Example-1

Title

Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium


Description

This problem concerns the determination of stresses and displacements for the case of a
cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium subjected to in-situ stress field
1 xx
p o = ,
2 yy
p o = . The problem tests the isotropic elastic material model, the plane-strain condition
and axisymmetric geometry. The infinite elastic boundary is also tested in this example.

A cylindrical hole with a radius of 1 m exists in an infinite body under a uniform
compressive stress of -30 MPa. It is assumed that the problem is symmetric about both the
horizontal and vertical axes. Further, it is assumed that the radius of the hole is small
compared to the length of the cylinder. This assumption permits the 3D problem to be
reduced to a 2D plane-strain problem.

Soil
Cylindrical
hole

Fig. 1.1 Cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium




Verification Examples


2
Analytical Solution

For a cylindrical hole in an infinite, isotropic, elastic medium under plane-strain conditions,
the radial and tangential stress distributions are given by the classical Kirsch solution (e.g.,
see J aeger and Cook 1976).

A point located at polar coordinate ( , r u ) near an opening with radius a (Fig. 1.2) has
stresses , ,
r r u u
o o t given by:


2 4
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 4
4
2 2 1 2 1 2
4
2 4
1 2
2 4
4 3
1 1 cos2
2 2
3
1 1 cos2
2 2
2 3
1 sin2
2
r
r
p p p p a a
a r
r r
p p p p a
a r
r
p p a a
r r
u
u
o u
o u
t u
+
= + +
+
= + +

= +
(
(
(

(
(
(

| |
|
\ .



r
P1
P2
O a
r
u
v
u
u
o
r
o
u
ru
t

Fig. 1.2 Cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium






Example-1


3
The displacements can also be determined assuming conditions of plane strain:


( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2
1 2
2
4 1 cos2
4 4
2 1 2 sin2
4
r
p p p p a a a
u
G r G r r
p p a a
v
G r r
u
v u
v u
+
= +

= +
(
(

(
(



in which
r
u is the radial outward displacement, and v
u
is the tangential displacement, as
shown in Fig. 1.2. G is the shear modulus, and v is the Poissons ratio.
































Verification Examples


4
GTS MODEL

Two different models were considered for this problem. The first is a plane-strain model
with the plane of analysis oriented normal to the axis of the hole. The second is an
axisymmetric model with the axis of symmetry aligned with the hole axis.

For the first model, only a quarter of the problem needs to be analyzed because of the
symmetry of the problem. The model and boundary conditions are shown in Fig. 1.3. The
mesh is shown in Fig. 1.4 and, as the figure indicates, a radial mesh is produced with
increasing mesh size away from the hole. The uniform meshing around the hole provides a
more-accurate solution than would a nonuniform mesh. A total 900 elements are used in
this mesh. The location of the boundary was varied to evaluate its effect on solution
accuracy. The boundary was selected at 10 m (i.e., five hole diameters) from the hole center.




























Example-1


5

Y
X
P
0
P0
1m
10m
1
m
1
0
m

Fig. 1.3 Geometry and boundary conditions for plane-strain model quarter-symmetry


Fig. 1.4 Mesh for plane-strain model quarter-symmetry




Verification Examples


6

The axisymmetric model for this problem is shown in Fig. 1.5, and the GTS mesh in Fig.
1.6. The axis of symmetry is along the axis of the hole. By using the axisymmetry model
option, the total number of elements is greatly reduced; now, 62 elements are used. The
model boundary is at 10 m, which is the same as for the first test.
All two models are assigned the same material properties. Two models are subjected to an
isotropic compressive stress of 30 MPa.



P
0
X
A
x
i
s

o
f

S
y
m
m
e
t
r
y
1m
10m
Y
Cylindrical hole

Fig. 1.5 Geometry and boundary conditions for axisymmetric mode


Fig. 1.6 Mesh for axisymmetric model














Example-1


7

MODEL 1


Analysis Type 2D plane-strain elastic analysis
Unit System m, N
Dimension
Width 10.0 m
Height 10.0 m
Hole radius 1.0 m
Element 4-node quadrilateral plane-strain element
Material
Modulus of elasticity E =677.7931 MPa
Poissons ratio v =0.210345
Boundary Condition
Left end Constrain D
X

Bottom end Constrain D
y

Load Case
Initial isotropic in-situ compressive pre-stress of -30 MPa.
Edge pressure of 30 MPa at right and top ends.


MODEL 2


Analysis Type 2D axisymmetric elastic analysis
Unit System m, N
Dimension
Width 10.0 m
Height 1.0 m
Hole radius 1.0 m
Element 4-node quadrilateral axisymmetric element
Material
Modulus of elasticity E =677.7931 MPa
Poissons ratio v =0.210345
Boundary Condition Top & Bottom ends Constrain D
y

Load Case
Initial isotropic in-situ compressive pre-stress of -30 MPa.
Edge pressure of 30 MPa at right end.




Verification Examples


8
Results

Fig. 1.7 shows the radial and tangential stress calculated by GTS compared to the analytical
solution for
r
o and
u
o . Fig. 1.8 shows the comparison for radial displacement. These
two plots indicate the agreement along a line through the model taken along either the x- or
y-axis.

(a) Contour of stresses along X-direction (model 1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Position from the center of hole (m)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Analytical(radial)
Analytical(tangential)
GTS(radial)
GTS(tangential)

(b) Graph of radial and tangential stresses (model 1)




Example-1


9


(c) Contour of stresses along X- and Z-direction (model 2)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Position from the center of hole (m)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Analytical(radial)
Analytical(tangential)
GTS(radial)
GTS(tangential)

(d) Graph of radial and tangential stresses (model 2)

Fig. 1.7 Comparison of
r
o and
u
o for the cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium





Verification Examples


10

(a) Contour of displacement magnitude (model 1)


(b) Contour of displacement magnitude (model 2)








Example-1


11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Position from the center of hole (m)
R
a
d
i
a
l

D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
Analytical
FLAC (model 1)
GTS (model 1)
GTS (model 2)

(c) Graph of radial displacement (model 1 and 2)

Fig. 1.8 Comparison of
r
u for the cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium
























Verification Examples


12
Comparison of Results

The values and errors at inner and outer boundaries are tabulated below for radial and
tangential stress and radial displacement, respectively. As these tables show, the error in
stresses is less than 1.84%, and the error in displacement is less than 1.49%.


Tangential and radial stresses
Unit : MPa

Analytical GTS
inner outer
model 1 model 2
inner outer inner outer
Value
Ratio
(%)
Value
Ratio
(%)
Value
Ratio
(%)
Value
Ratio
(%)
Tangential
stress
60.00 30.30 61.06 1.77 30.81 1.70 61.10 1.84 30.68 1.24
Radial
stress
0.00 29.70 2.24 N/A 29.97 0.92 2.15 N/A 29.98 0.95

Radial displacement at inner hole
Unit : mm
Analytical
GTS
model 1 model 2
Value Ratio (%) Value Ratio (%)
5.357 5.424 1.25 5.437 1.49



Reference

J aeger, J . C., and N. G. W. Cook. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3
rd
Ed. London:
Chapman and Hall, 1976.