Biotechnology: application of genetic engineering and use of recombinant DNA in research and product development Microbiology: the study

of microbes (microorganisms) Bacteriology: the study of bacteria Phycology: the study of algae Mycology: the study of fungi Protozoology: the study of protozoans Parasitology: the study of parasitic microbes Virology: the study of viruses Epidemiology: the study of the distribution and frequency of disease Etiology: the study of the causes of disease Immunology: the study of host defense against disease Pharmacology: the study of drug action Genetics: the study of genes Molecular biology: the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (especially with their genetic role).

Microorganism: a microscopic organism, including bacteria, protozoans, yeast, viruses, and algae. Prokaryotes: organisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes: organisms in which DNA is enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles are membrane-bound as well Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes Fungi (mould, yeast, mushroom): non-motile and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes Psychrophiles (cryophiles): organisms with low temperature optima, 0C - 20C Mesophiles: organisms prefer mid-range temperatures, 20C - 40C Thermophiles: organisms have high temperature optima, 40C

Culture: a growth of microbes living in a controlled culture medium Colony: a group of identical cells CFU (colony forming units): a unit to measure viable cells of microorganism Protocol: a procedure for carrying out a scientific experiment Breeding: the production of animal or plants by inbreeding or hybridization Tissue: a group of biological cells that perform a similar function Chlorophyll: any of a group green pigments found in photosynthetic organism Photosynthesis: the utilization of light energy from the sun to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 Propagation: multiplication of the kind by generation or successive production

Antimicrobial: agent (heat/radiation/chemical) destroys microorganism that might carry disease Pathogen: a parasitic microorganism that causes disease Aseptic technique: the prevention of microbial contamination Pasteurization: the process decrease the number of pathogenic organisms in food Sterilization: the process of killing (or removing) all microorganisms in a material or on an object Diagnosis: identification from its symptoms Toxin: a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms and capable of causing disease in the body tissues

Biodiversity: the abundance of different species living within a particular region Biofertizer: plant food which is manufactured by biological method Fertilizer: one kind of dope that help developed plant. Bioconversion: the microbial conversion of organic waste materials into alternative fuels Bioremediation: the use of bacteria to clean up toxic wastes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): the genetic substance of a cell Gene: a segment of DNA, composed of a sequence of nucleotides that specify the structure of a functional product, usually a protein PCR (polymerase chain reaction): system used to enzymatically produce multiple copies of a piece of DNA for use in gene sequencing

Electrophoresis technique: applied to sorting proteins according to their responses to an electric field Enzymes: proteins catalyze chemical reactions Bromelain: a mixture of protein-digesting enzymes found in pineapples Protein purification: a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of protein from a complex mixture Fermentation: the bioprocess and the chemical breakdown of a substance by microorganisms Fermented food: food that its properties (taste or texture) was altered by conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids Industrial microbiology: use of microbes to manufacture useful products or to dispose of waste Probiotic: general term of a substance that promotes the growth of microorganisms In vitro conservation: alive specimens are kept in the test tube safely