofall. Itischaracterthatforbids,orratherthewantofittherearetoomanywhoareonlyamenabletoFearorPain.Feartoothoroughly justifiedFearisthec auseforarmaments.AllUtopiastakeforgrantedthatiffearofconsequenc eswereremovedallwouldgowell! IfthatweresoallUtopiaswouldworkwithafewcommonsensemodific ations.

Notonlyso,butthisprostitutionofsciencehasengenderedaperilthatmenacestheveryexistenceof Europeancivilizationbyitsrepercussiononindustryandcredit.ThatperilisPoisongasWaragainst manufacturingandbusinesscentres.Thesediabolicalprojectswillneverbeexorcisedbyagreementsor politicalmethods.Edisonhassaidthatnoeffectivedefensivemeasuresarepossibleinviewofthenumber ofvulnerablepoints.Theperilcanonlybeavertedbygeneralrecognitionofthetruelineofhumanevolution friendlycooperationleadingtothatpeacethatisnotmerelytheabsenceofactualstrife,butharmony betweenmenofgoodwill. Nothingwillsosurelyleadtothisasconvictionoftherealityofthesoul,itssurvival,anditsselfwrought destinyandthatiswhyWilliamEwartGladstonesaidthatPsychicalResearchisthemostimportant scientificworkthatisbeingdoneintheworld.

 Cha pte r 8

Survival
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"Thatthehumanpersonalitypersistsafterthedissolutionofthebodyhasbeen"proved"somanytimes thatitisrathersurprisingitshouldbethoughtnecessarytorepeattheprocessatshortintervals.The ancientargumentshavebeenwornthreadbare,butitseemsevidentthatthephenomenaofSpiritualism havegiventothebeliefanewleaseoflife...."Whatwecalldeathisameretranslationfromone environmenttoanother."...Itistruewearefurnishedwithsomeparticularsofthisfreshenvironment,but theyaresomeagreandcloudyastobequiteunconvincing...Letthesamephenomenabevouchsafedto anyrobustdiscipleofReason,andhemaypossiblybelieveasSirArthurConanDoylebelieves.Untilthat happenshewillcertainlynotdoso." Mr.CharlesT.Gorham inTheLiteraryGuide "Tak emywordforititisnot,asarule,safetotrustyourselftoamanwhotellsyouthathedoesnot believeinaGodorafuturelife." WilliamPitt,quotedbyCANONLIDDON THEfirstofthesetwoquotationsisafairspecimenofthemannerinwhichtheexperimentalfacts andtheinferencesfromthemaremetbycriticswhoblinkunpalatableevidence.Proofsoflongstandingare dismissedas"threadbareargumenttheconsensusofreligionsiscalled"barbaricdogma"and"outworn superstition."RobertBlatchfordisasrobustadiscipleofReasonaseverwas,buthiswellknownand uncompromisingtestimonyisignored.Suchwriters,unabletodisprovefacts,givetheiropinionswith questionbeggingepithets.Itis,however,surprisingthatanypersonshouldtakethissortofpontificalwriting asofequalweightwiththatofcompetentstudentsandexperimenters. Anotherformofjudicialpronouncementisbyawriterknownforhisbrilliantepigramsandparadoxes.Mr.G. K.Chestertonsays: IdonotintheleastmeanthatIthink allspiritualismisafraud....Iftherewerenothingbut trick eryinit,itwouldbeaprofitabletopic.Itreallydoespresentwhatmayappeartobea paradoxifitisatrick itisusefulitisasatruththatitisuseless.Forif,asIfancyitreallyis theirruptionofsomesortofelementalforcesexternaltoman,thenforsomereasonorother theyseemtobeforcesthatcertainlywasteandpossiblycorrupt....Itisadmittedthatthe spirits,orwhatevertheymaybe,veryoftentelllies.Buttheyarealwaysreadytotellmorelies toexplainawaytheirlies,andthenmoreliestoexplaintheexplanation.Theymaybesportive fairiesordeceptivedemons,ormerelytrick sofourownsubmergedmindbutwhateverthey aretheyseemtowantverymuchtowasteourtime. Nowthiskindofwritingplacesopinionsbeforefacts.ItisthesamementalitythatcalledGalvani"thefrogs' dancingmaster,"becausehecouldseethatthetwitchofadeadfrog'slegimpliedanewforceinNature. Thatforcewasgalvanismcurrentelectricity. Thisgentlemansays:"Ihaveseenspiritwritingappearonapieceofblankpaperonabaremahogany table."Ifhemeansthatthiswasacaseofwritingwithoutanynormalcontact,anintelligentforceisworth investigationirrespectiveofthematterwritten. Beliefinpersonalsurvival,unlessasitaffectsconduct,isasmallmatter,butitshouldgobythewhole evidence.Probablythemajorityofintelligentmenfeelthatsurvivalhasnoattractionsapartfromthe prospectofmeetingthosewelove.Manypreferextinctionandsomeimaginetheygetitbysuicide. 1.TheLargerView

Thereisamuchlargeraspectofthequestion,whichpromptedtheremarkofastatesmanwithsowidean experienceofmenasWilliamPitt.Scepticismdoesnotwork.Ithasbeentheinvariableprecursorof nationaldeclineinGreece,inRome,andinRussia.Negationofsurvivalmeansconvictionofirresponsibility. ThemurdererSmith,whonotlongagodrownedthreesuccessivewivesintheirbaths,advancedashis defence,"Whentheyaredeadtheyaredonewith."Thelogicissoundtherecanbenoinjurytothenon existent.Itshouldbequiteobviousthatthedisregardoftruthwhichhassownalmostuniversaldistrust,the trickeriesalltoocommoninpoliticallife,thespeciousmisrepresentations,fraudulentprospectusesand fraudulentbankruptciesandthepursuitofwealthbyanyandeverymeans,areonlylogicallyjustifiedby beliefthatthereisnoafterlifeconsequentialtothis,orbythecommonbutequallyfalsenotionsatirizedby Heine,"LebonDieumepardonnera,c'estsonmetier''. Thispragmatismthatdisbeliefactuallyproducesbadeffectsisnoproofofsurvival,butitisastrong argumentwhyimportanceshouldbeattachedtoit,andwhyitshouldbenecessarytorepeatatshort intervalstheunheededevidenceforit. 2.RecognizedMaterializations Hithertothisbookhasdealtonlywithirrefragablefactsandtheinferencesfromthem,takingapurely scientificstandpoint.Wemustnowgobeyondthoselimitsandadducesomewhicharenotlesstrue,but arelessconclusivelyestablished. Materialisationsofknownpersonalitiesdonotlendthemselveseasilytolaboratoryexperiment.Such"spirit return"doesnottakeplacetoconvinceobstinatesceptics(1)buttofortifythosewhohavelovedandlost. Nevertheless,thereisatleastonesuchcasethathastakenplaceinthelaboratory.
(1)Afrequentreasonfordisbeliefinafuturelifeistheconsc iousnessthatourpersonalityasweknowitisunfittosurvive,andthatis truebuttheinferenceisnotthatthereisnosurvival,butthatwehadbettermakeourselvesfit.

November20,1920.InthelaboratoryoftheInternationalMetapsychicInstitute,MediumFranekKluski:his lefthandheldbyDr.Geley,hisrightbyCountjulesPotocki.Othersitter'slinkedhands.DetailgiveninDr. Geley'sEctoplasmicetClairvoyance,p.283. ...AtthesamemomentIfeltawoman'shandgentlyplacedonmyforehead,mak ingthesign ofacrosssurroundedbyacircleaswasmysister'scustomwhentak ingleaveofmeduring herlifetime.Icouldrecognizeherhandbythelightoftheluminousscreenonthetablein frontofme...Sheheldmyhand,pattedmyface,caressingit...Shortlyafteraluminous spherewasformedbeforemyfaceitretreated,thenapproachedagain,andtomygreat surpriseandjoyIcouldseeplainlythefeaturesofmysister,smilingatmeasinlife.She seemedmuchyounger,asshewastwentyfiveyearsago.(Shediedat54)Thecrownofher headwascoveredbyacloudyveil.Theapparitionlastedforseveralseconds.Ihadtimeto exclaim,"Itisherself,"thenallvanished.Thehandagaintracedthecrossonmyforehead severaltimes,therewasak iss,heardbyall,somemorecaressingofmyface,andall manifestationceased. (Signed)J.POTOCKI. SirWilliamCrookes'testimonytoasimilarbutmuchmoredurableandtangiblematerializationof"Katie King"willbefoundinhisResearchesinthePhenomenaofSpiritualism(J.Burns,1874),pp.10212.He certifiesthathesawKatieandhermedium,MissFlorenceCook,atthesametime,andphotographedthem togetheronthesameplate.Hewrites: "ThealmostdailysanceswithwhichMissCook haslatelyfavouredmehaveprovedasevere taxonherstrength,andIwishtomak ethemostpublicack nowledgmentoftheobligationsI amundertoherforherreadinesstoassistmeinmyexperiments.EverytestthatIhave proposedshehasatonceagreedtosubmittowiththeutmostwillingnesssheisopenand straightforwardinspeechandIhaveneverseenanythingapproachingtheslightestsymptom ofawishtodeceive....Toimaginethataninnocentschoolgirloffifteenshouldbeableto conceiveandthensuccessfullycarryoutforthreeyearssogiganticanimpostureasthis,and inthattimeshouldsubmittoanytestwhichmightbeimposeduponher,shouldbearthe

strictestscrutiny,shouldbewillingtobesearchedatanytime,eitherbeforeoraftera sance,andshouldmeetwithbettersuccessinmyownhousethaninthatofherparents, k nowingthatshevisitedmewiththeexpressobjectofsubmittingtostrictscientifictests... doesmoreviolencetoone'sreasonandcommonsensethantobelievehertobewhatshe herselfaffirms." Ihavemyselfseenthreetimesthematerializationofadeceasedbrother'sface,confirmedbytwoother membersofthefamily. 3.PhotographicPortraits UnrecognizedsupernormalportraitssuchasaretestifiedtobyMr.TraillTaylorareconclusiveproofsofthe realityofthephenomenon,butarenoevidenceofsurvival.Thereare,however,manyinstancesofportraitsof deceasedpersonstobefoundintheChroniclesofthePhotographsofSpiritualBeings (Houghton) PhotographingtheInvisible(Coates)TheCaseforSpiritPhotography(Doyle)andmanyinstancesgivenin theTransactions oftheBritishCollegeofPsychicScience.Inmanyofthesethefaceappearingontheplate wasnottheoneexpected,butwasthatofapersonunknowntoallpresent,butsometimesactually recognizedbyanotherfamilyandclearlyrecognizablebystrangersoncomparisonwithanormalportrait. Theevidenceforsurvivalisgreatlyincreasedwhenaportraithasbeenpromisedbeforehand.Thiswasthe caseinboththeinstancesadducedinChapterIII,ante.Ihadamessagepurportingtobefrommylate colleaguethatshewouldendeavourtogivemeaportrait,whichdulyappearedontheplate(P1.5,P.40). Onthesecondoccasion,July17,1924,asimilarmessagewasgiven(1)itran:"IhavemetDr.Geleyhe cannotyetbelievehehaspassedover,buthehasfriendswhowillhelphim.Ithinkifyouarrangeforthe photographynextweekaswassettled,hemaybeabletoimpresshisphotograph,ashismindwasseton thoseexperiments."Inoteddownthesewordsatthetime,tookthesignaturesofthosepresent,and passedthepaperthroughthepostwithoutanenvelopetohavethepostmarkasproofofdate.The arrangementscancelledafterDr.Geley'sdeath,July15th,wererevivedbythekindnessofMrs.McKenzie. OnJuly23rdIkeptanotherappointmentmadewithanothermediumonDr.Geley'sbehalf,withoutresult.In theeveningImadeinquiriesthroughaprivateautomatistatWeybridge,whoknewnothingofthewhole matter:
(1)AtExmouth,byanautornatisttotallyunconnec tedwiththesubsequentphotographic resultsinLondon.

Q.Ihavebeento***andhavegotnothingamratherdisappointed.Canyoutellmeanything? A.Allwasreadyandright,butyourpoorfriendcannotrealizeyetthatheishere,andheisverydistressed bythegriefinhishomeandallhiscircumstances.Wecouldnotgetaproperpicture. Q.Thatissad.NowIwantyouradvice.Mrs.McK.hasofferedmeasittingwithHopetomorrowat11a.m.It wouldseemfromtheansweryougivethatitisuseless....ShallItak emyowncamera(whichmightput Hopeout),orshallIlethimusehisown? A.Donotintroduceanyinnovationtomorrowyougowithmypromiseinmind,andwewilldowhat conditionsallow.BythenDr.Geleymaybesensibleofwhathashappenedorbeasleep.Yousee,dear,his arrivalwassosuddenandhewasingoodhealth. Dr.GeleywaskilledbythecrashoftheaeroplaneinwhichhewastravellingfromWarsawtoParisonJuly 15th.TheexperimenttookplaceonJuly24th.ThefulldetailsaregiveninPsychicScienceofOctober1924 andintheRevueMetaPsychiqueforthesamemonth.Themediumswerenotallowedtotouchtheplatesat all.TheresultisshowninP1.6(P.41). IntheeveningofthefollowingdayImadefurtherinquiry: Q.Iamsogladtohavebeensuccessful.Canyoutellmewhattook place? A.Verysimply.Hewasatlastcalmedandputtosleep:hisguideandhelpersmadethemodelandbrought it.Conditionsweresolovinganddesiroustohelpthatthewaywasclear.

Itisnotmaintainedthatthesesupernormalphotographsareproducedbyanyprocessanalogoustonormal photographythereisnoinvisibleimageposedbeforethecamera.Thereisampleproofthatthelensplays nopartintheproductionoftheimage.Therearetwocurrenttheories:(1)thattheimageisa"thoughtform" projectedontotheplatebythemediumorthesittersorboth(2)thatthereisadiscarnateagencyinwhich thesurvivingsoulisactivelyorpassivelyconcerned. Whetherthefirst(ideoplastic)orthesecond(spiritualist)hypothesisbeadopted,ortherebeacombination ofexternalinfluenceandideoplasticity,themechanismoftransfertotheplateisalikeunknownbutthe "thoughtform"theoryhastomeetthefollowingquestions:Whenthepersonalityisunknowntoboth mediumsandsitters,whosethoughtisitthatisphotographed? Whenthemediumhasneverseenthepersonrepresented(asisalmostalwaysthecase)andthesitters arenotconsciouslythinkingofanyparticularperson,whatistheevidencethatunconsciousthoughtcanbe photographedatall? HowdidthefirstautomatistatExmouthandthesecondautomatistatWeybridge(neitherofwhomhad anythingtodowiththephotographs)getintorelationwiththeintentionsubsequentlyborneoutbythefacts? Onlyverycomplicatedhypothesesofthoughttransferencecanbeofferedassolution.Theinferenceof discarnateagencyactingonsomespeciallyideoplastickindofectoplasmseemstomemuchmorevalid. 4.MessagesfromtheUnseen Automaticscriptsaresonumerousandinsuchgreatvarietythatmerelytociteafewinstanceswouldgive erroneousideas.Theyrangethrougheverypossiblequalitythehighlyintelligent(rare),thegoodbut commonplace(veryfrequent),thevapid(alsofrequent),and(occasionally)theactivelybad.Acertain numberareunquestionablypromptingsfromthesubconsciousnessofthewriter,andprobablyinnocaseis thisfactorentirelyabsentevenwhenthematterrevealedistotallyunknowntothewriter,hismindcolours themodeofexpression,sothatpositiveproofoftheidentityofthediscarnateagentisdifficulttoobtain. Theevidenceofdiscarnateagency,however,isveryvoluminous,andcumulativeproofisabundant.Itis oftenobjectedthatthesumofindividuallydefectiveevidenceisnomorevalidthaneachseparatecase,but thisobjectionwillnothold.Inthelawcourtsverylittleevidenceisperfectinitselfthevalueofcumulative evidenceturnsonthenumberofunbiasedwitnesses.Ifwearetoassumethatallveridicalautomaticwriting issubconscioussimulation,wemustallowthatmediumisticclairvoyanceisexceedinglycommon,a conclusionthatisbynomeansborneoutbyfacts.Takeninconjunctionwiththeobjectiveevidence,the hypothesisthatcertainofthesemessagesreallycomefromsurvivingsouls(astheyassert)iswell supportedandhasthemeritofcoveringallcasesinwhichthesubconsciousoriginseemsfarfetched.(1)
(1)Itisremarkablethattheintellectualandmorallevelofthesemessagescorrespondsinacuriouswaywiththetoneofthecircle frivolousandfoolishsittersgetfrivolousandfoolish"messages."Thishascausedsomepersonstoattributeallsuchmessagestothe subc onsciousness,atheorywhich,however,doesnotcoveralargebodyoffactssuchaspredic tions.

Iwillnowgiveafewexamplesfromwhichthegeneraltenorofthebetterclassofmessagescanbefairly judged. (a)MessagesofLoveandAffection Iamgladyouareheretoday,forIk nowyouhavecomebecauseyouloveme,andbecauseyoulovetolive overagainourpastespeciallyourhappypast....Never,neverthink ofmeasdead,aslost,asseparated, asdistant.Iliveyes,live,inawaythatwasnotpossibletomewhilelimitedinthebody.Alwaysthink ofme asliving,asrejoicing,asministering,asnotsimplynearyou,butunitedtoyouintheinnermostdepthsof yourbeing....Youwillunderstandthatwearenottak enupbyselfabsorptionitistrueevenherethatas someonehassaid,WelivebyAdmiration,Hope,andLove,"becausethesearethethingsoftheSpiritand herethethingsofthespiritaretheonlythingsthatcount,andtheseareintensifiedandglorifiedtoadegree incomprehensibletothosestilltabernacledinthebody.ButLoveofcoursemustminister,mustgive,must express,...andthisministryandservicehasvariousaspectsparticularlythetwoaspectsofservicetothose onoursideoftheveilwhoarestillinneedofenlightenmentandcomfortandmoralandspiritualgrowth,and ofservicetothoseyetonyourside.LovefrombeyondtheVeil.L.V.H.WITLEY(Fowler&Co.).

(b)MessagesofIdentity (1)Iamgreatlyamazedatmeetingyouinthisway.Ineverbelievedinafuturelife,thoughlik eothersI pretendedtohope.NotonlyamIalive,butinpossessionofextendedfaculties.Iam,asIseeyouhave alreadyguessed.***IamnotgoingtoexpendapowerwhichIseetobemostlimitedinsending messagesthatyouwouldnotgive,orinattemptingteststhatwouldfail.IlittlethoughtwhenlastIsawyou in***thatournextmeetingwouldbelik ethis....Whatamarvelthisworldis....NotforonemomentdoI wishmyselfback againratherthehumblestspiritinaworldlik ethisthanthehighestpositionearthcan give. Iseeyouwishtok nowmyexperience.Isufferedhorriblyandagreatdark nesscameoverme.ThenI seemedtoopenmyeyesandtheroomwasfulloflightmybodylayuponthebedtheroomwasempty, andmydeadrelationswereroundme.Thewallsweretransparentandwemovedaway.Ifeltyoungand light....AfteratimeIreturnedtoearthtovisitmyfriends....Youarenotlik emyideaofyoubutfewarewe aremuchinthedark onearth.Perhapsitisbetterso,asthereismuchtodisappoint,andIfindallunlik e mynotionofthem....ThepowergoesIwillcomeagain. (2)Iam****.Myfuneralwasdismal.Istoodnearmybrother.Mysisterwasmostupset....Thegeneral feelingofhopelessnessandthefalseviewofdeathmostdistressing.Literallytheonlypersonswhothought ofmeasarealitystillexistingwereyouandyourwife.Itismostpainful. Iplacedmyselfcloseto***,andcouldnotmak eherfeelme....Isawyoursister***,quitehopeless,and ***,whohasreligiousviews,notmuchbetter....ImustsayIamatalosstoaccountforthestateof things....Itisnotpleasanttoseethought,thoughsomethoughtsaregratifying.Iamfastbecoming convertedtotheideathatmanyfriendsarefalse,andmanyfoesarefriends.No,Iamnotamischief mak er.Ifindmydearfriend***closertomethananyone.Iwishhewouldcomesoon.Imisshimatevery turn.Iregrettofindbetterfeelingsfoundedonfriendshipthanonrelationship....Hadpowerbeengivenyou thatdaytoseethemindsofthosepresentyouwouldrealizehowfortunateyouare.FromTheResultofan Experience(Simpk in,Marshall.&Co.,1910). Thisexperimentwascarriedoutbyaladyandherhusbandwhoresolved todevoteacertaintimeeveryeveningtowritingandtoadmitnooneintotheirsecret,determiningto perseverehoweverunsatisfactorytheresultmightbe.Theseconditionswerescrupulouslyfulfilled,the experimentstretchingoveraverylargenumberofyears....Atfirstnothingbutscribblescame,thenafew wordswerewritten,thenaphrase,oftenrepeatedalloverthepage.Aftermanymonthsthewritingbecame clearer,thenamesofdeadrelationsweregiven,andinterestingpersonalmatterandadvice....Inthe selections,allessentiallypersonalmatterhasbeenomittedbutotherwisethelettersareintactandhave notbeenalteredinanywayexceptasregardsnames. Ihavemyselfhad,throughaprivateautomatist,verysimilarcommunications,bearingoutmuchthatthis bookcontains. (C)ConditionsoftheOtherside Isaythatwhatsuchspiritswriteandrevealcanonlybecomparedtolook ingthroughglassesthatdistort. Theythink theysee,andwhentheyareunabletofindsuitablewords,theyusewhattheythink most analogous.(Thespiritshavingnolanguageimpressthethoughtanditfindsexpressioninthemedium's words.ED.)...Thus"heaven"hasitscouches,itsrests,itscoverings,itscomfortsbutattempttoname themwiththeequivalentonearth,theresemblancediesaway....Abeliefinthepowerofwritingbyspirits willincreaseastheworldgrowsolderandwhenoncethathasbecomemoregeneral,thespiritswillbeless afraidtosaythetruth,thatofallheavenlythingsgrantedtospiritlifenonecanberevealed....Isaidthat spiritsfaradvancedwereshyofbeginningrelationswiththoseofearth,butthatnumberswerewaitingon theconfinesofthelandtheyhadleftwithregret,readytocommunicateunderanynametheycouldtak eto ensurethemattention....Awishisoftenfelttocommunicatetorelievethetediumofeternityfortedium thereisinmanycases,anddiscontentohhowmuch!Onlythosewholearncontentamidstlife'shardest lessons,orareconstitutionallycontented,beginspiritlifewithhappiness....Notidlecontent,however.... Spiritsarealwayssureofbeingtogetherwhenlovehasunitedthemonearthandwhenspiritsareawfully distantfromeachotheritisthefaultofoneorotherofthem....Thereisnotsomuchinaccuracyassome

think intalk ingofthesleepofdeathbutitisnotanecessaryconditionofspiritlife,andtherearesome whopassatonceintoenjoymentforitisnotenjoymenttobedoingnothing,whilethebetterareatonce employedandprogressingintohigherstatesofspiritualhappiness. FromMattertoSpirit.DEMORGAN(Longmans,1863). (d)TheologicalMessages Religion,thespirit'shealthfullife,hastwoaspectstheonepointingtoGod,theothertoman....Wedonot recognizeanyneedofpropitiationtowardsthisGod.WerejectasfalseanynotionoftheDivineBeing vindictivelypunishingatransgressororrequiringavicarioussacrificeforsin....Godaswek nowHiminthe operationofHislawsisperfect,pure,loving,...thecentreoflifeandlove...theobjectofouradmiration, neverofourdread. ...NonehasseenHim,norarewecontentwiththemetaphysicalsophistrieswithwhichpryingcuriosityand subtlespeculationhaveobscuredtheprimaryconceptionofGodamongmen.Thefirstconceptioneven withyouisgrander,nobler,moresublime.Wek nownothingofthepotencyofblindfaithorcredulity.We k now,indeed,thevalueofatrustfulreceptivespirit,freefromthelittlenessofperpetualsuspicion.Suchis Godlik eanddrawsdownangelguidance.Butwedenouncethatmostdestructivebeliefthatfaith,assentto dogmaticstatements,havepowertoerasethetracesoftransgressionthatanearthlylifetimeofviceand slothandsincanbewipedawayandthespiritstandpurifiedbytheblindacceptanceofacreed.Such teachinghasdebasedmoresoulsthananythingelsetowhichwecanpoint.Nordoweteachthatthereisa specialefficacyinanyonebelieftotheexclusionofothers....Wek now,asyoudonot,thecircumstances whichdecidetowhatspecialformoffaithamortalshallgivehisadherence.... Wedealwithreligionasitaffectsusandyouinsimplersort.Mananimmortalspirit,sowebelieve placedinearthlifeasaschooloftraining,hassimpledutiestoperform,andinperformingthemisprepared formoreadvancedandprogressivework .Heisgovernedbyinevitablelaws,which,ifhetransgressesthem, work forhimmiseryandloss,whichalso,ifrespected,secureforhimadvancementandsatisfaction....This mortalexistenceisbutafragmentoflife.Itsdeedsandtheirresultsremainwhenthebodyisdead.The ramificationsofwilfulsinhavetobefollowedoutanditsresultsremediedinsorrowandshame.The consequencesofdeedsofgoodaresimilarlypermanent,theyprecedethepuresoul,anddrawaroundit influenceswhichwelcomeandaiditinthespheres.Lifeisoneandindivisibleoneinitsprogressive development,andoneintheeffectonallalik eoftheeternalandimmutablelawsbywhichitisregulated.... EternaljusticeisthecorrelativeofEternalLove. Youwilllearnalsothatallrevelationismadethroughahumanchannel,andconsequentlycannotbutbe tincturedinsomemeasurewithhumanerror.Norevelationisofplenaryinspiration.Nonecandemand credenceonanybutrationalgrounds.Thereforetosayofastatementthatitisnotinaccordwithwhatwas giventhroughahumanmediumatanystatedtimeisnoderogation,necessarily,fromthetruthofthat statement.Bothmayintheirk indbetrue,yeteachofdifferentapplication.Weighwhatissaidifitbe commendedbyreason,receiveitifnot,rejectit.Ifwhatisputbeforeyoubeprematurelysaidandyouare unabletoacceptit,theninthenameofGodputitasideandclingtoaughtthatsatisfiesyoursouland helpsitsonwardprogress.Thetimewillcomewhenwhatwelaybeforeyouofdivinetruthwillbevalued amongmen.Wearecontenttowait,andourprayersshalljoinwithyourstotheSupremeandAllwiseGod, thatHewillguidetheseek ersaftertruth,wherevertheymaybe,tohigherandfullerinsight.MayHis blessingrestonyou. Thisandmuchmoreautomaticallywrittenwillbefound,togetherwiththemethodofitsproduction,inSpirit Teachings ,bythehandofthelateMr.StaintonMoses("M.A.Oxon"),publishedbyE.W.Allen,1883,and reprintedbytheLondonSpiritualistAlliance(5,QueenSquare,W.C.1). Thebookshowsintheplainestmannertheconflictbetweentheideasofthemediuminhisnormalstate andthoseofthecommunicatingspirit. 5.ConditionsintheAfterLife Thegistofthesemessages(1)isthatAfterlifeconditionsarementaldependinglessonthenew environmentthanonthedegreeofevolutionaryattainmentthatwebringtoit.Intellectualattainmentis

alwayssecondaryitmayevenbeahindranceifitbedogmatic,narrow,intolerant,conceited,orperverse. Spiritualstatusisdeterminedbymoralqualityaloneandproceedsfromconditionssimpleandeasily understoodifwesetasideanenvironmentsodifferentfromthematerialthatwecannotpictureit:

(1)IdonotdefinitelyassertthatthesemessagesarefromspiritsImerelysaythattheevidenceissuchastomakec onscious inventionhighlyimprobable.Wearethenleftwithtwohypotheses:(a)thatthesubconsciousnesssimulatesanelaboratetric keryby personificationcloselyimitatingthementalitythatcouldbeasc ribedtothedec eased,andinc onformitytoc orrespondenc esso generalatalltimesandinallplac esastosimulatelawsor(b)thatthereisadiscarnateintelligencepromptingthemessage. Takingthesemessagesalongwithotherphenomena,espec iallythephotographic portraitsandthevisionsofc hildren,Ithinkthe latterhypothesistheonlyonethatcoversthefacts.

Thereisnomoneypleasurescannotbebought.Thereisnocompulsiontoearnalivelihood,thereforeeach candowhathistalentsleadhimtopreferthehappinessofthesouldependsonitsowninternalresources. Thoughtsandcharacterarenakedandopen,thereforelikesoulsgravitatetotheirlike,muchastheydo here,butwithgreatlyenhancedperceptionsthismakesfreshlearningmucheasierforthehonesthearted, butmuchmoredifficultfortheilldisposedwhocannotendurethesocietyofthosehigherthanthemselves, andfortheobstinately"earthbound"whoclingtothepast.Nonecanpretendordeceive,eachisseen exactlyasheis,andthecontrastbetweenthewelldisposedandtheevillydisposedisglaring.Mental darknessthereistheanalogueofphysicaldarknesshere.Thosewhohavethelightinthemselvescangive itouttohelpothersandcanreceivemore.Theheavenlylifeisoneofgrowthinwisdom,insight,andco operanthelptothosewhostandinneed.Theytotallyrejectallnotionof"merit." Anyoneinthispresentlifewhowishestoforecasthisownfuturecandosobyconsideringwhatwouldbe hisinterestsandoccupationsundertheseconditions. InillustrationoftheseinferencesIwasgiventhetwofollowingstories,throughtheautomatistpreviously mentioned: Oneinstanceofthek indyouask meforisthatofadearlittleoldwomanwhok eptasmallshopinaplace whereitwasneeded.Shewasveryhonest,shrewd,onprinciplenevergavecredit,thoughshewouldgiveto children,andoftentimesgaveamealtothosewhoneededone.Sheneversubscribedtocharities,wasa strictsabbatarian,andbroughtupherchildrenaccordingly.Oneson,justbeforeshedied,embezzled moneyinthepostoffice.Shefeltshehadfailedinherdutyandthatthislapsemustbeherfault.Whenshe cameovershewassurprisedtofindallherhighesthopesrealized.Allmemoryoftheunfaithfulsonwas wipedout,forshewasinnowaytoblame,shewasunabletoinfluencehismentality.Shewatchesoverthe othersserenelyandhasherrewardhere. Youk nowthatwegainourk nowledgeherebyseeingtheresultsofearthlives,bothourownandthoseof others,includingthosestillintheflesh. Hereisanotherinstance: Itisthestoryofacouplewhohadmoney,leisure,andwereveryprominentinsociety.Theywereutterly selfishtheygavegrandlyandsometimeslargely,butfortheirowncomfortandreputationtheyevenhelped ascapegracerelationtorecoverhisposition,buttheytook somuchcredittothemselvesforthisgenerosity thatthespark ofgrowthitmighthavestartedwask illed.Astheygrewoldtheydesiredrealfriends,buttheir mindsandtheirmodeoflifeweresuchthattheymetonlythosewhodesiredmoneyandgifts.Aseachof themarrivedheretheyseemedsmallanddeformedinsoul:theyweredismayedandterrified,becauseall theirthoughtshadbeenofmaterialpleasures,andtheirthoughtsturnedtothebodiestheyhadministered to,nowmassesofcorruption.Unabletoturntheireyesfromtheirpast,theylongedtogetback toearth buttheyhavetospendacertaintimeseeingtheresultoftheirselfishnessonotherswhomtheyoughtto havehelped.Theywillrecoverinsofarastheysorrowandtrytohelp,butyouwillunderstandhowhardthat iswithmoney. Thesehomelystoriesgivefarmoreenlightenmentthanmanymorepretentiouscommunications.Itisoften madeareproachtothesemessagesthattheyconveyCommonplacemoralityanddonotaddtoscientific knowledge.Well,commonplacemoralityhappenstobetheonethingofwhichtheworldstandsmostin need.Ofknowledgethereismorethanenoughwhilewedevoteittothedeadlyappliancesofdestruction. WhyshouldourfriendsontheOtherSideoflifebusythemselveswiththelawsofMatteranditsillusions? Thesethingshavepassedoutoftheirsphereofinterests:theydesirepeaceandgoodwillamongmen,and theyseektoshowusthechangeinmentalitywhichalonecanbringabouttherealizationofourhearts'

desire. NoteonAutomaticWriting Somemindsaremuchexercisedtodistinguishwhatcomesfromtheirpersonalsubconsciousnessand whatfromexternalinfluence. Thisisquitenatural,butinvolvesamisapprehensionoftheprobableprocessinaction,Onlyrarelyisthe handactuallymovedbythecommunicatingspirit:theusualprocessseemstobe(a)Projectionofthe ideastothesubconsciousnessoftherecipient(b)subconscioustranslationintowordsand(c)theequally subconsciousmovementofthehand.Itisobviousthereforethatherearethreeseparateopeningsforerror imperfectprojection,imperfecttranslation,andimperfectmuscularaction. Anyonewhohasthegiftofautomatismshouldconcentrateattentiononthegoodsense(orotherwise)ofthe matterwrittenirrespectiveofitssupposedorigin.Themorecompletelypassivetheattitudeduringwriting andthemorecoldlyandreasonablycriticalafterwards ,thebetterwillbetheresult.StaintonMoses'Spirit Teachings isanexampleofthis:hewasabsolutelyunconsciousofthematterduringwritingandkeenly criticalafterwards.Theresultistobeseeninthecontrastbetweentheworkingofthetwominds.Toany whousethemethodsofautomatism,IwouldsayDonottroubleabouthowmuchistheproductofyour subconsciousness,andhowmuchiscommunicatedbutonlyhowmuchgoodsensecanacceptorreject. Itisthetruthofthematterwritten,andnotitsorigin,thatisimportant. Ifeelboundalsotoemphasizetherealdangerofthepracticeunlessstrictlycontrolledbygoodsense, knowledge,andhonestpurpose.Amediumwrotetome:"ForsometimepastIhaveSTRONGLYwantedto writeorlectureonmediumship.The(automatic)writingsarebeyondmyinterpretation,beingpartlyinacode whichneedsdeciphering." ASpecimen Astmeansthecode,andthecodemeanslully.Astermeansdiagmitism,anddiagmitismmeansthepoleor equatorialdispositionsothattheinvisiblemechanicwriteshere,andheisanengineer....Radiuscollection ofasterialbarnefetsinMaltesePhinology...etc,T.A.(namegiven)ishimwhocutthethroatofLucyB. (namegiven)andventhisspiteonher.Hewasherunclewhoisnowlivingat(addressgiven).Heisaman withreddishhair....(veryfulldescriptiongiven). Averygreatdealmorenonsenseofthesamekindfollowed,andalsosomeindecentoutpouringsshowinga verydepravedmind.Theexactpathologyofthecaseisnotclear,butifthereisanyexternalinfluenceatall, itisinsane.OfcourseIwroteenergeticallytothisperson,sayingthatifshewishedtopreservesanityshe mustdropwritingatonceandforever. IhavepurposelyquotedtheveryworstcaseeverbroughttomynoticebecauseIwishtoemphasizemost stronglyhowthoroughlyunwholesomeanddangerousthispracticemaybe.(Cf.Isaiahviii.20.)

 Cha pte r 9

ConfirmatoryEvidenceonSurvival
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Eternalformshallstilldivide Theeternalsoulfromallbeside, AndIshallk nowhimwhenwemeet. InMemoriam,Tennyson SOfarourclueoffactshasledus,thatwecanseeconcurrentevidenceallpointingtotheexistence ofasupermaterialorder,confirmingthedeepinstinctofhumanityinallracesandinalltimes,but profoundlymodifyingalltheusualconceptsofasurvivingsoul.Thereare,however,manywhodiscredit thesemessagesinspiteoftheirremarkableagreementinsubstancethoughtotallyunconnectedwitheach other,andcontendthattheytake"spiritoidform"byreasonofatendencyofthesubconsciousmindto "personify"itsintuitions.Thishypothesisistosomedegreesupportedbythemarvelloussubconscious powersofpsychocognition(ofwhichafewcaseswereoutlinedinChapterVofthisbook)solongasthe automaticwritingsareconsideredapartfromtheobjectivephenomenarecognizedmaterialisations, recognizedportraits,anddirectwriting(onthephotographicplateorotherwise),andlast,notleast,the directvoicetestifiedtobymanyreliablewitnesses.(1)
(1)Ihavenotinc ludedthislastinmyc hainoffac ts,bec ausemyaimhasbeentoincludenolinkamongmediumisticphenomena whosesoundnesshasnotbeenadmittedbythesc ientificauthoritiesfromwhomIhavequoted,andofwhichIhavenotmyselfhad indubitablepersonalexperienc e.InthebookTheVoices,byVic eAdmiralW.UsborneMoore(Watts,1913),andinSirArthurConan Doyle'swritingsandlec tures,thereisabundanttestimonytotheentirelypersonalandc haracteristicnatureofthesevoic esunder conditionsthatshouldexcludethesuspicionoffraudwithwhic hallmediumisticphenomenaaresooftenrec eived,evenwhenthe conditionsaresuchastomakefraudorillusionphysic allyimpossible.

1.SpontaneousPhenomena Ithappens,however,thattherearespontaneous phenomenainwhichthereisnoroomforreasonable suspicionsofanykindofillusion,whetherinthephenomenathemselvesorinthosewhoreportthem.Irefer tothevisionsofdeceasedrelativesbydyingpersons.Thesearefrequentlyascribedtohallucination.Asto this,ProfessorBozzanoremarksinhisbookonthesubject(P.5):"Ifthedeterminingcauseofsuch phenomenaisthatthethoughtofthedyingmanisardentlyturnedonthosedeartohim,hishallucinations, insteadofbeingexclusivelyofdeceasedpersonssometimesofthoseforgottenbyhimshouldmore frequentlytaketheformsofabsentfriendsstilllivingtowhomheiswarmlyattached.This,however,isnever thecase."Buttoobviatethisobjectionaltogether,Ihaveselectedamongfiftyfourcasesofsuch appearances,threecasesofperceptionbychildrentooyoungtohavepreconceivednotionsonthesubject: (1)Thiscasereferstoachildoftwoyearsandsevenmonthsold(1883)namedRay.Ababy brotherofRay'shadlatelydied.LittleRayhadrepeatedvisionslieconstantlysawhisbrother sittingonachairandcallinghim."Mother"hesaid,"thelittlebrothercallsRayhewantshim withhim."Anotherdayhesaid,"Don'tcry,thelittlebrothersmilesatRay.Rayisgoingto him."Thechild'sintelligencewasmuchabovethatusualtohisage.Hediedtwomonthsand sevendaysafterthedeathofhisbrother. (2)AnotherinstanceisreportedbyM.Pelusi,librarianattheVictorEmmanuellibraryat Rome(LuceeOmbra,1920,P.20).Alittlegirlofthreeyearsold,HippolyteNotari,partly paralysed,wasinthesameroomwithherlittlebrotheroffourmonths,whowasdying.The father,themother,andthegrandmotherofthetwochildrenwerepresent.Aboutfifteen minutesbeforethedeathoftheinfantlittleHippolytestretchedoutherarms,saying,"Look, mother,AuntOlga."ThisAuntOlgawasasisterofhermotherwhohaddiedayear previously.Theparentsasked,"WheredoyouseeAuntOlga?"Thechildsaid,"There,there," andtriedinsistentlytogetoutofbedtogotoheraunt.Theylethergetup,sherantoan emptychair,andwasmuchdiscountenanced,becausethevisionhadmovedtoanotherpart oftheroom.Thechildturnedroundandsaid,pointingtoacorner,"AuntOlgaisthere."Then

shebecamequietandthebabydied. BothoftheseinstancesaregivenbyRichet(P.353),andheremarks: Factsofthisk indareveryimportant.Theyaremuchmoreexplicableonthespiritisttheory thanbythehypothesisofmerecryptesthesia.Amongallthefactsadducedtoprovesurvival, theseevenseemtomethemostdisquieting. (3)Thethirdcase(quotedbyBozzano)isthatofDaisyIreneDryden,thelittledaughteroftheRev.D.A. Dryden,aclergymanoftheMethodistEpiscopalChurchinCalifornia,andhiswife.Shewasbornin September1854anddiedinOctober1864.Theaccountheregivenisabbreviatedfromthemuchlonger storygiveninthejournaloftheAmericanS.P.R.forJune1918,writtenfromnotesbythechild'smother.At Mrs.Dryden'sdeathhernoteswerepublishedwithanIntroductionbytheRev.F.L.Higgins,who guaranteestheabsolutetruthfulnessofthenarrativefromhisknowledgeofthemotherandfromthe concurrenttestimonyofotherwitnessestothefacts.Heobserves: Instancesoftheopeningofthespiritualsensesjustbeforedeatharebynomeansunheard of....Butsuchexperiencesareusuallybrief,andconsequentlyconveytothosearoundno definitek nowledgeoftheotherworld,evenwhennamesofdepartedonesarecalledand wordsdescriptiveofthemspok en.Thatwhichwasremark ableinDaisy'scaseofopenvision wasitsunusuallengthandtheclearnessofherrevelations,resultingfromthefactthatthere wastimeforhertofamiliarizeherselfwiththewonderfulthingsshesawandheard. Itisfurtherstatedbyhermotherthatitshehadnotbeeneducatedintheleastdegreeonthelinesof mysticismormodernspiritualism."Shediedofenteritisfollowingontyphoidfever,fromwhichsheseemed toberecoveringduringthetwoweeksbeforeherdeath,butshesteadilymaintainedthatherdeparturewas near.Fourdaysbeforeherdeathenteritissetin,andforthefirsttwentyfourhoursshesufferedgreatly.After thatthepainpassedandshebecameclairvoyant.ThiswasnoticedfirstbyreasonofatextfromtheGospel ofSt.Johnreadtoherbyherfather,whichledhertoremarkthatshehopedtoreturntoconsoleher parents.Sheadded:"I'llaskAllieaboutit." Alliewasherbrotherwhohaddiedofscarletfever,agedsix,aboutsevenmonthsbefore.Shewaitedashort timeandthensaid,"AlliesaysImaygotoyousometimeshesaysitispossible,butyouwillnotk now whenIamtherebutIcanspeak toyourthought." Themotherwrites: AsIhavesaid,Daisylingeredonforthreedaysafterthefirstagonizingtwentyfourhourshad passed....Duringthistimeshelivedinbothworlds,assheexpressedit.Twodaysbeforeshe leftustheSundayschoolsuperintendentcametoseeher.Shetalk edveryfreelyaboutgoing, andsentamessagebyhimtotheSundayschool.Whenhewasabouttoleave,hesaid, "Well,Daisy,youwillsoonbeoverthedark river."Afterhehadgone,sheask edherfatherto explainwhathemeantby"thedark river."Hetriedtoexplainit,butshesaid,"Itisalla mistak ethereisnoriverthereisnocurtainthereisnotevenalinethatseparatesthislife fromtheotherlife."Andshestretchedoutherlittlehandsfromthebed,andwithagesture said,"Itishereanditisthere.Ik nowitisso,forIcanseeyouall,andIseethemthereat thesametime." OnemorningwhileIwasintheroom,ak indneighbour,Mrs.W.,wasreadingtoherfromJohn xiv.1,2.Daisyremark ed,"Mansions,thatmeanshouses.Idon'tseerealhousestherebut thereiswhatwouldbeplacestomeeteachotherin.Alliespeak sofgoingtosuchandsucha place,butsaysnothingofhouses.Yousee,perhapstheTestamenttellsaboutmansionsso wewillfeelwearegoingtohaveahomeinheaven,andperhapswhenIgetthereI'llfinda home.AndifIdo,theheavenlyflowersandtreesthatIlovesomuchhereforIdoseethem, andtheyaremorebeautifulthananythingyoucouldimaginetheywillbethere."Isaid, "Daisy,don'tyouk nowtheBiblespeak sofheavenbeingabeautifulcity?"(1)Shesaid,"Ido notseeacity,"andapuzzledlook cameoverherface,andshesaid,"Idonotk nowImay havetogotherefirst."
(1)ItisstrangehowtheessentialideaoftheCivitasDeiwhic hreallymeansaStateor"polity,"representedbya"c ity,"shouldhave

beenliberalized,despitethehighlyallegoric alfoundationsofprec iousstones(eac hofwhic hsymbolizedavirtue)andthereferenc e tothemystic alcube"thelengthandthebreadthandtheheightthereofareequal"(Rev.xxi).

ThesamedayherSundayschoolteacher,Mrs.H.,wassittingbesideher,whenDaisysaid, "Yourtwochildrenarehere."Nowthesechildrenhadgonetotheotherlifeseveralyears before,andiftheyhadlivedinthisworldwouldhavebeennearlygrownup.Daisyhadnever heardanyonespeak ofthem,nordidthemotherhaveanypicturesofthem,soshecouldnot havek nownanythingwhateveraboutthembeforeseeingtheminthespiritualworld.When ask edtodescribethem,herdescriptionofthemasfullgrowndidnotagreewiththemother's ideaofthem,soshesaid,"Howcanthatbe?Theywerechildrenwhentheydied."Daisy answered,"Alliesays,'Childrendonotstaychildrentheygrowupastheydointhislife.'"Mrs. H.thensaid,"ButmylittledaughterMaryfell,andwassoinjuredthatshecouldnotstand straight."TothisDaisyreplied,Sheisallrightnowsheisstraightandbeautifulandyourson islook ingsonobleandhappy." Anotherfriendcamein,andDaisywasdescribingherdaughterwhodiedsomeyearsbefore, andspok eofherasbeinggrownupbutthemothercouldnotfromthedescriptionrecognize herchild,untilDaisysaid,"Sheusedtohaveamark ofamoleontheleftsideofherneck , butshedoesnothaveitnow."Thenthemotherwasconvinced. DuringthelastdaysofherillnesshereldersisterLuluusedtosingtoher,mostlyfromthe Sundayschoolhymnbook ,andafteroneofthesehymns,whichspok eoftheangelsand their"snowywings,"Daisyexclaimed,"Oh,Lulu,isn'titstrange?Wealwaysthoughtthe angelshadwings!Butitisamistak etheydon'thaveany."Lulureplied,"Buttheymusthave wings,elsehowcouldtheyflydownfromheaven?""Oh,buttheydon'tfly,"sheanswered." theyjustcome.WhenIthink ofAllie,heishere." OnceIinquired,"Howdoyouseetheangels?"Shereplied,"Idonotseethemallthetime butwhenIdo,thewallsseemtogoaway,andIcanseeeversofar,andyoucouldn'tbeginto countthepeoplesomearenearandIk nowthemothersIhaveneverseenbefore.She mentionedthenameofMaryC.,thesisterofMrs.S.,whowasaneighbourofoursinNevada City,andsaid,"Youk nowshehadsuchabadcough,butsheiswellnow,andsobeautiful, andsheissmilingtome." Iwasthensittingbyherbedside,herhandclaspedinmine.Look ingupsowistfullytome, shesaid,"Dearmother,IdowishyoucouldseeAllieheisstandingbesideyou."Involuntarily Ilook edround,butDaisycontinued,"Hesaysyoucannotseehimbecauseyourspiriteyes areclosed,butthatIcan,becausemybodyonlyholdsmyspirit,asitwere,byathreadof life."Itheninquired,"Doeshesaythatnow?""Yes,justnow,"sheanswered.Then,wondering howshecouldbeconversingwithherbrotherwhenIsawnottheleastsignofconversation,I said,"Daisy,howdoyouspeak toAllie?Idonothearyounorseeyourlipsmove.She smilinglyreplied,"Wejusttalk withourthink ." Ithenask edherfurther,"Daisy,howdoesAllieappeartoyou?Doeshewearclothes?"She answered,"Ohno,notclothessuchaswewear.Thereseemstobeabouthimawhite beautifulsomething,sofineandthinandglistening,andoh,sowhite,andyetthereisnota foldorasignofthreadinit,soitcannotbecloth.Butitmak eshimlook solovely." Themorningofthedayshediedsheask edmetoletherhaveasmallmirror.Ihesitated, think ingthesightofheremaciatedfacewouldbeashock toher.Butherfather,sitting besideher,remark ed,"Letherlook atherpoorlittlefaceifshewantsto."SoIgaveittoher. Tak ingtheglassinhertwohands,shelook edatherimageforatime,calmlyandsadly.At lengthshesaid,"Thisbodyofmineisaboutwornout.Itislik ethatolddressofmother's hangingthereinthecloset.Shedoesn'twearitanymore,andIwon'twearmybodyanymore, becauseIhaveanewspiritualbodythatwilltak eitsplace.IndeedIhaveitnow,foritiswith myspiritualeyesIseetheheavenlyworldwhilemybodyisstillhere.Youwilllaymybodyin thegravebecauseIwillnotneeditagain.Itwasmadeformylifehere,andnowmylifehere isatanend,andthispoorbodywillbelaidaway,andIshallhaveabeautifulbodylik e Allie's."

Thenshesaidtome,"Mother,opentheshuttersandletmelook outattheworldforthelast time.BeforeanothermorningIshallbegone."AsIobeyedherlovingrequest,shesaidtoher father,"Raisemeup,father."Then,supportedbyherfather,shelook edoutthroughthe windowandcalledout,"Goodbye,sk y.Goodbye,trees.Goodbye,flowers.Goodbye,white rose.Goodbye,redrose.Goodbye,beautifulworld,"andadded,"HowIloveit,butIdonot wishtostay." Thatevening,whenitwashalfpasteight,sheherselfobservedthetimeandremark ed,"Itis halfpasteightnowwhenitishalfpasteleven,Alliewillcomeforme."Shewasthen,forthe timebeing,recliningonherfather'sbreast,withherheadonhisshoulder.Thiswasafavourite position,asitrestedher.Shesaid,"Father,Iwanttodiehere.Whenthetimecomes,Iwill tellyou." Luluhadbeensingingforher,andashalfpasteightwasLulu'sbedtimesherosetogo. BendingoverDaisy,shek issedherandsaid,"Goodnight."Daisyputtipherhandandtenderly strok inghersister'sface,saidtoher,"Goodnight."WhenLuluwashalfwayupthestairs, Daisyagaincalledout,"Goodnightandgoodbye,mysweetdarlingLulu." Ataboutaquarterpasteleven,shesaid,"Now,father,tak emeupAlliehascomeforme." Afterherfatherhadtak enher,sheask edustosing.Presentlysomeonesaid,"CallLulu,"but Daisyansweredpromptly,"Don'tdisturbher,sheisasleep,"andthenjustasthehandsofthe clock pointedtothehalfhourpasteleven,sheliftedupbotharmsandsaid,"Come,Allie," andbreathednomore.Thentenderlylayingherlovedbutlifelessformuponthepillow,her fathersaid,"Thedearchildhasgone,shewillsuffernomore." Formyownpart,thissimpleandmosttouchingnarrativeismoreevidentialtomethanallthedisquisitions ofphilosophersandthedoctrinesofdivines.Idonotenvythosewhocanreaditunmovedandfailtosee, independentlyoftheobvioushonestyofthemother'saccount,theinternalevidenceofthechild'srealand actualsight,contradictingtheaccustomedimageryofwingedangels,herrecognitionofherbrother,her descriptionofchildrenunknowntoher,then"grownup,"herrejectionofthe"river"andthe"city"allso absolutelyconcordantwithwhatwehavefromothersources.Letthosewhocanspeakofthischild's perceptionsas"hallucinations"and,"phantasms"keeptheircheerlessandblindopinionsiftheywill.Itis theywhoarethevictimsofillusion.Ifthiscasestoodalonetheremightbesomeexcusefordoubt:butit doesnotstandalone.Therearemanyothersimilarvisionsbydyingchildrenwhoseunsophisticated evidenceisworthallthescepticalspeculationwithwhichtheliteratureofthissubjectisencumbered. Iwouldbethelasttodisparagethecriticalfaculty,butitsfunctionistoseparatethetruefromthefalseto establishthetruthandnottoleaveusinaquagmireofdoubtwhereallpathsaretreacherousalike.Itshould enableustorecognizetruthwhenwearebroughtfacetofacewithit.Criticismthatdegeneratesinto perpetualmistrustofeverythingthatdoesnotfitwithourpurblindandchangingtheoriesisuselessand missesitspurpose.WhatImighthavefelthadInothadtheevidencewhichIhaveendeavouredto summarizeintheforegoingchapters,Idonotknow,buttakingtheevidenceallinall,Icannotfeelthe slightestdoubtthattheclueofplainfactshasledtotheheartofthemysteryoflifeanddeath.(1)
(1)ItmaybeaddedthatafterthedeathofhisdaughterMr.Drydenwassodeeplyimpressedbywhatshe"mostundoubtedlysawand heard"thathebeganac arefulstudyoftheNewTestamentintheoriginalGreek,andpublishedavolumeentitledTheResurrection oftheDead,ofwhichitseditorsays: "Inthisforciblywrittenbookof215pages,theteac hingsoftheBibleaswellasthebestreligiousthoughtrespec tingtheresurrection arecompiled,andshowc onc lusively,andinamannersurprisinglyc lear,thattheresurrectiontaughtintheNewTestament,and partic ularlybySt.Paul,istheresurrectionofman'sspiritualbody,andthathisnaturalbodydoesnotrise." Afteranexceedinglyusefullifeofnearlyhalfacenturyintheministrythislovableandconscientiousc lergymandiedattheageof seventyyears.Hislastdaysweremadepeac efulbythebeliefthatwhattousseemsdeathisinthesightoftheangelsresurrection, andthathewasimmediatelytoariseinthefullpossessionofthespiritualbody,abelieffirstimpartedtohimthirtyyearsbeforeby hisdyingdaughter'sc onvincingrevelations.

2.ASummaryoftheEvidence Wecannowsumuptheevidencebeforeus: Thephysicalsupernormalfactsareundeniableevidenceofexternalobjectivityofthe"unseenintelligent

forces."ThatideoplasticityentersintotheirmodesofmanifestationIshouldbethelasttodeny,butin casesofarecognizedmaterializationorwhereaportraitofapersonunknowntobothmediumandsittersis produced,itisclearlynottheirthoughtthatmouldstheectoplasmicemanationor(presumably)affectsthe sensitivefilm. Theseobjectivephenomenaindicatemuchwideraspectsoftheplasticityofmattertoetherialforces directedbyMind. Thewidestactionofdirectedenergyisitsmanifestationinpurposiveandincreasingbiologicalevolution,as explainedbyA.R.Wallace. Thesamephenomenaindicatetherealexistenceofanindividualizedenergywhichthecommonconsentof mankindhascalled"thesoul." Innormalgrowthandfunctionthisisdirected,inpartconsciouslyandinmuchlargerpartsubconsciously, byMindorIntelligencewhichPhilosophyandReligionalikecallthespiritoftheman. Thisindividualizedspiritisinsolidaritywithand(sotospeak)isaminutefractionoftheCosmicIntelligence. Thesurvivalofthisindividualizedsoulandspiritisindicatedby: (1)Materializationoflivingforms,someofwhichshowvolitionandpersonality.Someofthese arerecognizedpersons(e.g.CountPotocki'ssister). (2)Theycananddoactonordinarymatter.(Telekinesisandwaxmoulds.) (3)Therearephotographswhichshowpowerofactingonthesensitivefilmtoproducevaried formsandwriting,allindicatingvolitionalsoplainlyrecognizableportraits. (4)The"unseenintelligentforces"(Richet)showfacultiesindependentoftimeandspaceof thesametypeasthoseofOsty'ssensitives. (5)Impersonalaswellaspersonalpredictionsaremade(e.g.oftheRussoPolishwar)which statethattheycomefromanexternalpersonalityandthesealsoareindependentoftimeand space. (6)"Messages,"someofthemcontainingprecognitions,areoffrequentoccurrencetheyare oftentotallyopposedtothethoughtsandfeelingsoftherecipients(p.82ante). (7)Someofthese(videP.43)indicatepositivelyadiscarnateintelligence,andgive instructionswhich,whencarriedout,areverified. (8)Visionsofthedying,ofwhichProfessorBozzanohasanalysedfiftyfivecases(1), especiallyofdyingchildren,areentirelyconfirmatoryofsurvival,andthesemodesare curiouslyconcordantininstancessowidelyseparatedintimeandplaceastomake independenceofoneanothercertain.Thesehavealogicalconnectionwith: (9)Wallace'sperceptionofpurposiveevolution(WorldofLife),whichissupportedbyfacts whichstillholdthefieldandwith (10)WallaceandGeley'spsychologicalconclusionsontheselective,directiveandorganizing powerintheindividualorganism,whichagree,thoughquiteindependentofeachother. Collectively,theseareallinremarkableaccordwiththefundamentalideasofReligionaCreativePower,a survivingsoul,anditsconsequentialhereafter.Theyfitalsowiththeresultsofexegeticalcriticismthat Biblicalstatementsareexpressedaccordingtonotionsthenprevalent.Mediaevaltheologywasbuiltonthe formofthosestatements,whosesubstanceisnowmadeintelligible.Thisharmonizesmanydisputes.
1.PhenomensesPsychiquesauMomentdelaMort(EditionsB.P.S.,8,RueCopernic ,Paris)

AtthepresenttimetheEnglishChurchisdividedintofourchiefparties: (a)TheEvangelicals,whoclingtoliteralism,andinsistontheacceptancedefideofan infantiletheologyandaphysicalresurrection. (b)TheAngloCatholics,whoseekthereunionofChristendombyassimilatingritualand doctrinetothatofRome,andforthemostpartleavecriticalmatterseverelyalone.Thesehave adopted"purgatory,"butdonotseethattherationalpurgationisthesightofthe consequencesoftheactsofearthlife,asightthatmaybeveryscorching. (c)TheModernists,whopresentthedilemma"Miraclev.Naturalism,"dismissingtheformer onthegroundsofphysicalscienceandofapurelyDarwinianevolutionwhichisnowsomuch modifiedastobealmostobsolete.Theyadmitfranklythattheyknownothingofthefuture state(Outspok enEssays ,P.273). (d)Nominalmembers:numericallymuchstrongerthan(a),(b)and(c)combinedbaptized, marriedandburiedwithinthepale,butwhoputasidethewholetheology,eitherdisbelievingit whollyor(morefrequently)nottroublingaboutitatall.Someareregularchurchgoersfor variousreasons(realreligiousfeeling,respectability,unwillingnesstooffendothers,etc.),but most,especiallyintheartisanclasses,neverattendingchurchorchapelbutonoccasionsof marriageordeath.InthissectionofnominalChristiansthereareallshadesofagnosticism, fromthemenandwomenwhogivenorealthoughttothemattertothehardshellmaterialists whoaremostlyrestrainedfromderisionbygoodfeelingorgoodmanners.Thereisalsoa largenumberofpersons(especiallyamongartisans)whostandoutsidethechurches altogether,marryattheregistrar'soffice,andscoffatallreligionassuperstition.Thewholeof the(Communist)leftwingoftheSocialistPartyarenecessarilyofthistype,andprobably manyoftherightwingalso.Thereare,however,inallpartiesexcepttheCommunist,large numberswhoareprofoundlydissatisfiedwith,andimpatientof,theologicalinconsistencies, andlooktothepsychicfactsforamorereasonableviewoftheuniverse.Thesearefast increasinginnumbersandinfluence. Inconsequencethereismuchmentalunrest.Themetapsychicfactssolvethedifficultybyindicatinga HigherNaturalismwhichtakesfullcognizanceofthesequencesofphysicalscience,butalsoshowsthat therearesupernormalfactsthatindicateMindactingonMatterthroughindividualizedenergy. SirWilliamBarrettsays: "WehavenoneedtoassumethemechanicalGodofPaley,noranymiraculousintervention oftheSupremeMind.Intelepathywefindthatonemindcanimpressanother unconsciously....Ifourincarnatemindscanbysuggestiondirectandmodifythecelllifeof thebody,itisnotincrediblethatdiscarnatemindsmayeffectsimilarorevenprofounder processesinthehigherformsoflife."SirWilliamBarretinTheQuestofJanuary2,19I8. 3.Difficulties Thechiefdifficultiesinacceptingsurvivalaretwo:(1)thenumberofsuchsurvivalsonthetheorythatevery humanbeingis"animmortalsoul"and(2)invisibility. Ihavetouchedonthefirstintheprefacetothisbook,andshallthereforesaynomoreonthathere.Asto thesecondobjection,thisinvisibilityprobablyturnsonthepropertiesoftheetherandthefactofoursense limitations.Wedonotgivesufficientweighttothefactthatmatteritselfreadilybecomesinvisibleand intangible,notonlybyassumingthegaseousform,butotherwise. Apieceofpuresilvercombineswithnitricacidtobecomeanitrate.Thisdissolvedinwatergivesalimpid solution,which,however,containsthewholeofthemetallicsilver,nowbecomeinvisibleandintangible. FromthedataofthesupernormalfactsIinfertheexistenceofaninvisibleandintangibleetherialbody(1) whichcanbecomevisibleandtangiblebyaccretionoftheanimalizedectoplasm.Wemust,ofcourse, admitthathereismuchthatwedonotunderstand.Thepropertiesoftheetherareasyetverylittleknown.It hasaveryhighrigidity,muchhigherthanthatofsteel,sophysiciststellus,butitisnevertheless

frictionless,andtheplanetsmoveinitapparentlywithoutretardation. Thephenomena,especiallythephotographicphenomena,indicateexternalintelligence,anditisevenmore difficulttoimagineanintelligencewithoutsomeobjectivevehicle,thantosupposethatthisvehicleeludes ourmateriallyevolvedsenses,and,liketherigidether,isinvisibleandintangible.

(1)Seeonthissubjec tsevenlecturesbySirOliverLodge,F.R.S.,onEtherandReality,publishedbyHodder&Stoughton,1925.

 Cha pte r 10

TheConnectionwithChristianity
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"Wedonotseek toshapetheclausesofthegreatActofFaith,butmerelytoproveitspreamble...tobe abletosaytothetheologianorphilosopher:'Thusandthuswedemonstratethataspiritualworldexistsa worldofindependentandabidingrealities,notamereepiphenomenonortransitoryeffectofthematerial worldbutaworldofthings,concreteandliving,notameresystemofabstractideas'andMyersadds,'This wouldindeed,inmyview,betheweightiestservicethatanyresearchcouldrendertothedeepdisquietof ourtimetotheworldoldandworldwidedesireofmank ind.'" Myers,HumanPersonality,Vol.ii,P.297 THISquotationisevenmoreapplicableatthepresentdaythanwhenMyerswrotethosewords. Whatistheworldolddesireoftheheartofman? PeacethroughTruth."Earnestforleavetoliveandlabourwell."AndthisTruthmustcometothepresent age,notasarevelationfromabove,norasacreedimposedbyauthority,howeverhigh,butasan acknowledgedprincipleinterwovenintheverystructureoftheuniverse.Thescientificviewisthereligious view. IntheforegoingpagesithasbeenindicatedhowA.R.Wallacewasledtotheperceptionthatthecosmic processhasactuallyeventuatedinaspiritualbeingManwhosefurtherprogressdependsonhisspiritual, nothisbodilyevolution.Thissuppliesthenaturalprinciplethesupernormalfactsareitsexperimentalproof. TheGoodwillwhichisthesignofspiritualityisnotamerit,itisthemarkofevolutionaryadvance. 1.TheCausesofUnrest Apartfromeconomicconditions(whichalsohavetheirrootsinacertainMentality),thisunresthasfour principalspiritualcauses: (1)TheunderminingoftheauthorityoftheBiblebyscholarlycriticismwithoutcorresponding explanationofitshistoryandmeaning.Criticismhasestablishedbeyondallquestion(a)that theHebrewOldTestamentistheproductofthreecenturiesofcollation,revision,editing,and reeditingoforiginalmateriallongsincelostarevisionthatbeganaftertheRestorationfrom theExile,in457B.C.,anddidnotreachfinalitytillabout150B.C.and(b)thattheNew TestamentistheresultofasimilarprocesswhichbeganwithJerome'seditingofavailable materialinA.D.384,andhasproceededeversincebyemendationsofthetheGreektextfrom MSS,noneofwhichisearlierthanthefourthcentury,andfromPatristicquotationsofolder MSS.,withcorrespondingrevisionsoftheEnglishversions. Thisknowledgeisfarfrombeinglimitedtotheclergyandscholars.Itiswidespread,andthe popularformofitisatravestyofthefacts,asiftheScriptureswerehumaninventionsand unhistorical. (2)AsecondcauseofspiritualunrestistheprincipleofNaturalisminSciencebasedonthe orderlyandinvariableworkingof"naturallaws"aprinciplethatrulesoutall"miraculous interventions."Therearenomiracles,inthesenseofviolationsofnaturallawsandtherefore, assomethink,noDivineRuler. (3)Athirdcauseistheintuitionthat,despitethefactthatthesacredwritersnecessarilyuse thegeocentriclanguageandnotionsoftheirday,theyare,forthemostpart,recordingreal eventsandthatthemetapsychicfactsindicatethattherereallyisaspiritualworld transcendingtheperceptionsofoursenses.

(4)Thereisalsoanacutedesiretofindsomemeanstoavertfurthercataclysmslikethelate warbyremovingthecausesofsuchupheavalsinasocialordermoreimbuedwiththe Christianspirit.ThisdesirehasgivenrisetotheC.O.P.E.C.movement,which"isnotdevised tocompelnonChristianindividualstobecomemembersofaChristionorderofsocietyagainst theirwill,butrathertohelpindividualChristianstothinkoutandtoactuponthesocial implicationsoftheirpersonalbeliefs.ItisclaimedthattheteachingofJesuscontainscertain fundamentalprinciplescapableofdetailedapplicationtothevariedproblemsofmodernlife." Thesefourarenotirreconcilable,butifthey,orratherthemenwhoholdtooneorotherof them,aretobereconciled,suchreconciliationcanonlybebroughtaboutbytangiblefactsto whichallmustbow.Sucharethesupernormalphenomena 2.TheOriginsofChristianity AccordingtotheGospelrecords,Christianitybeganinsupernormalfactsandlaiddownanindividualchange ofheartastheremedyforevilsintheRomanworldwhichwereinmainoutlineantetypesofthoseofthe twentiethcenturytheruleofForce,theunequaldistributionofwealth,andtheunfeelingarrogancewhich characterizesthesupermaninallages. ItsdrivingforcelayintheResurrectionofChrist,andAdolfHarnack,"whosedistinctivecharacteristicsare hisclaimforabsolutefreedominthestudyofChurchhistoryandtheNewTestamenthisdistrustof speculativetheology,whetherorthodoxorliberalhisinterestinChristianityasareligiouslifeandnota systemoftheology,"remarksinhisExpansionofChristianity(vol.i,P.253,firstedition)thatsupernormal happeningswerepowerfulagentsinthatexpansion.Hesays: TheamplestevidenceofallthesetraitsistobefoundinthepagesofearlyChristianliterature fromitsearliestrecorddowntoIrenaeus.Theapologistsalludetothemasafamiliarand admittedfact,anditisquiteobviousthattheywereofprimaryimportanceforthemissionand propagandaoftheChristianreligion. Hesumsupthesetraitsasfollows: "Godspeak sinvisionsanddreamsandecstasy,revealingmattersofmomentandalso trifles.[Myitalics.S.D.B.]Visionsofdeadmartyrsappearingtotheirfriends.Someare inspiredtoexplainandinterpretandforetell.OthersarefilledwiththeSpiritandlose consciousness(trance).Othersnotonlyspeak butwrite.Thesick arehealed.Others perceivethepresenceoftheSpiritwitheverysense...theypeerintowhatishiddenand distantandtocome." Allthesethings,however,arequitesecondarytotheResurrectionofChrist.Withthegrowthoftheconcept ofinvariablelawthewholeofthisstoryhasbeendiscreditedonthegroundthat"miraclesdonothappen." 3.TheModernistView ThisNaturalismhasbeenadoptedbytheexponentsofModernism.TheveryRev.theDeanofSt.Paul's says(Outspok enEssays ,P.33),"Miraclesmustberelegatedtothesphereofpiousopinion."InhisEssay onSurvivalandImmortality,hetakestheneoplatonicviewandleavesitamatteroffaith,merelysayingthat withregardtotheconditionsofaveragemeninthefuturelife"weareconfrontedwithablankwallof ignorance".Modernistwritersintheirreactionagainstthepuerileliteralismwhichmakesbeliefinthe impossibleamatterof"faith,"takethesameground. TheydismisstheGospelrecords,especiallytheFourthGospel,as"unhistorical,"andtellusthatasSt. Paul'sfaithwasindependentofalegendarystory,ourscanbeequallyindependentofthatstory.Ifhebuilt hisfaithonaspiritualexperiencesurelyourscanneednootherfoundation"(theRev.J.Todd,inThe ModernChurchman,December1924).Mr.Todd'sconclusionisthesameasthatofRenan,thatthewhole accountsoftheResurrectionarelegendary,thoughhethinksthatthelegendsmayhavegatheredrounda kerneloffactthevisionstestifiedtobySt.Paul.(1)ThisseemstobetheacceptedModernistview,asthe editorofTheModernChurchmandeclinestoadmitmyreplytoit.
(1)ThesermonbytheRev.Dr.Worcesteranswersthisview(videp.168,infra).

Unless,however,theGospelrecordscanbeshowntohavesomeinherentprobability,thevisionmentioned bySt.Paulcaneasilyberesolvedbyscepticalcriticismintosubjectiveillusions.Visions(ascorresponding torealities,suchasDaisyDryden's)areasmuchaninvasionofNaturalismasanyothersupernormal phenomena,andthemysticalconvictionsofthemostearnestChristian,howevertrue,havenoeffect whateveronthescepticnottospeakofthefacts(a)thatavagueemotionwithoutmuchpracticalresultis oftenmistakenforthemysticallight,nor(b)thatactualsupernormalphenomenaarefrequentlyrecordedin thelivesofmysticalsaints. IftheResurrectionofChrististobereducedtovisionsandinternalmysticalexperiences,thelargemajority oflaymenwillbefortifiedintheirinferencethatitisentirelymythicalaconclusionthatisfurthersupported bymaterialisticscienceandisnowthegeneralopinion,evidencedbythescepticaltreatmentofsurvivalin conversationandinthePress.Neoplatonismmaysatisfycertainrefinedandscholarlymindsithasno holdontheaveragemanorwoman.IfModernismcontinuestoignorefactsitwillfail,aseverysystemthat ignoresfactsmustfail. 4.OutofDateScepticism Itiscuriousthat,despitemuchmoderndiscovery,Modernistcommentaryshouldhavealteredsolittlesince thedaysofStrauss'LebenJesuandRenan'sViedoJesus .Inthethirteentheditionofthelatterwork, containingtheauthor'sfinalcorrections,hesays: ItisbecausetheGospelsrecountmiraclesthatIsay"theGospelsarelegends"theymay containhistory,butcertainlyallthattheysetforthisnothistorical....Nowthequestionofthe supernaturalisdeterminedtouswithabsolutecertaintybythissinglereason,thatthereisno roomforbeliefinathingofwhichtheworldcanoffernoexperimentaltrace. OfcoursenostudentofthesubjectwouldmaintainthattheGospelsare(intheirdetail)accuratehistory, andtheformeroftheabovetwosentencesmaystandbutitisamusinghowsoon"absolutecertainty"is reversedbyindestructiblefacts.Renan'sstatement,ifiteverwastrue,iscertainlynottruenow.Thereis abundantevidenceforthesupernormal,orevenforthesupernaturalifthatwordisusedasconnotingan ordersuperiortothematerialorderbelongingtoapartofNaturewithwhichwearebutlittleacquainted. "Miracle"isapurelysubjectiveterm,dependingontheknowledgeofcausesinthosewhouseit.Itis alwaysassociatedwiththenotionofsupersessionofnaturallawsbyaspecialactoftheDeity(asHume definedit),whereasitreallymeansnothingmorethanawonderwhosecausewedonotunderstand.Itis oftenappliedtoanygreataccelerationofanormalprocess,e.g.healing.Thewordssotranslatedinour NewTestamentare"signs"or"powers,"infactsignsofsupernormalpower.Theword"miracle"shouldbe givenupaltogether. Itisobvious,too,thatthesamesolventthatdisposesoftheResurrection,disposesalsoofalltheother eventsnarrated,boththosethatweresignsofsupernormalpowersandthebeautifuldiscoursesofthe FourthGospel,especiallythosejustbeforethePassion.IfthatGospelis"unhistorical,"doesthatmean thatthosewordswerenotspokenbyJesus?Ifso,theremusthavebeenanotherwriterwhocouldshowas muchspiritualperceptionasJesus,andintrustingthosewordswearetrustingananonymouswriter,and theaccountofthePassoverEveisfictitious. Theseareverygravestatements,andarecertainlynotwarrantedbyanyevidencethatcanbecalled decisive.TheywouldneverhavebeenmadebutforthedesiretoaccommodateChristianbeliefsto materialisticscience,andinprotestagainstthenotionthattheResurrectionwasthereanimationofa corpse. ThenetresultofsuchcriticismisthatclergywithModernistleaningshavetoreadintheLectionaryandthe OfficesoftheChurch,assacredtruth,thingsthattheydisbelievetheinstructedlaityareawareofthis,and "workingmen"arelikewiseconfirmedinwhattheyaretoldinmanyatheisticpamphlets 5.AHigherNaturalism Itisamazinghowreluctantcriticsaretogotopresentdayfacts,butprefercomparisonofancient documentsandlaboriousrecriticismofdeadpredecessorsthewholeofwhoseworkproceedson ignorance,sometimeswilfulignorance,ofthesupernormalfacts.Naturalismisperfectlytrueaslongaswe

aredealingwithMatterandEnergyinSpaceandTime,butisonlyverypartiallytrueoftheoperationsof Mind,evenofitsnormaloperations.Iwaspersonallyasfreefromtheologicalprepossessionsasmylate friendAlfredRusselWallace,butIcanseethat,howevercogentthepragmaticargumentthataChristian outlookistheonlyremedyfortheworld'sunrest,thatoutlookwillneverbetakenunlessthroughconviction thatitissupportedbyhistoricalevidence,andbythemuchmorepowerfulproofofspirituallawsquiteas sureasthosewecallphysical. TheweakpointinwhatiscalledNaturalismisthatitassumesphysicallawstobesupreme,andthoughta productoforganization,chieflyofthebrainitignorestheselective,directive,andorganizingpower pervadingallNatureanditassumes thatallmentalrealityisdependentonthephysicalorganization. AhighernaturalismrecognizestheparamountactionofMindincosmicevolutioninindividualconformityto type,inpersonalgrowthinthephenomenaofhealingandinobjectivesupernormalfacts.Matterisideo plasticmouldedbymindinmanywaysthatwedonotyetconceiveof. WehavethefactthatthereareinMancertainsupernormalfaculties,which,atthepresentday,produce phenomena(mulatismutandis )closelyparalleltothoserecordedintheGospels.Healinginparticular appearstobethedirectionoftheimmanentCreativePrincipletotherestorationofitsnormalresult,when untrammelledbythecontroloftheconsciousmind,whetherthatdissociationbebroughtabouthypnotically, orbyautosuggestion,orbyfaithinthesupernormalpowerwhereverlocated. Wehave,too,thepalmaryfactthatmaterializationswhoserealityiscertifiedbysight,touchandhearing, andbyflashlightphotographstak enunderlaboratoryconditions ,areactualexperiencesatthepresentday. Living,tangibleandintelligentforms,actingfromtheirowninitiative,areabletoappearanddisappearwhen conditionsaresuitable."AghosthathnotfleshandbonesasyeseeMehaving"mightbesaidofsomeof themtoday. Ofcoursethenotionoftheresuscitationofthecorpsewasthenaturalinferenceinanagewhen"heaven" waslocatedinthesky,towhichJesuswassupposedtohaveascendedandsatdownontherighthandof Godbutitiscertainlyremarkablehowmuchmorecloselythewordsoftheevangelistswhendescribingthe appearances,accordwithmetapsychicfactsthantheinterpretationssubsequentlyputuponthem. Nothingcanalterthefactthatappearancesanddisappearancesarepossiblehereandnow.Theymay involvethepropertiesofanetherialbody,the"spiritualbody"of1Cor.xv.44.Wedonotknowforcertain: itisdifficult,orevenimpossible,toimagineanintelligencewithoutanysubstantial(1)vehicle.These phenomenaareonlyaverysmallpartofavastamountoffact.Thefacultiesindependentofspatial conditionsarenotsoverydifficultofcomprehensioniftheyarefacultiesnativetothesoulanditsetherial environment,manifestinexceptionalcasesnow,butnormalintheafterlife,bywhichthoughtsareopenand characterseenexactlyasitis.Thehiddenmemoryofthesoulmaywellbeitsown"bookofrecord"by whichwejudgeourselvesanddetermineourownstatus.Onachangeofheartthereisinstantforgiveness forthepast,butthoughinvoluntarytransgressionhasbutslightmentalconsequences,thereisno obliterationofconsequencestothetransgressor:"Godisnotmockedwhateveramansoweththatshallhe alsoreap.
(1)"Substantial."Thiswordisusedinitsstrictsenseofsubstanc e,whic hisnotnec essarilymaterial.

"GodisSpirit,"asJesus,inthe"unhistorical"Gospel,toldthewomanatthewellnotaspirit,oneamong others,butSpirit,theoriginofallthatis,directingtheenergiesofNatureaccordingtolaw."GodisLove," notalovingPersoninanyhumansense,exceptasrealizedinthesimileoftheDivineFatherhood,butLove itselfinwhichweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing.ButSpiritandLoveareabstractionstoustill personified. ThatJesuswastheincarnationofSpiritinthehighestdegreethatcouldbeobjectifiedinahumanformisa reasonablestatementsuggestedbythephenomena.Thevastnessoftheuniverserevealedbymodern scienceinvolvesacorrespondingadvanceinournotionofGod,andthoughtheobjectificationoftheLifeof thatuniverseisinconceivableexceptastheuniverse,itistruertospeakofJesusastheWordmadeFlesh (quiteapartfromthelegendaryVirginBirth)thanas"theGalilaeanPeasant."Ourimperfectionsforbid definitions.OneofthewriterstowhomIhavealludedabove,aftergivingverydetailedexperimentalinstances ofsupernormalcognition,says:

Ifthediversk indsofsupernormalcognitionwereattributesofasinglemind,theirpossessor wouldexcitethestupefiedamazementofothermen.Atanymomentthesuccessionofevents thatweavethewebofhispersonallife,bothinthepastandthefuture,wouldbeaccessible torepresentationinhisconsciousnessasmemoriesareinordinarythought...Neitherhis birthnorhisdeath,northefieldofdirectandindirectsensorialperceptionwouldlimithis environmentintimeandspace.Thehumanbeingshemightmeetwouldrevealtohimbytheir merepresence,theirthoughtsofthemoment,theSecretsoftheirintellectual,moral,and organicpersonalities,oftheirrelationswithothers,andthek nowledgeoftheirwhole surroundings...Hewouldk nowandcouldtellthedetailsofeventshappeningatgreat distancesfromhimself...Suchabeing,superhumantoourideas...isalogicalpossibility, sincehewouldbenomorethanthepossessorofallthelatentpsychicfacultieswhose differentphenomenalformsarefoundisolatedandscattered.OSTY,SupernormalFaculties inMan,p.162. Well,accordingtotheGospels,justsuchanOnedidvisitthisearth.Instancesofeveryoneofthesetraits arerecordedofHim.InadditiontothesefacultiesHewieldedapowerofhealingsounparalleled,and manifestedalovesounbounded,awillsoinflexible,acouragesoundaunted,andawisdomsosublime, thatHiscominghasbeenmadethecentraleventinhistory,andHehasbeenhailedastheArchetypeofa perfectHumanity.WearetoldhowHeactuallywasreceived.BecauseHedevotedthesefacultiestothe regenerationoftheworldandnottoHisownaggrandisement,Hewascondemnedforheresyand blasphemyundertheLawHehadabrogated,andwascrucifiedunderafalsechargeofsedition.Hereturned asLeaderandKingtheonlyreligiousLeaderwhomanifestedinHisownpersonthevictoryoverDeath. TothemediaevalmindtheCreation,theFall,thesentenceonmankind,theSinaiticDispensation,the miraclesofHebrewlegend,theSacrificialsystem,theVirginBirth,theRedemptorySacrifice,thephysical resurrectionofJesusHisAscensionintoalocalheaven,theSecondAdventfromtheskies,thegeneral ResurrectionandtheDayofjudgement,followedbythemillennialreignofChristinperson,wereallpartsof aperfectlyconsistentandrational"Schemeofsalvation"incompleteaccordwiththenexistingastronomical knowledgeandwiththerootideaofDivineinterventions. Thediscoveriesoftheimmensityoftheuniverse,oftheantiquityofman,andofthecompilationoftheOld Testamentbetween458and150B.C.,cutawaythewholefoundationofthistheology.Itwasquitenatural thatSt.Paul,broughtupunderthesacrificialsystemandwritingtothosewhowerepenetratedbythesame idea,shouldrepresentthedeathofChristasasupremesacrificenaturaltoo,perhaps,thathissuccessors shoulderectthisintoadogmabutthishasnobindingforceonus. Afterall,St.PaulonlyusedthatfiguretoabolishsacrificeswhathereallyinsistsuponistheResurrection. HesaysnothingoftheVirginBirth. NowtheenlargedideaofGodastheSourceofLifeandmind,andofLaw,physicalandmoral,throughout theentireuniverse,wouldmakeHimsovastandunapproachablethatamanifestationofHimascomplete asispossibleinahumanbodywasabsolutelynecessaryifHewerenottobefelttoberemovedtoan infinitedistancefromhumanlivesandhumansufferings.ThatmanifestationwasgivenbyChrist,whose "glory"wasentirelyamoralglorytilltheResurrection,notofaphysicalbody,butofthatspiritualbodyof whichwehavemanymodernproofs. WecannowseethattheInfinityofGodextendsbothwaystotheinfinitelygreatintheuniverseandthe infinitelysmallinatomsandcells,forintheselatterLifetakesitsorigin.Iftherewerenolawintheatom therecouldbenoneintheplanetmadeupofatomsiftherewerenolifeinthecelltherecouldbeno organism.Sothat"inGodweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing." ThatHeisinternaltous,aswellasexternal,isoneofthelogicalinferencesofthelargeridea:anditcanbe madepracticalaswellaslogical,i.e.itcanbebroughtintoconsciousnesswithoutanysortofmystical exaltationor"makebelieve."ThemethodconsistssimplyinawarenessthattheCosmicAlmightyandthe inmostspiritinManareindivisible,andthereforethatthepersonalappealis"heard."Toanydifficultythe answerwillcomeifwemaketheappealandwaitnotaskingthatourwillmaybedone,norcultivating "resignation,"butjustwaiting.Itwillnotanswerquestionsonmaterialadvantage,itwillnotadviseyouon yourinvestmentsorstandinlieuofaninsurancepolicy,itwillnotwarnyouofdangerorinformyouofany otherperson'scharacteroraffairs,butitwillgiveyouaclearleadonanymatterbearingonyouractualduty concerningwhichyouarehonestlyindoubt.

Itwillevenanswerspecificquestionsbearingonconductanddutyifweaskthemwithanhonestandopen mindjustbeforegoingtosleeptheanswerwillformduringsleep.WeareallapttothinkofLoveasan externalratherthananinternalpower:buttheDivineLoveislikethesunshinetothedaisieseachhasall thatitcanuse,itcouldhavenomoreifitstoodalone,itgetsnolesshowevermanytherebe. Thisisnotmysticism,itisspiritualcommonsense.Itmayhaveitsfoundationintheintellect,butwhenitis experienceditisaboveintellect.Therearedaisiesofthoughtlittlehumbleflowersaswellasroses. NothingistoosmallfortheSpiritthatmakestheflowersoftheearth,andflowersofthemind. Metapsychicandpsychicalphenomenaaremerelytheexternalproofstotheintellectthattherereallyisa worldofSpirit.Theyneitherprovenordisproveanyformofcreedunderwhichthatworldisapprehended. Formsofcreeddonotreallymatter.WhatweneediscontactwithReality. Thatcontactwecanhave.Aswecontemplatethepatternofamoth'swingorthedepthofstarsownspace, wemayrealizesomethingofthemeaningofomnipresentandInfinitePower.Theremayfallonusalsoa chillingsenseofourownminutenesstillwefeelthatthisInfinitePowerisalsoInfiniteLove,whichwillsee ussafelythroughallcontingenciesoflifeanddeathifweareactinginthePracticeofthePresenceofGod andaredoingtheWilloftheEternaleachinourtinysphereofaction. "Speak toHimthou,forHehears,andspiritwithSpiritcanmeet: CloserisHethanbreathingnearerthanhandsandfeet." Weshallfindthistobeliteraltruth.Providedonlythatweobeythebestthatweknow,quitefearlessly,we findthattheunseenPoweranswers:mysticismisreducedtosecretexperience,andweunderstandthe promise:"Ask whatyewillanditshallbegivenyou."Thenotionthattransitorymaterialpossessionsare referredtocanbutraiseasmile. 6.AnEasterSermon ThemetapsychicfactsarestupendousconfirmiationsoftheGospelstory,andmustprevailjustbecause theyarefacts,notopinions.Theyareignoredbyagenerationbemusedbyscepticismandabsorbedin materialinterests,buttheyaregatheringmomentumandareknowntothousands. ToshowtheireffectonenlightenedclergyIgivebelow(bykindpermission)someextractsfromasermon preachedbytheRev.Dr.ElwoodWorcesterinEmmanuelChurch,Boston,U.S.A.,Easter,1924: "OnEasterDay,itappearstome,acongregationhasarighttoexpectofitspreacher,not merelytheresultofhisthoughtandstudies,butacandidstatementofhispersonalfaith.I supposetherearefewmeninthiscountry...whohavestudiedthebeliefswecommemorate todaymoreattentivelythanIhaveboththeresurrectionofJesusthroughthecriticalstudyof theNewTestament,andoursurvivalofbodilydeath,byeveryhonourablemeansopentous. Asaresult,Ifindmyfaithinbothgrowingstrongerandstronger,untilithasbecomethechief possessionofmylifeandIk nowofnofactordiscoverywhichisdangeroustoeither.Iregard theresurrectionofJesusasatrue,objective,historicalfact.... "Whenweconsiderthenatureoftheseappearances,whichweresudden,brief,unexpected, andmadetodifferentpersons,wearenotsurprisedthattheaccountsintheGospelsarealso shortandfragmentaryandthattheywerewrittenwithoutmuchreferencetooneanother.The casewasentirelydifferentwithSt.Paul. "In1Cor.xv.St.Paulgivesusanextendedsurveyofthewholesubject.Hegives,itistrue, nobrightsensuouspictures,nodetailednarrativesafterthefashionoftheEvangelistsbuthe presentstousacompleteinventoryofalltheResurrectionappearanceswhichheconsidered genuineandthecorrectorderoftheiroccurrence.Thedenialofanyresurrectiononthepartof certainCorinthianChristianscompelledhimtoconsidercarefullythehistoricalevidencesof theresurrectionofJesus. "Areyouawarehowgoodthisevidenceis?...

"Itiscontainedinanepistlewhoseauthenticityhasneverbeenseriouslyquestioned.The measuredsobrietyofhislanguage,thestrictlimitationoftheappearancesoftheRisenOne, hiscarefulmentionofnames,hisconfidentappealtomanylivingwitnesses,the psychologicalprobabilityofthesequence,hisrigidexclusionofalllegendaryhighlycoloured incidents,allproduceanimpressionmostfavourabletohistruthfulnessandpainstak ingcare. Heintroducesthisevidencebythesignificantstatement,'Idelivereduntoyou,firstofall,that whichImyselfalsoreceived.'Theusualdateassignedtothisepistleisabouttheyear55,but theword'Idelivereduntoyou,firstofall'carryusback aboutfouryearsfarthertoSt.Paul's firstvisittoCorinthwhilethewords,'ThatwhichImyselfalsoreceived,'canhardlyhaveany othermeaningthanthatthesestatementsinregardtotheLord'sresurrectionappearances formedpartofthetraditionsoftheoldApostlesandtheearliestChristians,communicatedto himduringhistwoweek s'visittoPeter,describedinGalatiansastak ingplacethreeyears afterPaul'sconversion,somewhereabouttheyear35.Sothat,insteadofanoraltradition flyingabouttheworldforageneration,wehavehereawrittenandcarefullyconsidered statementfromthehandofPaul,whosesubstancedatesnotmorethanfiveyearsfromthe event.... "InallthisIhavemadenoclaimforthereanimationofaphysicalbody.SomeofourBishops, butbynomeansallofourBishops,assertthatfaithinJesusdemandsandrequiresphysical resurrection.Inthistheyarenotwellguided,andthisdemandwillnotstrengthenfaith,Itonly strengthensincredulity,especiallyasitiscontradictednotonlybySt.Paul,whospeak sonly ofaspiritualbody,butbytheveryGospelstowhichweareobligedtoappeal.Forabody whichappearsanddisappearsatwill,isnotimmediatelyrecognized,andwhichpasses throughcloseddoors,isnobodyoffleshandbones.Nosoonerdothemateriallymindedfind themselveswithamaterialbodyontheirhands,thantheyareobligedtodematerialiseit again,andtopass,withuncertainsteps,fromeatinganddrink ingtovanishingsandre appearancesandtopassagethroughmaterialsubstances.ThepresentendingofSt.Mark 's Gospelevendescribesoneoftheseappearancesas'inanotherform.'Moreoveraphysical resurrectionwouldbenosupportatalltofaith,forwek nowwellnosuchfateisinstorefor us...Deathisnotapassagefromonepartoftheuniversetoanother.Itisapassagefrom onestateofbeingtoanother.Weshallnotwanttheseoldbodiesinournewlife...forthey belongtothisworld.Theyweremadealtogetherofearth'ssubstance,withreferencetothe surfaceoftheearth,thisatmosphere,thistemperature,andwhenwedietheyareresolvedto dust.Itisthedestructionoftheoldlifethatmak esthenewlifepossible. "NoonehasbelievedintheresurrectionofJesuswithmorepassionateardourthanSt.Paul. Itwasthecauseofhisconversion,thesubstanceofallhispreachingandyetfromfirstto lasthespeak sonlyofaspiritualbody.Heestablishesthestrongestantithesesbetweenthe bodythatdiesandthebodythatliveshereafter:'Itissownindishonour,itisraisedinglory.It issowninweak ness,itisraisedinpower.Itissownaphysicalbody,itisraisedaspiritual body.'InrehearsingthevariousappearancesoftheLord,hemonotonouslyrepeatsthesame word,ophthehewasseen,heappeared,butnothingmore. "Fromthispointofviewthewholematteroftheresurrectionissomuchmoreprobableandin accordancewithourk nowledgeofwhatispossiblethesuddenappearance,thepassing throughcloseddoors,thetraumaticstigmata,andthefactthattheseappearancesceaseda fewdaysafterdeathallaresocomprehensibleandnaturalthatitbecomesmereperversityto doubtthem. "Withouttheexperienceofthephenomenasuchstorieswouldnothavebeeninvented, especiallyastheApostleswerelook ingfornosuchhumbleoccurrences,but,iftheyhadany expectationsforthefuture,forthereturnoftheLordinglory... "Noonewhotrulylook sforwardtoalifeafterdeathconceivesofitasinvolvingthelossor diminutionofhispersonality.Wedonotthink oftheminglingofallsoulstogether,orthe disappearanceofourpersonallifeinthelifeofGod.Thatispantheism,butitisneither Christianitynorimmortality.Neitherareweabletothink ofthesoulasexistingwithoutabody withoutsomeformororganismandexpressionwhichdistinguishesitfromeveryoneelsea bodybywhichitactsonitsworldandreceivesimpressionsfromitsworld.

"Oncebefore,inthefirstlife,God,throughyoursoul,mysteriouslybuiltforyouabody,wholly andperfectlyadaptedtoalifewhichwastocome.Soagain,hereandnow,youaresecretly andinvisiblybuildingforyourselfthebodyyoushallwearhereafter,andthatbody,thoughnot yetcomplete,isalreadyinexistence...Abodythatrepresentsyouperfectly,inyourthoughts, youraffections,andmemories,whichsometimewilldisengageitselffromtheoldbodyand standforth,strongandradiantandbeautifultoenteritsnewlife...Anewbodywillnotbe madeforyououtofnothing.Itwillnotbesentdownfromheavenforyou.Thebodyyouhave madeyourself,andwhichperfectlyrepresentsyouisrevealedastheoldbodyfallsfromyou. Thatisall. "...InthecourseofmylongministryIhavesatbymanyadeathbed.SeveraltimesIhave seenthefacesofdyingmenandwomenbrightenwithanunearthlylightastheyappearedto seeandtorecognizesomeunseenpresence.Ihaveheardthemgreetandaddress,with lovingrapturouswords,departedfriendstotallyinvisibletome.Ineveryinstancewithinmy experiencethishasprovedtheimmediateprecursorofdeath. "Incommentingonthiswithalearnedandwidelyexperiencedphysician,Ireceivedfromhim severalhighlyinterestingexamplesofsimilareventswhichhadtak enplaceunderhis observation,oneofwhichoccurredjustbeforethedeathofmyfamousandsaintlyrelative, Dr.JosephWorcesterofSanFrancisco.Thisphysicianadded:'Amongtheolddoctorswho wereaccustomedtoremainwiththeirpatientstotheend,thesefactswerewellk nown,andit wascommonlyheldthattheappearanceofthedeadtotheveryillwastoberegardedasa definiteindicationofapproachingdeath.'Thismeansthatasourendapproaches,thosewhom wehavek nownandlovedareawareofitandthattheyareclosebesideus,andthatwhenour eyescloseonthisworld,thefirstobjectsweshallbeholdarethefacesofthosewehave mostloved,whostandbesideustowelcomeusandtogowithusintoournewlife. "Andwiththemornthoseangelfacessmile WhichIhavelovedlongsinceandlostawhile." 7.TheLawofSpiritualConsequence Dr.Worcestersays:"ThebodyyouhavemadeforyourselfandwhichPerfectlyrepresentsyouisrevealed astheoldbodyfallsfromyou.Thatisall"Yes:thatisallandmorethanenoughtoo,asmany communicatorsasserttherealizationofmorethantheyhaddaredtohopefor,andMorethanenoughin thepenaltyofvisibledegradation. Thereisno"punishment"butobviousdegeneracyandno"reward"butmanifestdevelopmentandbeauty.(1)
(1)Thisisthenaturalconsequenceofopenc onditionsandcharac teristic form.Lowestofallarethosewhotakepleasurein inflictingorseeingpain,whoseformexpressestheirdiabolic alnature. Theveryideaof"merit"isamarkoflowdevelopment:theopportunityofdoingakindac tc omestoaman:onerejec tsitasno businessofhis:anotherpassesitbybecauseofinconvenienceorexpense:anotherdoesitforselfsatisfac tion:anotherdoesitasa duty:andyetanotherdoesitfromdesiretohelpandthinksnomoreaboutit.Eac hoftheseac tsacc ordingtohismoraldevelopment hissoulisjustwhatitis,andisseenassuch. Iftheideaof"salvation"isdissociatedaltogetherfromrewardorpunishmentitwillbeseenas"saving"fromdegradationand ugliness,withtheirattendantmiseryandremorse,notfromelementalfire. Eveninthislifeatruthfulmandoesnotmakea"merit"oftruthfulnesshesimplyhatesliesanddec eptionsbec ausetheydegrade.

Morethanthisinasmuchaseverycivilizationistheexactrepresentationofthemindsthatmakeit,theLaw ofSpiritualConsequencejudgesourcivilizationtoday.ItsexistenceismenacedbyIllWilltheillwillthat stirsupclasswarandinventspoisongasandallthehugeparaphernaliaofconflictsthathaveshedevery semblanceofchivalry. Mr.Kiplinghasrecentlysaidwithperfectjustice: Forthemomentthereisalullinthewarsfoughtwithvisibleweapons.Wearedeepinthe worldwarthataimstodestroythespiritandwillofmaninhishomeandathiswork .Asound manwhosemoralecanbegassedandgangrenedintimeofpeacetillhecondonesandhelps

tocreateeveryformofconfusionthatwillruinhimselfandhisneighbours,isdoinghiscountry infinitelymoreharmthanathousandcasualtiesonthebattlefield....Andthisistheessence oftheNewModelWartocreateillwillwhichisthemotherofdespair,andthroughthatillwill toexploitthedamnablestreak ineachofuswhichleadsustostopourownwork andtalk aboutthedutiesofothers.Therestfollowsbyitself. ItistheLawofSpiritualConsequencefulfillingitselfautomatically.Butbehindthedarkcloudsthatveilthe futuretherearemanysignsofadawn.Thereisanincreasingnumberofpersonswhoseethatthecauseof strifeisillwill,andtherootofillwillislyinglyingmisrepresentationsthelyingWhichsaysonethingand meansanother,thelyingthatleadseachpoliticalpartisantovilifyopponentswithoutattemptingto understandtheirpositionortosympathizewiththeirtrials,thecasuistrythatbuildsupfalseanalogiesand falsepositions,andrefusestofacefacts. Inallclassestherearemenwhosincerelydesirepeace,whowishtoseetrulyandtothinkrightly.Inall landstherearethosewhoarewishingtogetawayfromhatreds,tobreakwithanevilpast,andtoforgiveas theywouldbeforgiven.Itisnot"theoldmen"thatarechieflytoblametheblamerestswithallwhorefuse tolookatfactswhichshowtheremorselessworkingofspiritualcausation.Thereisnoneedtoignore historyandtopretendachangeofheartthathasnottakenplace,buttoendeavourtoincreasethenumber ofthoseinwhomithastakenplace,andforthisthereisnomorepowerfulinstrumentthantherecognitionof thenewtruths. Theknowledgeofspiritlifeisthecureforhate.OntheothersideoflifetherearenoEnglish,noFrench,no Germans,noranyothernationalitytherearejustmenandwomen,theirrealselves,withcharacterbare andobvious.Themistakesofdeedsdoneinthebody,whenthesewerenotthedeedsofdeliberatecruelty ormeanness,arepassedfromthem,andbecausetheyseetheminthelightoftruth,theyforgiveasthey areforgiven.Whycanwenotbeginnow? Onlybecauseourmindsarerivetedonthislifeanditserrorsofunderstanding,itsluresofdesire,andits illusionsofpassionandpride.Settheseaside,andweshallrealizethat"Godhathmadeofonebloodall nationsofmenfortodwellonthefaceoftheearth"inamity.Ifthenewtruthscouldbetaughtthroughout Europetotherisinggeneration,(1)andwarbestavedofffortwentyyears,thenewgenerationwouldseek peaceandensueit,lessfromfearthanfromwisdom.
(1)SeeAppendix.Idonotmeanthesupernormalfactsbutthetruthstheyc onfirm.

ProfessorW.McDougallremarksthat"acivilizationwhichresignsItselfwhollytomaterialismlivesupon andconsumesitsmoralcapitalandisincapableofrenewingit...Unlesspsychicalresearchcandiscover factsincompatiblewithmaterialism,materialismwillcontinuetospreadnootherpowercanstopit." Thosefactshavebeendiscovered.Therealneednowistoproclaimthemandinsistuponthem.Theyshow principlesembeddedintheverystructureoftheuniverse.TheyconfirmtheessenceofReligionwhileleaving openallmodesofitsexpression.Theyemphasizepersonalresponsibilityandimplythatthereisno obliterationofconsequencesbytheprofessionofanycreed.Theoutlookonlifehereadumbratednotonly harmonizesreligiousdifferencesamongourselves,buthasverymuchwiderapplications.Metapsychic science,likephysicalscience,isuniversal.ItmightevenleadtoareconciliationofChristianitywithIslam andJudaism.ItgivesacommongroundonwhichEastandWestcouldmeet.Ihavepersonallyknown MoslemsandHindustowhomitstruthsarewelcome. CarvedonthetombofAkbarthegreatestoftheemperorsofIndia,whobyequalreligiousfreedomandfirm andwisegovernmentmadeallmenloyaltotheStatearethewordsInwhichhecomparedallreligious creedstothedustoftheflowerswhencethescentmakerhasdistilledtheirfragrantessence: SaidJesus,onwhombepeace,"Thisworldisabridgepassoveritbutbuildnohabitationthereon."Who hopesforanhourhopesforeternity.Heresytothehereticandorthodoxytotheorthodox,butonlythedust oftherosepetalremainstohimwhohassolditsperfume.Therestisunseen.

 Appe ndi x

TheReligiousTeachingofChildren
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INsayingthatthenewtruthsshouldbetaughttotherisinggenerationIdonotintheleastmeanthat

childrenshouldbeprematurelyintroducedtothesupernormal.Imeanthatteachersshouldhandleall instruction,andespeciallyreligiousinstruction,withfullknowledgeofprinciplesatthebackoftheirminds.If theyhavethisknowledgethemselvesandunderstandtheprinciplesofteaching,theirinstructionwill conform.Theseprinciplesarefour: (1)TheLawofHumanSolidaritythatnomancanliveforhimselfalone,weareallmembers oneofanother,andifonemembersuffer,alltheothersareaffectedthereby.Putit"classes" for"members"andwehavethestatementofthesocialproblemandtheprincipleofprivate conduct. (2)TheLawofMoralConsequencethatasmansows,sohewillreap,bysuccessionof consequences,collectivelyhere,individuallyhereafter. (3)TheLifeEverlastingthatdeathisthepassagetoournextstage,inwhichnothingis hiddenbutitshallberevealed,noranythingsecretbutitshallcometolight. (4)TheOmnipresenceandaccessibilityofGodthatallNatureisamanifestationofMind,(1) andthatnonecandispensewithorignoretheDivineFatherhood.Thisimpliesthepracticeof thePresenceofGod. (1)Quiteearlysomechildrenwillask,WhatIsmeantby"spirit"?Ihavefoundthebestanswertobe,You areaspiritusingyourbodyasitsinstrument.Youspeakofyourhands,youreyes,yourears.Ifyouwantto understandmore,liequitestillforafewmomentswhenyouwakeInthemorning:shutyoureyes,andfeel thatyoutherealyoucanthinkwhatyouwilldowithyourbody,andthatItwilldowhatyou,themind, willsittodo.

TheTeachingofYoungChildren

Thisisamother'staskandshouldalsobeherpleasure.Noonecanreplaceher. DuringtheseventeenyearsthatIwasheadmasterofapreparatoryschool,nothingstruckmemoreforcibly thantheadmirablereligiousgroundinggivenbysomemothersandthetotallackofitinothercases.One boywouldbeclean,obedient,truthfulandreverent,withafeelingofGodastheinvisibleFriendWhowould guideandstrengthen:another,equallygoodintellectualmaterial,wouldhavenoideabuttogethisown way.Itwasnoticeablethattheworstcasesof"spoiledchildren"invariablycamefromthewealthiesthomes. IhavehadtodealwithboysoftenyearsoldandupwardswhoseonlyideaconnectedwithChristmaswas plumpuddingandholidays,whoassociatedEasteronlywithchocolateeggs,andinwhomthenotionof dutywascompletelyabsent.OthersagainhadnotionsonthelevelofthoseofanAfricansavageofGodas a(veryuncertain)personalprotectoror(moreoften)asaninvisibleMasterspy,morepronetoangerthanto grantrequests,thechildthinkingitadutytoaffectbeliefinallkindsofincrediblethingsthathehasbeen told.

ThislastistheresultofteachingthatbeganwiththeGardenofEden,notasanallegorythatweareputinto thegardenoftheworldtobeautifyit,butasahistoricalfactofhumanoriginsteachingwhichwenton throughNoah'sDeluge,thedividingofseasandrivers,thelegendsofSinai,andallthemythsofearly HebrewhistoryculminatingindoctrinesofabodilyresurrectionattheLastDay,"whenallmenshallrise againwiththeirbodiesandgiveaccountoftheirownworks,"butthatforgivenesswillwipeout transgressionsasiftheyhadnotbeen.


SchoolTeaching

Thistoooftenfollowsthesamelines,especiallySundayschoolteaching.Oneinstanceoutofseveralthat havecometomyknowledgeisthefollowing:

Aboywasaskedbyhisfather,aworkingcarpenter,whathewaslearningattheSundayschool.Thechild repeatedthestoryofElijahandtheravens."What!"saidtheman,"dotheystillteachthattosh?Iwon'thave himgoanymore."Themotherputinherplea,"Oh,poorchild,he'llmisstheSundayschooltreat.""Well, lethimgotillthat'sover,"wasthefather'sdecision.ThiswasbroughttothenoticeoftheVicar,anditwas pointedouttohimthateventheBibleitselfimplies(judgesvii.25)thattheOrebim(ravens)ofthatdistrict wereArabswhohadtheraven(Oreb)astheirtotem.Thesewerethemenwhofedtheprophet.Heanswered haughtily,"Iprefertothinktheywerebirds."

Plainspeakingisrequiredhere.Itisimpossibletoexaggeratetheharmdonebyteachingallbutuniversalin schoolsofeveryclass.ChildrenaretaughtthatManwascreatedperfect,putinagarden,expelledfor eatingafruit,thatGoddrownedtheworldandstartedafreshwithNoah,thatlanguagesoriginatedatthe TowerofBabelbecausemenwerebuildingatowertoreachuptoheaven,followedbyallthemythsofthe Pentateuch.Theideasthusimplantedareonthelevelofnegrofetish.Iknewofachildwhoaskedanelder sisterifGodwassoveryangrywiththechildrenofIsraelfordancingroundtheGoldenCalf.Shewastold, "Yes,andGodwouldhaveburnedthemallupifMoseshadnotbeggedhimnotto."Thechildreplied,"Most peoplewouldhavelaughed." ThusthefirstalmostineffaceableimpressionsofGodareinthelikenessofanangry,unreasonable,and (worstofall)ajealous(1)oldman.Boysverysoonthrowallthisoverboard,andknowthatclergyteachthem whatnorationalmanbelieves.Thisisthefrequentcauseofcompleterejectionofreligioninlaterlifeitis associatedwithideasthatarehistoricallyandethicallyfalse.
(1)Jealous.Iknowarec entcaseinwhichasocietywomanlostheronlychildbyobviousneglectandmismanagement.Her complaintwas,"Godtookthec hildbecauseIlovedhimtoomuc h"!Thetruthwasthatshedidnotlovethec hildenoughtodoa mother'sdutybyhim.

Someworthyclergymenexplain,inawouldbescientificway,that: Attheresurrectionthesoulwillgatherrounditselfjustsuchatomsofcarbon,hydrogen, phosphorus,etc.,asmaybenecessarytoformtheresurrectionbody,thesamebodythat died.Ofcourse,ifthesameatomsthatformedthebodyatdeathareavailable,suchas thosewhichformthebones,weshouldnaturallyconcludetheywillbeusedinthenewbody, andas"withGodallthingsarepossible,"whocansaytowhatextenttheveryatomsthat formedthebodyatdeathmaynotbeavailable?Butforanythatarenotavailable,evenif noneareavailable,theirplacesmaybetak enbyotheratoms,andyettherisenbodybethe sameasthatwhichdied.OurDead:WhereareThey?PublishedattheChurchShop,83, CommercialRoad,Stepney.Sixththousand. Thisisabreachofnaturallawand"miraculousintervention"onthelargestpossiblescale.Commentis superfluous, Allthiskindofteachingisfalsefromeverypointofview. (a)Psychologicallyitisbadbecauseitgivesthechildtheconclusionsoftheadultmind insteadofreliabledatawhichinduetimehewillcombineforhimself,asallsoundteaching shouldgive (b)Byidentifyingreligionwithbeliefsandopinionsinsteadofconductitseparatesreligious instructionfromallactualityforasthechildgrowsthesenotionsarecontradictedbyallthat lielearnsofcauseandeffect (c)Scientificallythewholesystemisfalse,andboyssoondiscoverthis

(d)Finally,itimplantsvagueideasofmiraculousinterventionbywhichamanneednotreapas hehassown. IfschoolteachersmustbeginwiththeOldTestamentandthePublicSchoolsEntranceExamination impliesthattheymust(1)itisquiteeasytobeginwiththeCallofAbrahamandtogiveselectionswhich illustratetherealgrowthofthenationthroughwhich(asamatterofhistoricalfact)thereligionoftheWest hascome,treatinglegendaslegend,andnotasfact,butwithoutanycriticalconsiderations,whichare totallyunsuitedtochildren.

(1)Itisonlyfairtosaythatthe"ScriptureKnowledge"paperisnottakenseriously,butratherasahappyhuntinggroundfor "howlers."Oneboy,askedtowriteanacc ountoftheprophetElijah,gaveashistotalknowledge,"Hewentforac ruisewithawidow."

ATeachingMethod

Amethodwhichwasfoundtogiveexcellentresultswasasfollows:Aseriesofsuitableandtypicalreadings fromeachbookoftheBiblewasmadeoutforthreeschoolyears,inprint.Atmorningprayersoneofthese wasreadbytheseniorboyonaroster,followedbyashort,undoctrinalexplanationdirectedentirelyto supplyagraphicEasternsetting,followedbyahymnorpsalm(selectingthoseonlywhichoughttobea personalcontentofmemory),bytheLord'sPrayer,andtwominutessilencetogiveopportunityforprivate prayersthewholenotexceedingfifteenminutes. OnSundaytheclasseswereexpectedtoremember(andactuallydidremember)theincidentsreadinthe week,andwereencouragedtogiveaccountsoftheminaninformalway.Astimewentontheywereaided bywallchartsgivingtheheadingsselectedsoastoworkintoconnectedhistory,disregarding"reigns,"and onlyshowingnationaldevelopment.Theinstructionwasfollowedbyinformaltalks,aidedbytheoptical lantern,onsomeconnectedorillustrativematterEasternscenesandtravel,naturalhistory,firstrate picturesandthelike,alwaysconnectedwithactualitiesofthepresentday.(1)
(1)ThesubstanceofsomeoftheseSundaytalkshasbeenpublishedinabookentitledMysteriesofLife(GeorgeAllenandUnwin, 40,MuseumStreet,W.C.1).Theyweremosthighlyappreciatedbytheboys.

HumanSolidarityandMoralConsequence

Thisisveryeasilytaught.Thecommonestobjectswillservealoafofbread,anarticleoffoodorclothing,a newspaper,abook,etc.,givingtheprocessesbywhicheachfinishedarticlecomestohandfromthevery firstoriginintherawmaterial.Thismustbeillustratedbythelanternslide:lecturesappealingtothechild's unstockedimaginationareuseless.Teachersseldomrealizethis,butitisthereasonwhysomuch teachingisforgotten.Itisscarcelytoomuchtosaythatwhensuchmaterialisarrangedinalogical sequenceshowingconnectedprocesses,Ihavefoundthatpracticallynothingisforgotten.Whensimpler mattersareexhaustedthelecturesshouldgoontothedevelopmentoftheship,thesteamengine,the aeroplane,etc. Then,forolderboysmoney,notes,cheques,promissorynotes,thebillofexchange,stockcertificates, etc.,showingtheactualdocumentsandreadingthem,andbringingoutthemachineryofcommerceandthe interdependenceofnationswiththeindispensablefactorofhonestyasthebasisoftradeandcredit. Thenthehistoryofthought,illustratedbyliteratureandthegrowthofideas.TheLawcourtsofjustice,civil andcriminallaw,contracts,theHousesofParliament,alldependentonjusticebetweenmanandmanfor theirsmoothworking. Thepurposeinviewmustalwaysbeborneinmindtheinterdependenceofmankindfromthelowesttothe highestandthe,resultsofweakeninganylinkofthechain. Historyshouldbehandledinthesamewayalwaysshowingtheconsequencesofcharacter,especiallyof noblecharacter,notdidacticallyorpriggishly,butashardfact. Formalscienceisunsuitedtopreparatoryschoolage,butitisquitepossibletogivethemuchneeded generalideaofcausationbythesequenceofearthdevelopmentwithoutgivinganyformalgeology. Illustratedlecturesonceaweekarrangedinsuchorderastobelogicallyconsecutivecaneasilybemadeto givethatfundamentalprincipleofallscienceCausation.Ifgiventhedata,childrenwilldevelopthe

teleologicalideaforthemselves.OrganizingMindbecomesobvious. ThesupposedantagonismbetweenReligionandScienceisentirelybasedon"miracle"outsidecausation. AslongasphysicalinterventionsofDeityaretaughtinchildhoodinsteadofDivinehelpandguidance,so longwillitbeimpossibletogetridofthetwomostfatalobstaclesinthewayofpracticalreligiontheidea ofmeritandtheideaofobliterationofconsequencesandtoreplacethembytheevolutionofcharacter, bothmoralandintellectual,asthesolecauseofhappinessinthislifeoranyother. Induecourse,andnotbeforesixteen,theresultsofBiblicalcriticismmaybepresented,showing(1)the stepsbywhichtheconceptofGodIntheonemonotheisticnationofantiquityprogressedfromtheideaofa tribalprotectorpropitiatedbybloodsacrificesto"theHighandHolyOnewhoinhabitetheternity"(Isa.lvii. 15),requiringonlycleanhandsandapureheartand(2)thattheactualhistoryoftheOldandNew Testamentshas,inpointoffact,bymakingminuteaccuracyunattainable,compelledustolookatthespirit andnotattheletterandtoseekthespiritualmeaningofwhichallthenarrativeslegendaryandhistorical alikearethevehicles.IftheGospelswereentirelyconcordant,literalismwouldbeinvincibleandnoadvance possible.

TheImpendingPeril

Thereisawidespreaddesireintheworldforanewdepartureandabreakwiththeoldorderofthings.Itis accompaniedwithgraveapprehensions.SpeakingatThameonJuly30,1921,theBritishPrimeMinister said: Ifthereisanotherwaritwillbeterriblebeyondthought.Justbeforethebellsofpeacewere setringing,wehadreadymoreterriblemachinerythantheworldhadyetseen.Idoubtnotthat similardeviceswereperfectingontheotherside.Theingeniousmindofmanwillgoon developingthesehorrors,andnoonecanconceivewhatthenextwarmightbelik e.Europe mightwellbecomelik ethenorthofFrance. Wemustbewarelestwebequeathtoourchildrenalegacyofconcentratedhatewhichwillone dayexplode,shatteringtheirhappiness,andleavingtheworldawilderness,andmanagaunt wandereramongtheruinsofthecivilizationhisfollyhasdestroyed. Sincethosewordswerespokenthenationshavebeenexperimentingwithpoisongasforlandandsea warfareawarfarethatwillbedirectedlessagainsttroopsinthefieldthanagainstmanufacturingand businesscentres.Edison,SirHenryWilson,MarshalFoch,AirChiefMarshalSirHughTrenchardand AdmiralSmithDorrienareallinaccordintheirwarningsofthegravityofthenewperil.Letusnowseewhat directionexperimenthastaken. Dr.G.Woker,HeadoftheLaboratoryforBiologicalChemistryintheUniversityofBerneandoneofthe mostactiveworkersagainstwarintheLeagueofNations,quotesfromanofficialreportpresentedtothe League: Theagentwhichplaystheprincipalpartofexterminatorinthewarofselfdestructionwaged bythewhiteraceispoisongasusedinconjunctionwithmodernaircraft.Naturallyattempts aremadetoveilthesituation,buttheyaretransparentenoughtoshowthattheyaredesigned tolullthepublicconscienceandthefearforpersonalsafety.Wemayanswertheseattempts atconcealmentasfollows: (1)OntheItalianfront,wherecyanideswerefirstused,thedeadonbothsidessatturnedto stoneattheirgames,thecardsstillintheirhands. (2)Sincethewarthescienceofpoisongaseshasdevelopedsothattheireffectisahundred timesmoredeadly.Irwin,TheNextWar,hassaidthattwelvelargebombsfilledwiththe Americanblistering"Lewisite"gaswilldestroyinaverybrieftimealllifeinatownthesizeof ChicagoorBerlin....Thegasisheavy,itsinksintotheground,penetratesallhollowsand followsthelinesofpipesunderthecities.Evenvegetablelifeiskilledthewaterintheground ispoisoned.

(3)Theproductionofpoisongasbombshasincreasedgreatlye.g.theEdgewoodarsenalin theUnitedStateswasin1918unimportantitistodayanarsenalof1,000acreswhose buildingsareestimatedtohavecost6,000,000 MySwedishcolleaguesandmyself...hadtheopportunityofvisitingthisarsenalinApril 1924....Twoaeroplanescircledabovethefieldandgraduallynearedtheground.Suddenly theyexpelleddarkgreycloudsthatdescendedandcoveredeverythingwithinrangewith impenetrablegrey....Thenfollowedademonstrationofmodernpoisongasshell....Wherever theyexplodedarainoffire(whitephosphorus),cloudsandwhitishsmokedescended.... Finallysomesoldierslightedtheinfamous"candles,"which,withinafewmoments,covered thewholeplacewithpoisonandteargas. Germanyhaschemicalworks,mostlybuiltorreconstructedsincethewar,whichcanmanufacture250,000 tonsofcyanidesinayearandanequalamountofhighexplosive. Sucharetheresultsof"scientific"materialismpreparationforthesuicideofWesterncivilization.Weneed notvainlyimaginethattheverydeadliestthatmencaninventwillnotbeused.Paperagreementswillbe disregarded,astheywerein1915.Theonlythingthatcanstopthishorrorisachangeofheart.Atthis momenttherearethoseinAsiawhoarewaitingforthesuicideofEurope.Itissheermadnesstoshutour eyesandearswithoptimisticplatitudes.ThegoldenruleofLoveandWisdomactsthroughhumanwillsso likewisedoestheironlawofSpiritualConsequencebywhichmenperishbytheworksoftheirownhands. Thereareotherwarnings.Inhisbook,OurSecondAmericanAdventure,thatcourageousapostleof Spiritualism,SirArthurConanDoyle,writes: Somanyfanaticalsectshaveatvarioustimesprophesiedtheendoftheworldthatone shrink sfromsuchcompany.Andyetitisafactwhichwecannotgetawayfrom,thatwehave hadpersistentmessagesinourhomecirclewhichhasneveryetdeceivedus,totheeffect thatjustaspollutedaircanonlybeclearedbyatempest,sothedensematerialismofthis worldcanonlybespiritualizedbysometremendousconvulsionwhichwillshock mank indinto soberthoughtastohislifehere,andwhatisitspurpose.Thewarisrepresentedashaving beenthefirstmoveinthisdirection,butuptonow,asfaraswecansee,ithasnothadany verymark edeffect....Therefore,wearetold,thatsomethingmoreseriousiscomingunlessit isalleviatedbysuddenspiritualrepentance.Nothingcanexceedthesolemnityofthewarnings receivedortheterrorofthecatastrophepredicted....Thenthesurvivorsoftheracewill understandthatthepleasuresofthebodyandtheacquisitionofwealtharenottheendsof life. ThisisquiteintheveinofthewarningsoftheoldHebrewprophets,verifiedbytheeventanditderivesits forcefromthefactthatthingsaremovingthatway.InadditiontotheCommunistmenace,thereis throughoutAsiaandAfricaamovementfor"selfdetermination"andaresolutiontogetridofEuropean domination.IfEuropepresentsaunitedfront,notonlygoverningjustlybutgivinggenerousconcessionsof localselfgovernmentwhereverthiscanbedoneconsistentlywithsafetytolifeandproperty,thestormwill beaverted,butifEuropeisrentbycivilstrifeandinternecinewarthethreatsofMarcusGarvey,theheadof theAfricanCommunitiesLeague,willcertainlymaterialize.Inhispaper,TheNegroWorld,hesays: ThenegroesclaimAfrica,andwillshedbloodfortheirclaim.WeshalldrawupaBillofRights forallnegroraces,withaConstitutiontogoverntheirdestinies...Thebloodiestofallwarsis yettocome,whenEuropewillmatchitsstrengthagainstAsia,andthatwillbethenegroes' opportunitytodrawtheswordforAfrica'sredemptionBasilMathews,TheClashofColour, 1925. AnyonewhoknowswhatnegrobloodlustwasinHaiti,itscampaignofexterminationwitheveryhorrorthat diabolicalcrueltycouldinvent,obsceneandunprintabletorturesinflictedonnakedmen,women,and children,thesubsequenthistoryofthatisland,andtheexterminationofwholetribesintheMahdist rebellion,willrealizewhatthiswouldmean.Theloyaltyofthelarge(andincreasing)bodiesofnegrotroops, armedwithmodernequipment,isnotathingtobereliedoninpresenceofsuchpropaganda,notevenifall butthebarestminimumoftheirmilitarystoresisretainedinEurope.

TheNewAge

ItisgenerallyagreedthatwearelivingatthedawningofaNewAge.Thereareevencurrentamongthe superstitious,propheciesofaphysicalitendoftheworld,"asintheyear999ofoureraanotherpieceof literalismatissuewithallnaturallaw.Thereisanotherinterpretationto"theendoftheage."Inhis instructivebook,TheVik ingsinWesternChristendom,C.F.KearygivestheVisionofFursey: IntheEastAnglianregions,stillundisturbedbyraidingVikings,Furseybuiltforhimselfandhiscompanions amonastery,pleasantlysituatedamidstwoods,withtheseanotfaroff.There,soothedbythesoundofthe familiarwaves,ithappenedtoFurseytohaveavision.Hefellintoatrance...andwhenheawokehegave anaccountofwhathissoulhadseenwhenabsentfromthebody....Lookingdownontheworldhesawthe FourFiresthefireoflying,thefireofgreedydesire,thefireofdiscordandthefireofimpietywhichburned atthefourcornersoftheearth,whicheachgenerationfedwithgreaterfury,untilatlastthefourfireswould uniteandtheworldwouldbeconsumed. Thisvisionistypicalofspiritualfaculty.Itisnotnecessarilyaprophecyunlesswemakeitsoitisinsight intocausesexpressedinthelanguageofthetimeandplace.Itdealswithnodogmas,demandsnofaith, butitperceivesthefourchiefcausesofnationalcorruptionandofhumansufferingtheprevalenceoflying andgreedydesirewhichcreatediscordandutterforgetfulnessofspirituallaw.Howmuchwouldnot ChristianityhavegainedhadtheseperceptionsofspiritualveritiesbeenreceivedinsteadoftheJudaeoLatin versionofaliteraldestructionoftheworldbyfire!IsnotWesterncivilizationnowmenacedbyjustthesefour firesofitsownkindling. Asweareoftenreminded,thefuturebelongstoYouth.HowtheNewAgewillsetindependsonYouth,forit willbethereflectionoftheprevalentcharacter.Whateverthefuturemaybringitwillbetheworkofmen,not ofinevitableFate:itwillbetheresultoftheLawofSpiritualConsequence.Youthwillfindthatthislawworks outpoliticallyandsociallyinstrifeandruin,orinpeaceandprosperity,hereandnow,accordingasmen violateorobeythespirituallawoftheirbeing.Thepersonalresultstothemselvesofthesamelaware,that undertheconditionsofpsychocognitionthatgoverndiscarnatelife,thesoulcanconcealnothingofwhatits pasthasmadeit.Everyactoflifehasgonetoitsdevelopmentoritsdegradation. ButYouthshowslittlesignofappreciatingthemagnitudeoftheproblem.Agnosticinreligionandavidof pleasure,knowingscarcelyanythingofthegeographicalresourcesoftheworldorthecharactersofits races,andstilllessofeconomicsoranyhistoryworththename,oneofitscatchwordsisthat"thejobof thisgenerationistoclearupthemessleftbythelast."Wegrant"themess":letustraceitshistory. TheGreekandtheRomandominatedtheMediterraneanbasin:theRomanwentalittlebeyondit.The RomanEmpire,builtbywar,collapsedbyluxury,slavery,andmaterialism.Thewealthoftheearthwas pouredintoRomeandservedonlytocorruptthemoralsandenfeeblethespiritofthemastersoftheknown world.Theirempirepassedtothenortherninvaders.Amidfourcenturiesoftribalwarfaremediaeval Christianitygrewup.InA.D.800CharlemagnesettledhisdominionsFrance,Spain,NorthItalyand CentralEuropebytheallianceofChurchandStateintheFeudalSystem,whichspreadtoBritain.During thenextsucceedingcenturiesEuropeannationalitiescameintobeing,andalongwiththisdevelopment tribalwarsbecamenationalconflicts. Americawasunknown:therewereAztecandPeruviancivilizations,butinthenorthtemperatezonethe brownmanseemsnottohaveprogressedbeyondthehuntingstage.InSouthEastAfricatherearerelicsof stonecities,buttheNegrodidnotbuildthemintwothousandyearsheneverbuiltatownoraship,nor madeabooknoracodeofwrittenlaw.Asiadevelopedcivilizationsofherown,butthosecivilizationswere deliberatelyplannedtobestatic,notprogressive.Inotherwords:thesethreecontinentsviolatedthe evolutionarylaw. Gunpowderwasinvented,andconqueredwhereveritcame.NorthandSouthAmericawerediscoveredand broughtintosubjection.TillthennoEuropeanStatehadoverseaspossessions.Fromthefifteenthcentury onwardsSpanish,Portuguese,Dutch,English,andFrenchadventurersbuiltupandfoughtovertheir conquestsinAmerica,Asia,andAfrica.ByA.D.1800thewhiteraceshaddominatedtheworld,though until1816theBarbarypiratesmadetheMediterraneanunsafeandsoldwhitemenintoslaverytoArabs.Not till1830werethesecorsairsfinallyabolishedbytheFrenchconquestofAlgeria.Africawasfinallydividedup betweentheEuropeanPowersin1875.Thisleftthewhiteracesdominatingfiveseventhsofthehabitable earth.Itisnotgenerallyrecognizedthathistoricallythisdominionisofyesterday,andmightpassawayto

morrow. PhysicalsciencefurnishedEuropeanswithinvinciblearmaments:naturalscienceunderminedthereligion whoseprinciples,howeveralloyedwithevil,hadbeenthemainsourceofEuropeanlegalityandof aspirationstowardsuniversalcivilization,becausethatreligionhadlargelybecomeatheologicalsystemat issuewithscientificdiscovery,andhadscarcelyanyeffectonpoliticalambitions.Indeeditisopento questionwhetherthewhiteraceshavebeenspirituallyprogressivesincethemiddleofthenineteenth century.Certainlymoraldevelopmenthasnotkeptpacewithintellectualprogress,andtherecanbeno doubtwhateverthatEuropeanshaveactedinamannerthatwasabsolutelycertaintoproducethedeep seatedhatredwithwhichtheyareregardedbythecolouredraces,individualexceptionsapart.Thishatred didnotfollowimmediatelyonconquests:inmanydistrictsofIndiaandAfrica,BritishorFrenchjusticeand goodsensestillsuccessfullygovernsubjectraces,who,iftheirpatheticcontentmentisnotwilfully disturbed,stillremaincontented,thoughwithaprogressiveleaven.Theirrightsinthesoilarenotinvaded. ButwehavebrokenupthestaticcivilizationofIndiabyintroducingthefermentof"democracy"whichis quitealientotheAsiaticmind:wehaveopenedschoolsofsuperficialliterary"knowledge"andcreateda "proletariatofthepen"deeplydiscontentedforlackofcareers:thetradeinarmsandmachineryhas furnishedAsiaticswithmodernweapons:bothFrenchandEnglishhavearmedgreatbodiesofAsiaticsand AfricansandhaveusedthesetroopsinEuropeanconflicts:atleastonegreatAsiaticnationhascopied Europeanmanufacturing,military,andnavalmethodsandhasusedthemtodefeatagreatEuropeanPower: Asiahaslearnedthatwhitearmiesarenotinvincible:and,moreover,Americahasflungintothecaldronthe explosivedoctrineofSelfdeterminationwhichinspirestheideathatEuropeandominationisunjust.Finally, thatnocauseofdisruptionmightbewanting,wehavebeenguiltyoftheincredibleandutterlyuselessfolly ofexhibitingtouneducatedurbanmassesinAsiacinematographicfilmsrepresentingwhitemen,andmuch worse,whitewomen,inpositionswhichprovoketheprofoundestcontemptamongpeopleswhosewomen arestudiouslykeptalooffrompublicity.Nomoreeffectivedevicetobringtherulingraceintoderisioncould havebeendevised.OneisirresistiblyremindedoftheRomansaying,Quemdeusvultperdereprius dementat.Onlytheridiculousfetishofprivateprofitforbidsstrictcensorshipofthesepoisonousfilms. Nottobeoutdonebytheprogressiveraces,theRussianhasadoptedalunatictheorywhichis disseminatedamongtheproletariatofeverynationandisfomentingrevolutionwherevertheBritishEmpireis mostvulnerable,athomeandabroad.Concurrently,thelatewarhasproducedaneconomiccrisisby explodingintodusttheequivalentoftwentyyears'revenue,thusdestroyingthepurchasingpowerofhalfthe nationsofEurope.Thelatestdevelopmentofchemicalscienceischemicalwarfareandifthenationswho, fromtheBalkanstoDantzig,areseethingwithhatreds,shouldflyateachother'sthroatsandruineach other'scitiesbypoisongas,highexplosives,andincendiarybombs,astheyseemtobepreparingtodo, therewillbeAsiaticandAfricanrisingsandmassacreswhereverthereareundefendedwhitesettlersamida discontentedcolouredpopulation.Insuchacontingency,andperhapsinanycase,thewhiteracemayhave tochoosebetweenabandoningtheirsupremacyorvindicatingitbytheuseofcyanidesonthescalefor whichtheGermanfactoriesarepreparedandtheRussianfactoriesarepreparing. America,withcharacteristicdecision,hasapparentlyresolvedtofacethesituation:PresidentCoolidgeis reportedasclosinghisInauguralAddresswiththewords:"ThelegionswhichAmericasendsforthare armed,notwiththesword,butwiththeCross.Shecherishesnopurposesavetomeritthefavourof AlmightyGod."Ouradmiringreverenceisalittlecheckedbytheprecedingremarksinwhichheisreported asdeclaringthatInternationaljustice,theWelfareofHumanity,andtheLimitationsofArmamentsaretobe supportedby"abalancedforce,intenselymodernandcapableofdefencebysea,byland,beneaththe surfaceofthesea,andintheair."TheEdgewortharsenalisthepracticalcommentontheidealism.Itmay betheonlyway,butifso,whyisittheonlyway?BecauseunarmedReasongetsnohearing. Theforegoingsketchisaveryimperfectsummaryofthe"mess"whichyounggentlemeninloosetrousers andyoungladiesintightskirtsfeelthemselvescalledupontoclearup,aidedbySocialist"comrades"with ageniusfordestruction,andwellawarethatthesimplestmethodofreducingthehatedbourgeoisieto beggaryistoprintunlimitedpapermoney.Apparentlytheyimaginethatthewayofreformistoturntheriver ofrevolutionthroughtheAugeanstable,entirelyobliviousofthefactthatinallrevolutionstheModeratesare invariablysweptawayintheearlystagesandtheirplacestakenbyextremistswhosetyrannyandcrimes areunmitigatedbyanyjusticeormercy.ThesearetheproblemswhichYouthwillfindithastoface. Itmaybethattheknowledgeofimmutablespirituallawwill,bycooperationforgood,avertclassenmity andstrifeasuicidalstrifeinwhichnonebutcriminalswouldengageiftheycouldforeseeitsdeadly

consequences.(1)ItmaybethattheEuropeanStateswillfortheirownpreservationsinktheirquarrels.It maybethattheNewErawillbeginwithunparalleleddevastationsthroughdisregardofthefundamentallaws ofmentalcausationbywhichdisbeliefinGodbringstheNemesisoflying,greedandstrife,inwhichtheold orderwillbeconsumedbutitmayalsobethatmenwilllearnbyGoodWillwithoutthemiseriesthatfaction andscepticismbringintheirtrain.ButonethingiscertaintheEvolutionaryLawthathasdecreedhuman spiritualdevelopmentwillhesitateatnomeasuresthatmaybeneedfultoitsfulfilment.Ifwedonotmakea newdeparturetheoldcauseswillproducetheoldresults,andourcivilizationmayperishasperishedthe civilizationofRome,inacenturyofbloodandtears.

(1)ItisreportedthatcertainAmeric anTradesUnions,insteadofusinguptheirresourcesinstrikes,haveinstitutedindustrialbanks throughwhichtheAssociationscangainthedesiredcontroloftheirindustries.Thissaneandrationalmethodofgainingmanagerial statusmaybec ommendedtotheattentionofstudents.Friendlyunderstandingsbetweenmastersandmenwouldac hievethesame result.

Inthelastanalysistheproblemsbeforeusarereligiousproblems.Notofthereligionsthatimposecreeds, butofthatwhichknowsforcertainthattheVitalPrincipleoftheuniverseisspiritualanddemands conformitytothelawsofSpirit,inwhichallparties,allnations,andallreligionsmightagreewhichrealizes thattheKingdomofHeavenonearthcanbereachedbynopoliticalcompulsions,butonlybythat improvementofpersonalcharacterthatmustresultfromconvictionoftheessentiallyspiritualnatureof mankindanditsEvolutionaryLaw. Thisisthesupremeinferencefromthetotalityofthesupernormalfacts.TheLawofSpiritualConsequence awardspeaceonearthtomenofGoodWill,andtothemalone,fortheyonlycanbringitabout.Notwithout reasonisthereinscribedroundthedomeofthegreatestofChristiantemplestheangelicmessage:

GloriainexcelsisDeoetinterrapax HOMINIBUSBONAEVOLUNTATIS. ThisiswhatYouthreallymightdoitmightworkforpeaceandgoodwillinallnationsbutitmustremember thatallhistoryshowsthatmenwillneverbeconvertedbyreason,butonlybyconvictionofaspiritualworld. AvesselnavigatingtheSouthAtlanticfiftymilesfromthemouthsoftheAmazonsignalledapassingmail boatthatthecrewwereinthegreatestdistressforwantoffreshwater.Thesteamersignalledback,"Dipit up."Whentheindignationattheseeminglyheartlessmessagehadabated,thecaptaindroppedabucket overtheside,andfoundthathewassailingthroughfresh,notsaltwater. Europeisinthesamepositionthewateroflifeisallarounduswehaveonlyto"dipitup."