GRAMMAR. Future forms. There is no one future tense in English.

Instead, there are several verb forms that can refer to future time. Sometimes several forms are possible to express a future meaning such as I. Prediction. 1. will. a) The most common use of will is as an auxiliar! verb to sho" future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction # at some time in the future this event will happen. This use is uncoloured b! ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, "illingness, etc. e.g. Ill be thirty in a few days time. Youll feel better if you take this medicine. This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future tense. b$ will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact or evidence. It is often found "ith expressions such as I think, I hope, Im sure% e.g. I think Labour will win the next election. Im sure youll pass your exam. 2. going to. oing to can express a prediction based on a present fact. There is evidence no" that something is sure to happen. &e can see the future from the present. e.g. Look at the sky! Its going to be a lovely day. NB. ' Sometimes there is little or no difference bet"een will and going to. e.g. Well "Were going to# run out of money if we arent careful. ' &e use going to "hen "e have ph!sical evidence to support our prediction. e.g. Liverpool are going to win. "Its $%&, and there are only ' minutes left.# ' &e can use will "hen there is no such outside evidence. (ur prediction is based on our o"n personal opinion. It can be more theoretical and abstract. e.g. I reckon Liverpool will win. "(aid the day before the match.# II. Decisions, intentions and arrangements. 1. Will. )ill is used to express a spontaneous decision or intention made at the moment of spea)ing. e.g. Ill phone you back in a minute. 2. Going to. oing to is used to express a future plan, decision, or intention made before the moment of spea)ing. e.g. )hen she grows up, shes going to be a ballet dancer. )e are going to get married in the spring. NB. ' In a formal st!le "e use will rather than going to to tal) about future events that have been previousl! arranged in some detail.
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e.g. *he meeting will begin at + a.m. ,efreshments will be available from -..& onwards. 3. Present ontinuous. *he /resent 0ontinuous is used to express personal arrangements and fixed plans +especiall! social and travel arrangements$ "hen the time and place have been decided. e.g. Im having lunch with 1rian tomorrow. *he /resent 0ontinuous is used to refer to arrangements bet"een people. It is not used to refer to events that people can,t control. e.g. Its going to rain this afternoon "23* Its raining this afternoon#. !. Present "im#le. &e can often use either the /resent (imple or will to tal) about future events that are part of some timetabled or programmed arrangement or routine. -o"ever, "e prefer the /resent (imple for fixed, unchangeable events e.g. Does/ will the sale finish on *hursday or 4riday5 16* *he sun rises "the train leaves# at '.78 tomorrow. NB. &e normall! use the /resent (imple, not will in time clauses +"ith con.unctions such as after, before, b$ t%e time, &%en, &%ile, until, as soon as$, and in conditional clauses +"ith con.unctions such as if, in case, #ro'ided, su##ose, unless, etc.$ e.g. Ill let you know when I decide. If you call her, give her my regards. Remember, ho"ever, that "hen when is used as a /uestion "ord +not as a time "ord$, "e use future forms. e.g. Im not sure when they will visit us. &e also use future forms "ith if "9whether# "hen it is used after expressions "hich sho" ignorance, uncertaint!, doubt, etc. such as I dont know, I wonder, I doubt, etc. e.g. I dont know if/whether hell move house. I doubt if/whether shell pass her exams. (. Future ontinuous. *he 4uture 0ontinuous expresses an activit! that "ill be in progress before and after a time in the future. (ften it is the result of a previous decision or arrangement. e.g. )hen it goes into orbit, the spacecraft will be carrying .& kilos of plutonium. &e can also use the 4uture 0ontinuous to tal) about a future activit! that is part of the normal course of events or that one of a repeated or regular series of events. e.g. :r ;ones will be giving the same talk in room 7&. at 7&.&& next *hursday. NB. &hen "e don,t "ant to indicate "illingness, intention, invitation, etc., "e prefer to use the 4uture 0ontinuous instead of will. 0or example, if guests have sta!ed longer than !ou "anted, and !ou don,t )no" "hen the! are leaving, !ou might as) e.g. Will you be staying with us again tonight5 "asking about their plans# rather than Will you stay with us again tonight5 "they might think this is an invitation#. III )t%er uses of will and shall.
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1. )ill is also a modal auxiliar! verb, and so it can express a variet! of meanings. a$ offer I,ll %el# !ou carr! those bags. b$ willingness Will !ou marr$ me2 c$ request Will !ou o#en the "indo"2 d$ refusal M! car &on*t start. e$ promise I,ll lo'e !ou forever. f$ prediction about the present 3The phone is ringing, 3It,ll be for me., g$ assumption about the past (with the perfect infinitive Most people &ill %a'e forgotten the fire b! no". 2. (hall is found mainl! in /uestions. It is used "ith I and we. a$ as!ing for instructions &here s%all I #ut !our tea2 b$ as!ing for a decision &hat s%all "e do tonight2 c$ offering to help "%all I coo+ supper tonight2 d$ ma!ing a suggestion "%all "e eat out tonight2 I,. Future Perfect - ontinuous). &e use the 4uture /erfect to sa! that something "ill be ended, completed or achieved b! a particular point in the future. e.g. 1y the time you get home, I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. &e use the 4uture /erfect 0ontinuous to emphasise the duration of an activit! in progress at a particular point in the future. e.g. 3n (unday, well have been living in the house for a year. I. Will 's. Going to. "# $omplete the text using the verbs given# $hoose &ill or going to with each verb, depending on which is more appropriate# * A I can4t come over during the da!. 5 I...........................!ou tomorro" evening, then, "see# 1 The method is /uite simple, and I4m sure it...........familiar to most of !ou alread!. "be# 6 -ave !ou seen 7aren recentl!2 She............another bab!, "have# 8 A 9id !ou get the theatre tic)ets2 5 :o, I forgot all about them. I..................them tomorro", "book# ; &herever !ou go in 5ra<il, !ou .............the people ver! friendl!, "find# = >ohn sa!s he..................... a politician "hen he gro"s up ' and he4s onl! ; !ears old? "be# @ Are these ne" s)is !ours2 ...............!ou.................s)iing2 "take up# A It4s getting ver! humid ' "e................a thunderstorm, "have# B A< &e4ve got small, medium and large. &hat si<e do !ou "ant2 5 I%%.a large one, please, "have# *C A Shall I give Ian another ring2
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5 Des, I expect he .................... home b! no". "be# ** A &hat are all those bric)s for2 5 I ..........................a "all at the side of the garden, "build# *1 I hear !ou....................!our car. -o" much do !ou "ant for it2 "sell# *6 Dou can4t pla! football in the garden. I..........the grass, "cut# *8 A &hat4s the matter "ith Eaula2 5 She sa!s she %%.. A She......................... better "ith some fresh air. "be sick % feel# *; A I4ve been offered a ne" .ob in Manchester, so I%%..Fameo. 5 &hen.........................!our boss2 A I4m not sure. Eerhaps I....................to see him later toda!, "leave % tell % try# *= A 9id I tell !ou I...........dinner "ith 7en on Thursda!2 5 5ut "e.........................a film "ith Ra! and Mar! on Thursda!. Dou4ve )no"n about it for "ee)s. A Sorr!. In that case, I. . .%.. a different da! "ith 7en. "have % see % sort out# %# &ut the verbs in brac!ets into one of the above forms (&ill or going to # * &here are !ou off to "ith that ladder2 G I +have$ a loo) at the roofH it4s lea)ing and I thin) a tile has slipped. 1 &e bought our ne" garage in sections and "e +assemble$ it ourselves. G That sounds rather interesting. I +come$ and help !ou if !ou li)e. 6 &h! do !ou "ant all the furniture out of the room2 ' 5ecause I +shampoo$ the carpet. It4s impossible to do it unless !ou ta)e ever!thing off it first. 8 -ere are the matches but "hat do !ou "ant them for2 G I +ma)e$ a bonfire at the end of the gardenH I "ant to burn that big heap of rubbish. G &ell, be careful. If the fire gets too big it +burn$ the apple trees. ; -ave !ou decided on !our colour scheme2 I (h !es, and I4ve bought the paint. I +paint$ this room blue and the sitting room green. = &h! are !ou as)ing ever!one to give !ou bits of material2 I 5ecause I +ma)e$ a patch"or) /uilt. @ I "onder if Ann )no"s that the time of the meeting has been changed.G Erobabl! not. I +loo)$ in on m! "a! home and tell her. I4m glad !ou thought of it. A Jeave a note for them on the table and the! +see$ it "hen the! come in. B I4m afraid I4m not /uite read!. G :ever mind. I +"ait$. *C 9o !ou have to carr! so much stuff on !our bac)s2 G Des, "e do. &e +camp$ out and +coo)$ our o"n meals, so "e have to carr! a lot. ** I4ve been measuring the "indo"s. I +put$ in double gla<ing. *1 Dou +"ear$ that nice dress in a dingh!2 G (f course not? I +sit$ on the pier and +"atch$ !ou all sailing. I +not get$ all "et and mudd! and pretend that I4m en.o!ing it? *6 If !ou leave !our )e!s "ith the hall porter he +ta)e$ the car round to the garage. *8 Shop assistant &e have some ver! nice stra"berries. Fustomer All right. I +have$
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a pound. *; -usband This bread is absolutel! tasteless? I "ish "e could have home'made bread. &ife All right. I +start$ ma)ing it. I +get$ a boo) about home ba)ing toda!, and from no" on I +ba)e$ all our bread? *= Mar! Ann4s bus! ba)ing. Apparentl! she +ba)e$ all their bread from no" on. >ean She soon +get$ tired of that. II. Will, Going to, Present ontinuous. "# &ut the verbs in brac!ets into the correct tense (the present continuous and the future simple # * Tom &here !ou +go$ for !our next holida!2 +)here have you arranged to go5# Ann I don4t )no" !et but "e probabl! +go$ to Spain. 1 &e +have$ a drin) "ith Eeter tonight. "=e has invited us.# It4s his last nightH he +leave$ tomorro". 6 Ann 9o !ou thin) "e +see$ 5ill tomorro"2 Mar! I hope so. -e probabl! +loo)$ in on his "a! to the airport. 8 I +see$ m! ban) manager tomorro". +K have arranged this.# I4m going to as) him for a loan but I expect he +refuse$. ; I +)no"$ the result tomorro". As soon as I hear, I +tell$ !ou. = >ac)4s mother >ac) +be$ read! in a moment. -e is .ust finishing brea)fast. >ac)4s father If I "ait for him an! longer I +miss$ m! train. I thin) I +"al)$ onH he probabl! +catch$ me up. @ I probabl! +come$ to Jondon sometime next month. I +give$ !ou a ring nearer the time and tell !ou "hen I +come$, "when I have decided>arranged to come# A -otel Eorter Dou +get$ a par)ing tic)et if !ou leave !our car there, sir. If !ou +sta!$ the night "have arranged to stay# !ou +have to$ put it in the hotel garage. Tourist All right. I +move$ it as soon as I4ve arranged about a room. B Ann I4ve scorched 5ill4s shirt. &hatever he +sa!$2 Mar! (h, he +not mind$. -e .ust +bu!$ another shirt. -e has plent! of mone!. *C Eeter &e4d better leave a message for >ac). (ther"ise he +not )no"$ "here "e4ve gone. George All right. I +leave$ a note on his table. **>ac) I don4t "ant to get married. I never +get$ married. Mother Dou thin) that no". 5ut one da! !ou +meet$ a girl and !ou +fall$ in love. **Tom I +go$ to Dor) tomorro". +K have arranged to go.# Ann Dou +come$ bac) the same da!2 "=ave you arranged to come back5# Tom :o. I probabl! +have$ to spend the night there. *6 Eeter Dou +"al)$ home2 "=ave you decided to walk5# Andre" Des. It4s too late for a bus.
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Eeter 5ut it4s pouring. Dou +get$ soa)ed? -ere, ta)e this umbrella. Andre" Than)s ver! much. I +bring$ it bac) tomorro". *8 >ac) I +have$ another "indo" put in. "I have arranged this.# The! +start$ "or) on it tomorro". Ann That +ma)e$ the room much brighter. *; Dou +ta)e$ an! exams this term2 "=ave you decided to take an exam5# % Des, I +ta)e$ an English exam at the end of the month. G 9o !ou thin) !ou +pass$2 G I don4t )no". If I don4t, I +ta)e$ it again at the end of next term. %# &ut the verbs in brac!ets into t%e #resent continuous or going to * &here !ou +go$ for !our holida!s2 # I +go$ to :or"a!. '&hat !ou +do$ there2 ' I +fish$. 1 &here !ou +go$ this evening2 I I +not go$ an!"here. I +sta!$ at home. I +"rite$ some letters. 6 Ta)e an umbrellaH it +rain$. 8 -o" long !ou +sta!$ in this countr!2 "=ave you decided to stay5# ? Another month. I +go$ home at the end of the month. G &hat !ou +do$ then2 G I +tr!$ to get a .ob. ; I +d!e$ these curtains. I Dou +do$ it !ourself, or +have$ it done2 I I +have$ it done. &ho should I ta)e them to2 = I4ve seen the film, no" I +read$ the boo). I4ve .ust got a cop! from the librar!. +K haven@t started the book yet.# @ Dou +do$ an!thing next "ee)end2 G Des, m! nephe"s +come$ and I +sho"$ them round Jondon. I Dou +ta)e$ them to the theatre2 "=ave you booked seats5# I :o, the!4re too !oung for that. I +ta)e$ them to the <oo. A &e +start$ earl! tomorro". &e +go$ to 5en :evis. G Dou +climb$ 5en :evis2 G :ot me. Tom +climb$ it. I +sit$ at the bottom and +do$ some s)etching. B Lncle I hear !ou +go$ to the regatta tomorro". Dou +sail$ in it2 :iece :o, but "e +ta)e$ our cameras. &e +tr!$ to photograph the "inning !achts. *C Dou +not as)$ !our boss to give !ou a fire in !our office2 I It isn4t "orth "hile. I +leave$ at the end of the "ee). I Reall!2 And "hat !ou +do$ then2 Dou +have$ a holida!2 G :o, I +start$ another .ob the follo"ing Monda!. I hear !ou4ve bought a caravan. Dou +use$ it for !our holida!s2 I :o, I +live$ in it. I +start$ moving m! things next "ee). I &hat !ou +do$ "ith !our house2 G I +sell$ it to the man "ho sold me the caravan. -e +get$ married next month.
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*1 Mrs >ones +go$ to hospital. She +have$ her appendix out. ' &ho +loo)$ after the children2' -er sister +come$ do"n from Scotland. *6 -e isn4t happ! at his boarding school. I +send$ him to a da! school. G -ave !ou decided on the other school2 G :o, but I +see$ "have an appointment with# the headmaster of the Ear) School this afternoon. I4ll probabl! send him there. *8 Tom +arrive$ tomorro". I -e +spend$ the "ee)end here or +catch$ the night train bac) as usual2 G -e +spend$ the "ee)end. -e +give$ a lecture on 0rida! and +attend$ a big reception on Saturda!. *;-e +bring$ his "ife "ith him2 "=as he arranged to bring his wife5# ? Des. She +do$ some shopping "hile he +give$ his lecture. '# $ross out any answers that are wrong or very unli!ely# If two answers are possible, consider the difference in meaning, if any, between them# * It4s not a deep cut, but it..........a scar. +a$ "ill leave +b$ is going to leave +c$ is leaving 1 9id !ou )no" I............a ne" car next "ee)2 +a$ "ill bu! +b$ am going to bu! +c$ am bu!ing 6 4I4m not sure ho" I4ll get to the concert.4 4&e can ta)e !ou. &e %%..!ou up at A.CC.4 +a$ "ill pic) +b$ are going to pic) +c$ are pic)ing 8 I4m sorr! I can4t come for dinner. I .....%%to Dor) tonight. +a$ "ill drive +b$ am going to drive +c$ am driving ; The ne" road.............the .ourne! time bet"een the cities significantl!. +a$ "ill cut +b$ is going to cut +c$ is cutting = I have to go no". I...........!ou bac) later toda!. +a$ "ill call +b$ am going to call +c$ am calling @ 9on4t go out no". I...........lunch and it4ll be cold b! the time !ou get bac). +a$ "ill serve +b$ am going to serve +c$ am serving A Lnless help arrives "ithin the next fe" da!s, thousands%%% +a$ "ill starve +b$ are going to starve +c$ are starving III. Present "im#le. "# (se t%e #resent sim#le of one of these verbs to complete the sentences if possible# If not, use &ill# acce#t c%ange miss #la$ rain get gi'e out read start go sto# lend &ant loo+ after

* &e%%...............our exam results on the 1Cth August. 1 >ac).......................our cats "hile "e4re a"a! next "ee).
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6 I thin) I4ll ta)e an umbrella in case it.............. 8 There is a reading list to accompan! m! lecture, "hich I%%%%at the end. ; The ne" drug....................on sale in the LSA next !ear. = The concert.....................at @.6C, not @.*; as it sa!s in the programme. @ Erovided it.....................raining, "e4ll go for a "al) this afternoon. A &hat if I......................m! plans and decide to sta! in Tai"an longer2 &ill I need to rene" m! visa2 B &e%....................Sue "hen she leaves, but she sa!s she4ll )eep in touch. *C Lnless m! parents................me some mone!, I "on4t be able to go on holida! this !ear. ** Tonight 0rance.................. German! in a match important for both teams. *1 It is unli)el! that the government............the court4s decision. *6 Supposing I...................to transfer a file from one computer to another2 -o" do I do that2 *8 5! the time !ou.................this letter, I should be in :e" Mealand. %# $omplete the sentence with the present simple or a future form of the verb in brac!ets# *&e "ill usuall! respond to en/uiries immediatel! "e +receive$ them, 1 &hen "e +reach$ an agreement, "e4ll as) our legal department to draft a contract. 6 &or) on the second stage of the pro.ect +begin$ as soon as the first stage +prove$ successful. 8 Lntil the economic situation +improve$, the compan! +not ris)$ an! further investment in this field. ; A detailed brea)'do"n of the figures +appear$ on our "eb site as soon as both companies +sign$ the agreement, = (ur office +contact$ !ou the moment "e +have$ an! ne"s. @ (ur human resources team +then assess$ !our application before "e +decide$ "hether !ou can go for"ard to the next stage. A 5! the time the ban)s +reach$ an agreement on this issue, the amount of debt +be$ out of control. '# $omplete these texts with either #resent sim#le for the future or #resent continuous for the future with the verbs given# If neither of these is correct, use &ill or going to. * A Alan >ohnson +*$ ......... "Aoin# us for dinner. Dou )no", the novelist. 5 Des, I4ve read some of his boo)s. A I4m sure !ou +1$ .................... "like# him. -is latest boo) +6$ ...... "come# out at the end of this "ee). If !ou "ant, I4m sure he +8$ .............. "give# !ou a signed cop!. 1 A -ave !ou heard that 5&M +*$ .... "sack# 6CC "or)ers2 5 That4s bad ne"s. Supposing the! +1$ ............. "close# completel! ' that "ould be a"ful. A 5ut I4ve heard that the! +6$ ................ "build# a ne" factor! in Ireland. If !ou read
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toda!4s local ne"spaper, !ou +8$ ................... "see# a long article on it. I, Future "im#le, Future ontinuous, Future Perfect - ontinuous). "# &ut the verbs in brac!ets in the correct form# * >ac) usuall! gives me a lift home, but "e both +come$ home b! train tomorro" as his car is being repaired. 1 -e sa!s he +meet$ us at the bus stop, but I4m sure he +forget$ to turn up. 6 9on4t ring no"H she +"atch$ her favourite TN programme. I All right. I +ring$ at A.6C. 8 I "onder "hat I +do$ this time next !ear. G I expect !ou still +"or)$ at the same office. ; I4d li)e to double'gla<e the bedroom "indo"s. ' All right. I +get$ the materials at once and "e +do$ it this "ee)end. = &ait a bit. 9on4t drin) !our tea "ithout mil). The mil)man +come$ in a minute. @ &hat are !ou doing next "ee)end2 ' (h, I +"or)$ as usual. I4m al"a!s on dut! at "ee)ends. A Air hostess &e +ta)e$ off in a fe" minutes. Elease fasten !our seat belts. B -e +come$ if !ou as) him. *C I arranged to pla! tennis "ith Tom at nine tonight. G 5ut !ou +pla!$ in semi'dar)ness. Dou "on4t be able to see the ball. **I +get$ !ou some aspirins if !ou li)e. The chemist4s still +be$ open. G :o, don4t bother. The office bo! +go$ out in a minute to post the lettersH I +as)$ him to bu! me some. *1It +be$ ver! late "hen she gets home and her parents +"onder$ "hat4s happened. *6I never +be$ able to manage on m! o"n. G 5ut !ou "on4t be on !our o"n. Tom +help$ !ou. Joo)Ihis name is brac)eted "ith !ours on the list. G (h, that4s all right. 5ut Tom +not help$ me I +help$ Tom. -e al"a!s ta)es charge "hen "e4re on dut! together. *8I +"rite$ postcards ever! "ee), I promise, and I +tr!$ to ma)e them legible. If necessar! I +t!pe$ them. *;T!pist Are !ou in a hurr! for this letter, Mr >ones2 5ecause I +t!pe$ Mr &hite4s letters at four o4cloc) and if !ours could "ait tillI Mr >ones I4d li)e it a little earlier than four if possible. T!pist All right. I +t!pe$ it for !ou no". *= &hat happened at last night4s meeting2 I hear there "as /uite a disturbance. ' Fome and see me and I +tell$ !ou. I don4t "ant to tal) about it on the phone. *@I4m going to S"it<erland next "ee). 'Dou4re luc)!. The "ild flo"ers .ust +come$ out. *AThis time next month the sno" +melt$ and s)iing "ill be over. *BThe first da! of the term "ill be horrible, for ever!bod! +tal)$ about their holida!s
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and +sho"$ photographs of marvellous foreign beaches, and as I haven4t been an!"here I +feel$ terribl! out of it. 1CI +tell$ her "hat !ou sa! but she +not believe$ it. %# )upply the correct form of the verbs NB# :ormall! the perfect forms are not used "ith state verbs e.g. 1y the end of the meal they were friends. In this example the state "e are spea)ing about does not come to an end at the given moment. .. -Future "im#le 's. Future Perfect). *. 5! the time I,m @C, I +not to "or)$ I +to retire$. 1. 5! next summer I expect I +to be full! /ualified$, I +to pass$ all exams. 6. I suppose in another fe" "ee)s the ice +not to be$ there, it +to melt$. 8. Dou sa!, !ou love me, but a !ear from no" I expect !ou +not to )no"$ m! name, !ou +to forget$ it. ;. &e can,t phone him at **. -e +to be$ in bed. # I don,t thin) so. I,m certain he +not to go$ to bed. =. (ur house + to be read!$ b! next Thursda!. The builder +to finish$ it. @. 5! the end of the "ee) I +not to have$ an! mone! left. I +to spend$ it. A. &hen I see her again, I,m sure she +to be$ ver! different. She +to change$. B. In a couple of !ears her life +to be$ ver! different. She +to get married, to settle do"n$. *C.The! expect us at @. 5! that time I +to be through$ "ith the "or), I +to t!pe$ the last letter b! then. **.5! the !ear 1C;C, man! cities +to double$ in si<e. *1.5! the 11nd centur!, "orld population +to gro"$ to about = billion. *6.5! that time "e +to use up$ man! of the "orld,s natural resources. *8.-opefull!, "e +to find$ alternative sources of energ! b! then. *;.5! 1C;C, robots +to replace$ people for man! boring .obs. B. Future Perfect 's. Future Perfect ontinuous. *. &hen m! daughter goes to school "e +to live$ here for ; !ears. 1. &e,ll get there at A.6C at the earliest. The! +to "ait$ for an hour. Mother "ill be ver! cross. 6. 5! the time !ou come out here "e +to tramp$ over Frete for 1 "ee)s. 8. The! +to complete$ the ne" bridge b! the end of the !ear. ;. 5! the end of this "ee) I +to "ait$ seventeen "ee)s for m! phone to be repaired. =. 9o !ou reali<e that on August *;, "e +to live$ in this house for ;C !ears2 @. I hope !ou +to finish$ this report b! the end of the da!. A. She +to leave$ for "or) before the children get home from school. B. &e +to fl!$ non'stop for fourteen hours before "e get to Falcutta. *C.The! +to complete$ "or) on the great dam b! the end of this decade.
*C

**.Radio "aves from earth +to travel$ for hundreds of light !ears before an!one pic)s them up. *1.5! this time next "ee) I +to "or)$ on this boo) for a !ear. ,. /e'ision. "# (nderline the best verb form# .. * 4-ave !ou decided !et24 4Des, I@ll have >I have the roast beef, please.4 1 A -o" will I have known > will I know that I have "on a pri<e2 5 Dou are receiving > will receive an email giving full details. 6 Ouic) get out of the car? It@s going to burst >It@s bursting into flames at an! minute? 8 9on4t come round before midda! because I@ll be cleaning >7 clean the house until then. ; Sorr! I can4t come on Thursda! evening. I@m going to work > I@m working late on an important pro.ect = The cost of construction is almost certainly rising> will almost certainly rise before the end of the !ear as "age increases begin to ta)e effect. @ The conference is going to begin > begins next 0rida! morning at B.CC. h -ere4s the mone! !ou as)ed for ' P*CCC. &hat will you > are you going to do "ith it2 A &h! don4t !ou give -elen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one? She won@t have known > won@t know the difference? B I .ust "ant to remind ever!one that we@ll be holding >we hold a Jatin' American evening at the to"n hall this 0rida!. B. :ext Saturda!, 9ais! *$ is flying>flies to Earis for a business meeting. -er secretar! has alread! boo)ed the flight. The plane 1$ will leave>leaves at nine o4cloc) in the morning and one of her business clients 6$ will have met>will be meeting her at the airport "hen the plane lands. She doesn4t )no" ho" long the meeting "ill last, but she 8$ will have returned>will have been returning home b! Thursda! evening. . 0lorence *$ is going to become>will be becoming a doctor "hen she finishes medical school. She thin)s she 1$ will probably work>will have probably worked in a hospital for most of her career. This time next month, she 6$ will have revised>will be revising hard for her exams. 5! the time she gets her degree she 8$ will have been studying>will have studied medicine for five !ears. 0lorence hopes she ;$ will have passed>will pass all the exams "ith excellent grades. %# $hoose all possible forms# *, + or $, to complete the sentence# * 4The fish is ver! fresh. And the beef is ver! good too.4 4I thin) %%.... the fish.4 1 4There4s someone )noc)ing at the door? &ho can it be at this time of night24
**

4%%%. -elen. She said she might come round to "atch the midnight movie on TN. 6 4I4ve .ust received some ne" sales figures%%%them ver! much, I4m afraid.4 8 (ver the next six months, the compan!%%%%ten ne" supermar)ets in 0rance. ;%%%%.."ith this )ind of problem before, I expect, so I4ll leave !ou to get on "ith it. = According to sources close to the prime minister4s office, the foreign minister%%%%%. @ &ell, that4s all for toda!%%%%%!ou next "ee) at the same time, if that4s all right. A :ext !ear%%%%%. some time travelling, and then loo) for a teaching .ob. B The problem "e have "ith >ac) is that he%%%%%..insist on opening all the "indo"s in the cold "eather. *C There4s not much bread, I4m afraid. I hope%%%%%%..eat it all before the others arrive? **At this rate, b! the time "e get to the part!, most people%%%% *1The riot police are running into the s/uare. There%%%%%trouble? 5 I@ll have 5 *hat@ll be 5 You won@t like 5 will be opening 5 You are dealing 5 is due to resign 5 I@m seeing 5 I@m going to spend 5 is about to 5 you aren@t about to 5 will have left 5 will be 0 I@m about to have F It@s due to be F You@re not liking F is opening 0 You@ll have dealt F is about to resign F I@ll see F I@ll spend F will F you@re not going to F are on the point of leaving 0 is due to be

1 . I@m going to have 2 A *hat@s going to be 3 A You@re not going to like ! A is going to open ( A You are going to deal 0 A is on the point of resigning 1 A I@m going to see 2 A I@m spending 3 A is going to 14A you won@t 11A will leave 12 A is going to be

'# )upply the correct form of the verbs given in brac!ets# * 4Fan I tal) to !ou for a moment244 Sorr!, I +leave$
*1

1 Actuall!, I +pass$ Sue4s house tomorro", so if !ou li)e I could leave the boo)s for her. 6 9avid and Susan +get married$ in Ma!, but the!4ve had to change their plans. 8 &e +give$ a part! for Erofessor Allan on 0rida! evening, and "e4d li)e !ou to come. ; I4ve done a lot of revision, but I4m sure that "hen I sit do"n to do the exam I +forget$. = Fhris doesn4t do much "or). -e +spend$ the "hole da! drin)ing coffee and loo)ing out of the "indo". @ Fome bac) about 8.6C I +finish$ the report b! then, and !ou can ta)e a cop!. A I don,t thin) I +be late$, but I4ll let !ou )no" if I get dela!ed. B Ouic), run? The bomb +expode$? ,# )upply the correct form of the verbs given in brac!ets# (se only -uture or &resent tenses# .. M! car is being repaired and I don4t )no" "hen it *$ +be$ read!. I doubt "hether I 1$ +be able to$ collect it before the "ee)end. I "onder if >ohn 6$ +give$ me a lift to the part! on Saturda!. I4ll as) him "hen he +come$ home. 5. I "as calling to as) if !ou4d li)e to go out after "e *$ +finish$ "or) tomorro" or if !ou 1$+"ant$ to "atch a video instead. Fall me bac) as soon as !ou 6$ +get$ in. I4ll "ait until I 8$ +hear$ from !ou. 6. I "ill leave the hotel earl! in case there *$ +be$ a lot of traffic. I don4t )no" ho" long the .ourne! 1$ +ta)e$ or "hat time the plane 6$+land$, but I 8$ +call$ !ou as soon as I ;$ +arrive$ at the airport. Then, I "ill "ait until !ou =$ +come$ to collect me. D. Eaula is drin)ing tea as she is "aiting for Fharles. She "onders if he *$ +be$ late as usual. She "ill "ait until the cloc) 1$ +stri)e$ five and then she "ill call him in case he 6$ +forget$. 7. :ext month, Maggie *$ +go$ to Australia to visit her sister, "ho she hasn4t seen for fifteen !ears. The plane 1$ +leave$ earl! in the morning and 6$ +stop off$ at Singapore before fl!ing onto S!dne!. It 8$ +be$ a ver! long, tiring .ourne!, but Maggie is ver! excited because this time next month, she ;$ +begin$ her adventure on the other side of the "orld. She =$ +sta!$ in Australia for one month. She has boo)ed her flight, so she @$ +fl!$ bac) to 5ritain on 6*st Ma!. She hopes that she A$ +visit$ lots of fascinating places and seen man! interesting things b! the time her holida!s are over. G. 9ear Jionel,

*6

I4m "riting to tell !ou m! exciting ne"s. I have "on a competition? I thin) m! life *$ +change$ a lot no"? I 1$ +meet$ the competition organisers next "ee) to get m! pri<e # a che/ue for Q;C,CCC. As soon as I 6$ +have$ the mone!, I 8$ +bu!$ a ne" car, and I ;$ +alsoKredecorate$ m! house. -opefull!, I =$ +finish$ the "hole house b! the end of >une. Then, on the fifth of >ul!, I @$ +fl!$ to Tahiti for an exotic holida! in the sun. I A$ +return$ b! the end of >ul! and then I B$ +thro"$ a big part! for all m! friends. I hope !ou *C$ +come$. &ell, it4s almost lunchtime, so I **$ +sa!$ goodb!e for no". I promise I *1$ +send$ !ou a postcard from Tahiti. 5est "ishes, Emil! 8. If !ou *$ +li)e$ "atersports, !ou 1$ +love$ A/ua"orld. As soon as !ou 6$ +arrive$ at this uni/ue theme par), !ou 8$ +be greeted$ b! visitor hosts "ho ;$ +sho"$ !ou to a luxur! chalet. (nce !ou =$ +be$ in !our s"imsuit, !ou @$ +be able to$ en.o! a "ide variet! of "atersports, from s"imming to "ater's)iing. Dou A$ +find$ plent! to do and !ou B$ +have$ the chance to tr! man! exciting activities. A/ua"orld *C$ +open$ at B am ever! da! and **$ +close$ at A pm. There *1$ +be$ special facilities for children and lifeguards *6$ +supervise$ all activities. Nisit A/ua"orld for an experience !ou *8$ +neverKforget$? I. Nature&atc%. Mar) Ra"lings and his team are still in the Andes filming Eenn!, a puma. The! have managed to get /uite close to the big cat and gain her trust over the last summer. In this instalment of Mar)4s video diar!, he describes ho" Eenn! is currentl! spending a lot of time "ith a mate, so Mar) and his team are sure that she *$ +have$ cubs in the spring. If that is the case, the! 1$ +see$ much of her over the "inter. In fact, the! are unli)el! to see much of her until the "inter 6$ +be$ over an!"a!, as pumas, li)e most of the large cats, tend to hide a"a! "hen the "eather is bad. If Eenn! is pregnant, she 8$ +have$ the cubs b! earl! March and the! ;$ +leave$ the den about three months later. Although Mar) doubts "hether she =$ +come$ out to hunt much in the next fe" months, he @$ +sta!$ until she A$ +reappear$ (nce the team B$ +finish$ filming Eenn!, the! *C$ +go$ to :orth America to trac) do"n the gri<<l! bear, but Mar) **$ +thin)Kbe$ such a pleasant assignment? 9. W%at are $our %o#es for t%e future: a$ It4s hard to ma)e predictions too far into the future, but I thin) I can sa! /uite a lot about m! life in about ten !ears4 time. I thin) I *$ +still live$ in the
*8

same cit!. 5! that time I 1$ +finish$ m! studies, and, "ho )no"s, perhaps I 6$ +find$ a good .ob. And I 8$ +probabl! go out$ "ith the same friends too? b$ I4m optimistic about the future, so I thin) that b! the time I4m 6;, sa!, ;$ +ma)e$ m! fortune. 5! then I =$ +run$ m! o"n compan! for about ten !ears, and I @$ +almost certainl! become$ a millionaire? So I A$ +drive$ an expensive sports car, I hope? c$ I thin) "e should all be "orried about "hat the "orld B$ +be$ li)e in fift! !ears4 time. 5! then, I hope that the "orld4s governments *C$ +find$ an ans"er to the problem of global "arming, but perhaps scientists **$ +still search$ for technological solutions. It4s /uite possible that "e *1$ +still tal)$ about the problem, as "e are no"? d$ 5! the time I4m fift!, I expect that nearl! ever!thing *6$ +change$ and ever!one *8$ +tr!$ their best to adapt to ne" circumstances. 0or example, I can4t imagine that "e *;$ +use$ cars, because b! then most of the oil in the "orld *=$ +run out$. Eeople *@$ +travel$ in electric cars, or perhaps "e *A$ +"al)$ ever!"here. I hope that scientists *B +solve$ the pollution problem, but "ho )no"s? Eerhaps some other "orse problem 1C$ +come$ along b! then? .# $omplete the dialogue with verbs from the box# (se suitable forms with future meaning# arrive "or)
RST Fan

be +x6$

come

finish +x1$

have

have to

meet +x1$

pic) up

"e fix a time for the next meeting2 -o" about the *1th2 That4s after the sales conference. AJEU I thought something "as happening on that da!. RST (h !es, !ou4re right. The people from -ead (ffice *$ %%%%. >(-: &hat time 1$ "their plane#%%%% at the airport2 Fan "e have the meeting in the morning2 RST :o, it4s all arranged. I 6$%%%%. them at half past ten, so I 8$%%%%%.. available at all that da!. AJEU &ell, let4s have the meeting earlier in >une, then. The sales conference ;$ %%%%%% on the third, doesn4t it2 RST Des, but "e need >ohn4s annual figures for the meeting. -o" are the! going, >ohn2 >(-: I4m afraid I haven4t started them !et, but I =$ %%%%%. on them next "ee), gathering information. RST @$ "they# %%%%%%% read! earl! in >une2 >(-: &ell, not reall!. I A$ %%%%. them b! *C >une, but I don4t thin) the! B$ %%%%%%. read! before then
*;

RST So,

"e4re loo)ing at the "ee) starting the *@th. -o" about t"o o4cloc) on that

da!2 9ifficult. I *C$%%%%%%.. lunch "ith the sales manager of 5o"man4s. Fould "e ma)e it three2 RST >ohn2 >(-: Des, but I **$ %%%%%%. the children after school that "ee), as usual "hen the nann!4s a"a!, so I *1$ %%%%%.. leave here at five thirt!. Is that (72 RST I thin) so. Right, so "e *6$ %%%%% at three o4cloc) on *@ >une, in the boardroom.
AJEU

/# $orrect the mista!es in these sentences# * Elease stop ma)ing so much noise or I report !ou to the supervisor. 1 As I "as about to leave his office, 5ob said, 4Jet4s get together for lunch sometime, "ill "e24 6 The! came and as)ed for people to help immediatel!, so >enn! .umped up and said, T do it?4 8 &hen he is released next "ee), Eat McGuire "ill spend almost five !ears in prison for a crime he didn4t commit. ; I4m going to "or) on the report at home last night, but I had left all m! notes in the office. = It4s probabl! too late to phone Margaret. 9o !ou thin) she4ll go to bed alread!2 @ I4m not certain, but I guess it4s raining later this afternoon. A 0orthcoming boo)s are those that "e thin) to be available soon. B I can4t believe that !ou4ll sit on a plane to Malta "hile I4m driving to "or) tomorro" morning. *C If I4ll finish before !ou, I "ait for !ou outside. ** &ill Stefan to get these boxes later or is to ta)e them no"2 *1 I must get to the post office before it4ll close or the parcel doesn4t arrive in time for >o!4s birthda! 0# 1ver to you# A Ma)e some personal predictions about ten !ears4 time +or choose another length of time$. "hat !ou "ill K "on4t be doing "here !ou "ill K "on4t be "hat !ou "ill K "on4t have done b! then 5 4According to the 1CC= Revision, the "orld population "ill probabl! increase b! 1.; billion over the next 86 !ears, passing from the current =.@ billion to B.1 billion in 1C;C.4 Lse research in a librar! or on the Internet to find more predictions about the next fift! !ears.

*=

GRAMMAR V N(FA5. "# Idioms 2ere you are loo!ing at idioms which are lin!ed to the topic of 3ature and natural phenomena# )tudy them and illustrate their use with your own examples# a dro# in t%e ocean If an amount is a drop in the ocean, it4s a ver! small portion of the amount that4s needed. a ra$ of suns%ine Something is a ra! of sunshine if it brings happiness to someone. a 'oice -cr$ing) in t%e &ilderness Dou4re a voice in the "ilderness, or a voice cr!ing in the "ilderness, if !ou4re expressing an unpopular opinion or insight. at sea ; all at sea If !ou4re at sea, or all at sea, !ou4re confused about something and not sure "hat to do. beat around t%e bus% ; beat about t%e bus% If !ou beat around the bush, or beat about the bush, !ou don4t sa! something directl!, usuall! because !ou don4t "ant to upset the person !ou4re tal)ing to. can<t see t%e &ood for t%e trees If !ou can4t see the "ood for the trees, !ou can4t see the "hole situation clearl! because !ou4re loo)ing too closel! at small details, or because !ou4re too closel! involved. do&n to eart% If someone is do"n to earth, the! are practical and sensible. go &it% t%e flo& If !ou go "ith the flo", !ou relax and go along "ith "hatever is happening. in dee# &ater If !ou4re in deep "ater, !ou4re in some sort of trouble or in a difficult situation. ma+e a mountain out of a mole%ill If !ou ma)e a mountain out of a molehill, !ou ma)e a small problem seem to be a much bigger problem. nec+ of t%e &oods -Informal) A nec) of the "oods is a neighbourhood or a district, usuall! rural. reac% for t%e moon ; reac% for t%e stars If !ou reach for the moon, or reach for the stars, !ou are aiming to achieve something great, or do something ver! challenging. t%e ti# of t%e iceberg Dou can sa! something is the tip of the iceberg "hen it4s .ust a small part of something much bigger. under t%e &eat%er

If !ou are under the "eather, !ou4re not feeling "ell. %# In the end or at the end4(e#g# 52owever, in the end I decided to stic! with my goldfish6, p# '7 # NB. &hen !ou use the expression Wat t%e endW, it needs the preposition WofW. &hen !ou use Win t%e endW, it doesn4t need a preposition. There are also set expressions= to t%e end of time, to t%e bitter end. *. &e "aited for nearl! an hour and XXXX the end "e "ent "ithout her. a$ at b$ in c$ on 1. The teacher set some home"or) XXXX the end of the lesson. a$ at b$ in c$ on 6. There4s an eraser XXXX the end of m! pencil. a$ at b$ in c$ on 8. M! house is XXXX the end of the street. a$ at b$ b! c$ in d$ on ;. &e "ere exhausted XXXX the end of the .ourne!. a$ b! b$ in c$ on =. The! get )illed XXXX the end of the film. a$ at b$ in c$ on @. I4ll love !ou XXXX the end of time. a$ at b$ b! c$ to d$ on A. The! couldn4t decide "hich one the! li)ed and XXXX the end the! didn4t bother. a$ at b$ b! c$ in d$ to e$ on B. The! argue ever!thing XXXX the bitter end. a$ at b$ b! c$ in d$ on e$ to *C. I paid the fees XXXX the end of the course. a$ at b$ in c$ on **. &hen do !ou get paid2 I XXXX the end of the month. a$ at b$ on c$ in *1. I couldn4t decide "hat to get Ann for her birthda!. XXXX the end I didn4t get her an!thing at all. a$ at b$ in c$ on *6. &e "aited ages for a taxi. &e gave up XXXXXX the end and "al)ed home. a$ at b$ on c$ in *8. I4ll be moving to a ne" address XXXX the end of September. a$ in b$ b! c$ at *;. Tom didn4t "ant to lend us the mone! at first but XXXthe end he agreed. a$ at b$ in c$ to '# 3umber or amount4 (e#g# 58the amount of rubbish we throw away86, p#,, #

NB. Lse the "ord amount "ith /uantities that cannot be counted and number "ith /uantities that could be counted one'b!'one. *. That assignment too) an enormous +amount K number$ of time to complete. 1. That assignment too) an enormous +amount K number$ of hours to complete. 6. A small +amount K number$ of people gathered on the side"al). 8. &e have a large +amount K number$ of "or) to complete. ;. The +amount K number$ of rainfall this !ear has been pitiful. =. &e expect a huge +amount K number$ of friends to attend the part! in >oe4s honor. @. The bait attracted onl! a small +amount K number$ of crabs. A. &e are tr!ing to bring in a generous +amount K number$ of mone! for the charit!. B. >ones al"a!s donates a large +amount K number$ of dollars to the fund. *C. The records sho" that Smith4s firm handles a health! +amount K number$ of clients each month. **. The +amountK number$ of food "asted in the Lnited States each da! is appalling. *1. The +amountK number$ of pounds of food "asted in the Lnited States each da! is appalling. *6 Expect a certain +amountK number$ of madness "hen !ou marr! someone "ith pets. *8. A great +amountK number$ of pets can drive !ou mad. ,# Ways of comparison# a# 6nderline the best word. *. I "asn,t so much surprised asK than shoc)ed b! the result. 1. This "as probabl!K not nearl! the best football match I,ve ever seen. 6. Eolitics is too K so important an activit! to be left to politicians. 8. It "as asK too good an opportunit! to miss, so I accepted the .ob. ;. It,s /uic)er to travel b! bus thanK li)e b! car in the cit! center. =. Dou are ever! bitK miles as responsible for "hat happened as I am. @. Fats are not nearl!K a lot harder to understand than dogs. A. This loo)s li)eK as the place. It fits the description, an!"a!. B. I thin) the -arr! Eotter films are about asK a lot more interesting than the boo)s. *C. This is definitel! the bestK the better beach "e,ve been to so far. **. As the medicine too) effect, Tina became far and a"a!K more and more sleep!. b# 0omplete the sentence with one word in each gap. *. Dou haven,t reall! "or)ed hard XXXXXXXX to get a higher mar).

1. The more exercise !ou ta)e, the XXXXXXXX !ou "ill feel. 6. Ouite honestl!, I don,t thin) this is as hard an examination XXXXXX it used to be. 8. This is XXXXXXXXXXX the most beautiful beach in the Mediterranean. 9on,t !ou thin) so2 ;. I,ve done .ust XXXXXXXX as much shopping as an!one can do in one da!? =. The film "as ever! XXXXXXX as entertaining as I expected it to be. @. Most of &interson,s boo)s are good, but I thin) this one is the best of XXXXX all. A. The hotel "as a XXXXXX more expensive than I expected, so I loo)ed for a cheaper one. B. This cross"ord pu<<le isn,t /uite as eas! XXXXX I thought it "as. *C. This is not XXXXXXX as complicated as it sounds. c# 0hoose the best option B, 1 or 0 to complete the sentence. It,s /uite common to hear someone complain that their memor! is +*$ as it used to be, or that the more things the! tr! to remember, +1$ /uic)l! the! seem to forget. -o"ever, memor! is +6$ complicated than "e usuall! thin). 0or example, remembering facts is not at all +8$ remembering ho" to perform an action, and it seems that "e don,t YforgetZ ho" to ride a bic!cle or drive a car. 0or some people it ma! be +;$ to remember "hat the! have .ust read +=$ recall "here the! left their car )e!s. (f course, +@$ interesting a topic is, the more "e remember about it, and "e are almost certainl! +A$ to recall something "e have read or seen recentl!, because it remains active in our memor!. &here stud!ing is concerned, there are certainl! "a!s of ma)ing the memor! +B$. It,s +*C$ to remember disorgani<ed information, so note'ma)ing and summari<ing are important, and the learner, not the teacher, has to do this. Regular revie"ing of "hat has been learned is +**$ "a!s of strengthening memor!. Some learners have +*1$ visual than a verbal memor!, and ma! remember more b! associating ideas "ith visual images. There,re plent! of boo)s on the mar)et "hich illustrate these techni/ues, al"a!s assuming that !ou can remember to bu! one? *. A less good 5 "orse F not as good 1. A not nearl! as 5 the more F it,s .ust as 6. A b! far 5 easil! F a lot more 8. A the same as 5 li)e F as if ;. A probabl! 5 much easier F no"here near as =. A as 5 than to F the more @. A .ust about as much 5 more and more F the more A. A faster and faster 5 0ar and a"a! F more li)el! B. A more efficient 5 as good as F ever! bit as *C A .ust as eas! 5 not so eas! F easier and easier **. A as important 5 more and more F one of the best important *1. A .ust as good 5 easil! the best F a better

d# Cake statements about these topics using as many different ways of comparing as possible. ' ' ' ' a film, boo) etc something !ou disli)e a sport an activit!

.# -ill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions# *. The emergenc! cre" has turned XXXXXXXX local po"er and gas supplies. 1. Smo)ing is damaging XXXXXXXXX !our health 6. Increased emissions almost certainl! have a damaging effect XXXXXXXXXX the environment 8. :o" that "e4ve heard all the arguments for and >>>>>>>> the proposal, shall "e vote on it2 ;. -e said that he "as going to stic) XXXXXXXXX the traditions established b! his grandfather =. Anton has a consuming passion XXXXXXXXX science fiction @. &hat do !ou charge >>>>>>>>>> a haircut and blo"'dr!2 A. She "rote a boo) XXXXXXXXX car maintenance B. Some of these houses go XXXXXX to the earl! *Bth centur! *C.&e4ll have to stop for fuel >>>>>>> the "a! to the airport. **.-e said he4d pic)ed the "oman XXXXXXXX in a bar *1.That song "as popular >>>>>>>> people from m! father4s generation. *6.I hope m! teacher "ill ta)e XXXXXXXX account the fact that I "as ill .ust before the exams "hen she mar)s m! paper. *8.&e usuall! meet XXXXXXX for a /uic) coffee in the morning *;.&e go out once in a "hile after "or) and XXXXXXXX the "ee)end

*=.XXXXXXXXX "ee)da!s I4m usuall! in bed b! ten o4cloc). *@.The thought of it fills me >>>>>>>>> dread *A.I4m a bit concerned >>>>>>>> !our health. *B.The compan! needs to reduce its dependence >>>>>>>> .ust one particular product.

REA9I:G V SEEA7I:G. "# -ill the gaps in the sentences using these !ey words from the text# tundra #ermafrost s&am# &ilderness landslide catastro#%ic indigenous itinerant unmista+eable im#enetrable *. The XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX people of a particular place have lived there for a ver! long time before other people came to live there. 1. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX situation or event causes a lot of damage or ma)es a lot of people suffer. 6. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a heav! fall of earth and roc)s do"n the side of a mountain or steep slope. 8. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is an area of land covered b! "ater "here trees and plants gro". ;. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX people or animals travel from place to place fre/uentl!. =. If a place is described as XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, it is impossible to get into or get through it. @. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a large flat area of land "ithout trees in ver! cold northern parts of the "orld. A. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is an area of land "here people do not live or gro" crops and "here there are no buildings. B. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is ground that sta!s permanentl! fro<en. *C.If something is described as XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, it is ver! eas! to recogni<e.

%# Decide whether these statements are true (9 or false (- # 9hen chec! your answers in the text# *. Russia is the "orld,s biggest countr! b! geographical area. 1. There are no polar bears in Russia. 6. Reindeer give birth to their !oung in (ctober. 8. Global "arming is happening at a faster rate in Russia than in other parts of the "orld. ;. Temperatures of ';CoF have been recorded in the Arctic regions of Russia. =. It is impossible to build rail"a!s on permafrost. limate c%ange in /ussia*s .rctic tundra= ?)ur reindeer go %ungr$. @%ere isn*t enoug% #asture* Au+e 8arding 24 )ctober, 2443 It is one of the "orld,s last great "ildernesses, a 86;'mile'long peninsula of la)es and s/uelching tundra stretching deep into the Arctic (cean. 0or *,CCC !ears the indigenous :enets people have migrated along the Damal peninsula. In summer the! "ander north"ards, ta)ing their reindeer "ith them. In "inter the! return south"ards. 5ut this remote region of north'"est Siberia is no" under heav! threat from global "arming. Traditionall! the :enets travel across the fro<en River (b in :ovember and set up camp in the southern forests around :ad!m. These da!s, though, this annual "inter pilgrimage is dela!ed. Jast !ear the :enets, together "ith man! thousands of reindeer, had to "ait until late 9ecember "hen the ice "as finall! thic) enough to cross. Y(ur reindeer "ere hungr!. There "asn,t enough pasture,Z >a)ov >apti), a :enets reindeer herder, said. YThe sno" is melting sooner, /uic)er and faster than before. In spring it,s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. The! get tired,Z >apti) said, spea)ing in his camp 1; )ilometres from Dar'Sale, the capital of Russia,s Arctic Damal':enets district. -erders sa! that the peninsula,s "eather is increasingl! unpredictable # "ith unseasonal sno"storms "hen the reindeer give birth in Ma!, and milder longer autumns. In "inter, temperatures used to go do"n to ';C[F. :o" the! are t!picall! '6C[F, according to >apti). Y(bviousl! "e prefer '6C[F. 5ut the changes aren,t good for the reindeer and ultimatel! "hat is good for the reindeer is good for us,Z he said, setting off on his sled to round up his itinerant reindeer herd. -ere in one of the most remote parts of the planet there are clear signs the environment is under strain. Jast !ear the :enets arrived at a

regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their la)e had disappeared. It had drained a"a! after a landslide. &hile landslides can occur naturall!, scientists sa! there is unmista)able evidence that Damal,s ancient permafrost is melting. The :enets report other curious changes # fe"er mos/uitoes and a pu<<ling increase in gadflies. YIt,s an indication of the global "arming process, li)e the opening of the Arctic "aters for shipping this summer,Z sa!s Nladimir Tchouprov, Greenpeace Russia,s energ! unit head. The melting of Russia,s permafrost could have catastrophic results for the "orld, Tchouprov sa!s, b! releasing billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and the potent greenhouse gas methane that "ere previousl! trapped in fro<en soil. Russia # the "orld,s biggest countr! b! geographical area # is alread! "arming at one'and'a'half times the rate of other parts of the "orld. If global temperatures do go up b! the 8[F man! scientists fear, the impact on Russia "ould be disastrous. Much of Russia,s northern region "ould be turned into impenetrable s"amp. -ouses in several Arctic to"ns are alread! badl! subsiding. Man! Russians, ho"ever, are sceptical that climate change exists. (thers rationali<e that it might bring benefits to one of the "orld,s coldest countries, freeing up a melting Arctic for oil and gas exploration and extending the countr!,s brief gro"ing season. Russia,s scientific communit! seems sceptical of global "arming and the 7remlin doesn,t appear to regard the issue as a ma.or domestic problemH public a"areness of climate change in Russia is lo"er than in an! other European countr!. &estern politicians, ho"ever, point out that it is in Russia,s interests to ta)e action on climate change and to push for ambitious targets at 9ecember,s Fopenhagen summit. YThere is ;,CCC miles of rail"a! trac) built on permafrost. It could crumble as a result of melting,Z Ed Miliband, the L7 secretar! of state for climate change, pointed out during a recent visit to Mosco". -o"ever, even Russians "or)ing in the Arctic are unconvinced that their countr! faces a serious climate'change problem. YIt,s rubbish. It,s invented. Eeople "ho spend too long sitting at home have made up climate change,Z Alexander Fhi)mar!ov, "ho runs a remote "eather station on the Damal peninsula, said. A small communit! of :enets hunters live nearb!H other"ise there,s nobod! for a hundred )ilometres. The "eather here is, not surprisingl!, bitterl! coldH the sea free<es for nine months of the !ear. In fact, Fhi)mar!ov,s o"n data suggests that global "arming is a real problem here too. In 1CCA the ice "as *=8cm thic)H this !ear it is **@cm. &inter temperatures have gone up too # from lo"s of ';C[F in *B*8, "hen the station "as founded, to '8C[F toda!. Ever! !ear large chun)s of the

coast fall into the sea. And there are other unnatural signs. (n *;th August a large polar bear started rooting through the station,s rubbish bin. YIt "as @pm. The bear "as enormous. &e set off a flare. It ran off,Z she recalled. Eolar bear sightings are becoming increasingl! common # "ith the bears coming south from their far'northern habitat in search of food. 5ac) on the tundra >apiti) "as rounding up his reindeer. YI,ve lived all of m! life in the tundra,Z he said. YThe reindeer for us are ever!thing # food, transport and accommodation. The onl! thing I hope is that "e "ill be able to carr! on "ith this life.Z \ Guardian :e"s V Media 1CCB 0irst published in *he uardian, *;K**KCB '# $hoose the best answer according to the text# *. &h! "ould the melting of Russia,s permafrost have catastrophic results for the "orld2 a. 5ecause the ;,CCC miles of rail"a! trac) built on it "ould be destro!ed. b. 5ecause it "ould release billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. c. 5ecause it "ould be an indication of the global "arming process. 1. &h! is the rise in temperature from ';C[F to '6C[F a bad thing for the :enets herders2 a. 5ecause it isn,t good for their reindeer and "hat is good for their reindeer is good for them. b. 5ecause the! can,t cross fro<en rivers "hen the temperature rises to '6C[F. c. 5ecause there are unseasonal sno"storms "hen the reindeer give birth. 6. &hat "ill happen to Russia,s northern region if global temperatures rise b! 8[F2 a. It "ill turn into impenetrable s"amp. b. There "ill be so man! mos/uitoes that people "on,t be able to live there. c. The gro"ing season "ill be longer. 8. &hat do man! Russians thin) about climate change2 a. The! are ver! "orried about it and regard it as a ma.or domestic problem. b. The! believe it "ill be a good thing for their countr!. c. The! do not believe that climate change exists. ,# -ind the following words and phrases in the text# *. an ad.ective meaning far away from other cities, towns or people +para 1$

1. a noun meaning a visit to a place that is important to you +para 1$ 6. t"o different "ords both meaning a vehicle that you sit on to travel over snow +para 6Kpara 8$ 8. a t"o'"ord expression meaning under pressure +para ;$ ;. a verb referring to buildings meaning to become damaged as a result of the land sinking +para @$ =. a t"o'"ord expression meaning extremely cold +para *C$ @. a noun meaning a bright light or flame that burns brightly and is used as a signal in the dark +para **$ A. a noun meaning the type of place that an animal normally lives in +para **$ .# :atch the phrasal verbs from the text with their meanings# *. set up a. flo" out of some"here 1. round up b. ma)e something available 6. drain a"a! c. people search through something "ith their handsH animals search b! pushing "ith their nose 8. free up ;. push for explode =. set off @. point out A. root through particular purpose d. tell someone something. e. cause something to operate or ma)e it f. build a structure or put it in a particular place g. tr! hard to achieve something h. bring animals together in one place for a

/# $omplete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brac!ets at the end of each sentence# *. The "eather is becoming increasingl! XXXXXXXXXXXX in some parts of the "orld. ]ERE9IFT^ 1. Global "arming could have a XXXXXXXXXXXX impact on Russia. ]9ISASTER^ 6. &armer temperatures could free up Russia,s Arctic regions for oil and gas XXXXXXXXXXXX. ]EUEJ(RE^ 8. Man! politicians are hoping for XXXXXXXXXXXX targets at the Fopenhagen summit. ]AM5ITI(:^ ;. Man! Russians are XXXXXXXXXXXX that there is a serious climate'change problem. ]F(:NI:FE^ =. XXXXXXXXXXXX of polar bears are becoming increasingl! common. ]SIG-T^ 0# Discussion W%at #ractical measures s%ould be underta+en to combat climate c%ange:

;# $omment on the following quotes about nature# (se the active vocabulary< 0or a successful technolog!, realit! must ta)e precedence over public relations, for :ature cannot be fooled. ,ichard 4eynman Almost all of the social tragedies occurring around the "orld toda! are caused b! ignoring the basic biological la"s of nature. ;im 4owler If "e could see the miracle of a single flo"er clearl!, our "hole life "ould change. 1uddha Miracles are not contrar! to nature, but onl! contrar! to "hat "e )no" about nature. (aint Bugustine All bodies are slo" in gro"th but rapid in deca!. *acitus 0or the female of the species is more deadl! than the male. ,udyard Dipling All seasons are beautiful for the person "ho carries happiness "ithin. =orace 4riess Eeople from a planet "ithout flo"ers "ould thin) "e must be mad "ith .o! the "hole time to have such things about us. Iris Curdoch The best thing about animals is that the! don4t tal) much. *hornton )ilder Rest is not idleness, and to lie sometimes on the grass under trees on a summer4s da!, listening to the murmur of the "ater, or "atching the clouds float across the s)! is b! no means a "aste of time. ;. Lubbuck

TEST D(LRSEJ0. "# =rammar# $hoose the correct answer# *. 4I haven4t seen Mar) for "ee)s.4 4&ell, I ...... him this afternoon. &h! don4t !ou come along24 A have met _ am meeting ` meet 1. 4&e4d better ta)e a taxi to the station.4 4Des. The train.....in fifteen minutes.4 A has left _ "ill have left ` leaves 6. 4Fath! doesn4t stud! enough.4 4I )no". I4m afraid she%. her exam.4 A "on4t pass _ "on4t be passing ` "on4t have passed 8. There4s someone here to see !ou.4 4(h, that......m! sister. Send her in.4 A "ill have been _ "as ` "ill be ;. 4I "ant to visit 7atie.4 4&ell, don4t visit her before five o4cloc). She%..4 A is "or)ing _ "ill be "or)ing ` "ill have "or)ed =. 4.........to the librar! toda!24 4Des. &ould !ou li)e me to return !our boo)s24 A &ill !ou have gone _ &ill !ou have been going ` &ill !ou be going @. 4Shall "e go shopping24 4I can4t go until the bab!sitter%.4 A arrives _ "ill arrive ` arrived A. 4I4ve invited Sam to m! part!.4 4I doubt if he.....-e4s stud!ing for an exam.4 A comes _ "ill come ` is coming B. 4I4m having trouble "ith the car.4 4I4m sure >ohn....!ou fix it if !ou as) him.4 A is going to help _ helps ` "ill help *C 4Dou........a good teacher one da!.4 49o !ou reall! thin) so24 A "ere _ "ill be ` are being %# >ocab# )uggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following definitions<
*. an! animal of "hich the female gives birth to babies, not eggs, and feeds

them on mil) from her o"n bod! 1. happening once ever! !ear, or relating to a period of one !ear

6. describes an activit! or food that !ou cannot stop doing or eating once !ou

have started 8. an area of land "here fruit trees +but not orange trees or other citrus trees$ are gro"n ;. a line of bushes or small trees planted ver! close together, especiall! along the edge of a garden, field or road =. ver! exciting to loo) at @. a set of animals or plants in "hich the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed "ith each other A. completel! ne", especiall! not !et used B. certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented *C. the amount of the Earth4s energ! that someone or something uses **. a da! "hen !ou do not "or) *1. "ith a pleasant smell *6. causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time *8. stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at *;. a person "ho bu!s goods or a service

AFTINE N(FA5LJARD. p. 6A +learn the names of animals and related "ords in ex. *$ p. 6B annual, addictive, turn off the electricit! suppl!, assure smb, loo) after, ta)e care of, in the end, to stic) "ith, destructive p. 8C +learn the "ords connected to plants and gardens in ex. *$, spectacular, man)ind, dependence on, fill smth "ith, breathta)ing, experience smth, a rainforest, a species, a guided tour, a "or)shop R ;.1 head +do"n to !our part of the "orld$, get a +cheap$ deal, meet up, it,s not reall! his thingK his cup of tea, a da! off, pic) smb up +on the "a!$ p. 8* at the "ee)end +but on a "ee)da!$, on holida!, brand ne", be "orth doing, give smb a ring, scientific advances p. 81 R ;.; sense of smell, go bac) a ver! long "a!, tomb, fragrant, a feast, a passion +love$ for , full!'/ualified, point out p. 86 target +audience, age range$, pac)aging, a valle!, cultivate, highl! valued, charge for, brea) in, pa! a fortune, the e/uivalent of % at toda!,s prices, ordinar! people, fossil +fuel, records$, apparentl!, a boo) on, extract from, the highest members of societ!, sentence to death, introduce to, start +an enterprise$, breeding, become increasingl! popular "ith p. 88 +learn the ad.ectives in ex. *$, reduce one,s ecological footprint, rene"able energ!, concerned about, have an effect on the environment, support the "a! smb lives, ta)e into account, rubbish, consume energ!, "or) smth out, an argument in favour ofK against, fair enough, then again, give smth up R ;.@ disturbing, sustainable, half"a! around the "orld, +collapse$ overnight, go off +about food$, ridiculous, un.ustifiable, damaging to +the environment$, a customer, it,s up to +us$ to do smth

L:IT =. GRAMMAR ,erb #atterns. I. Bses of t%e Cing form. *. The Eing form +gerund$ is used after prepositions. e.g. Im good at running. )ere thinking of living abroad. 1. The Eing form is used after certain verbs +there is a comprehensive list of the verbs follo"ed b! the Eing form at the end of this Lnit.$. e.g. I en?oy visiting my relatives. (he denies stealing the money. 6. There are some verbs follo"ed b! an obDect E Cing. e.g. I hate people telling me what to do. 8. The Eing form is used as the sub.ect or ob.ect of a sentence. e.g. @iving in a big city is exciting. I find wor!ing in the garden a real bore. ;. The Eing form is used after certain idiomatic expressions. e.g. Its no use tal!ing to her. *his book is worth reading. 2. forms of t%e infiniti'e. *. Simple. e.g. I want to have a bath. 1. continuous. e. g. its nice to be sitting here with you. 6. perfect. e.g. Id like to have seen his face when you told him. 8. passive. e.g. Id like to be promoted to sales manager. :5 these infinitives are used after modal auxiliar! verbs "ithout to.

e.g. (he must have gone home early. 3. Bses of t%e infiniti'e. *. infinitives are used after certain verbs +see the list$. e.g. I cant afford to pay the bill. 1. there are some verbs that that are follo"ed b! an ob.ect a the infinitive +see the list$. e.g. =e advised me to listen carefully. 6. after let, make and have the infinitive is used "ithout to. e.g. (he made me do the exercise again. 8. the infinitive is used after certain ad.ectives +except busy and worth, "hich are used "ith the %ing form$. e.g. its difficult to explain how to get here. :5 &hen the infinitive needs the sub.ect of its o"n the pattern "ith for is used . e.g. its difficult for me to explain. ;. the infinitive is used after certain nouns. e.g. its a good idea to as! for help. =. the infinitive is used to express purpose. e.g. I came here to learn Fnglish. @. the infinitive is used after /uestion "ords. e.g. I dont know what to do. A. the infinitive can be used "ith too and enough. e.g. I was too tired to eat. Its cold enough to snow. !. Fing or t%e infiniti'e: "# continue, start, begin# ' 5oth Eing and infinitive can be used. The infinitive is more common. e.g. =e began wor!ing/ to wor! when he was twenty. ' if the verb is in a continuous tense "e prefer the infinitive. e.g. Its starting to rain.

%# allow, forbid, permit# ' "e allow> forbid> permit doing something e.g. )e dont allow smo!ing in here. ' but "e allow> forbid> permit somebod! to do something e.g. )e dont allow people to smo!e in here. '# li!e, love, hate, prefer ' often both the infinitive and the Eing form can be used "ith little difference of meaning. e.g I li!e to get/ getting up early. ' &hen like means enAoy generally it is more usuall! follo"ed b! #ing. e.g. I li!e coo!ing. If the sentence is more specific, the infinitive is more common. e.g. I li!e to coo! a roast on (undays. ' "hen like means think it a good idea, it is follo"ed b! the infinitive. e.g. I li!e to pay bills on time. ' Lsed "ith would, these verbs are follo"ed b! the infinitive. e.g. Id love to visit you. ,# remember, forget, regret ' After these verbs the Eing form refers to an action that too) place before the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting. e.g. Ill never forget meeting you. ' The infinitive refers to an action that ta)es place after the act of remembering, forgetting or regretting. e.g. :ont forget to loc! all the doors. .# stop# ' The Eing form refers to an action that "as in progress before the act of stopping. F.g. )top loo!ing at me like that! ' The infinitive tells us "h! the action stopped and "hat happened next. This is the infinitive of purpose.

e.g. )e stopped to have a break. /# try# ' the infinitive refers to the goal, or "hat "e "ant to achieve. e.g. I tried to learn 0hinese but it was too difficult. ' the #ing form refers to the methods used to achieve the goal. e.g. I tried going to evening classes. 0# go on# ' the Eing form indicates continuation of an activit!. e.g. I@d like to go on ma!ing easy money, but I@m afraid it@s over. ' the infinitive refers to a change to a ne" activit!. e.g. ;ack spent many of his early years behind bars, but he would go on to become a famous preacher. ;# mean# ' mean doing something b YinvolveZ e.g. If we catch the early train, it will mean getting up at 8 a.m. ' mean to do something b YintendZ e.g. (orry, I meant to tell you about the party. 7# see, hear, watch, feel ' the Eing form is used to tal) about an action going on e.g. I last saw him wal!ing down the road towards the shops. ' the infinitive +"ithout to$ is used to tal) about a completed action. e.g. I saw her pic! up the parcel, open it and take out a book. "# Wor! in pairs# )pea!er *< Aour boo! is open# =ive the cue# DonBt lower your intonation at the end of the cue# )pea!er +< Aour boo! is closed# $omplete the sentence with doing it or to do it# )pea!er *< If you are unsure about the correctness of +Bs completion, refer to the list of verb patterns# Fxample< SEEA7ER A "book I promise% open#< SEEA7ER 5 "book ... to do it. closed#<

*. I en.o!ed .... 1. I can4t afford .... 6. She didn4t allo" me ..., 8. &e plan%.. ;. Elease remind me .... =. I am considering .... @. (ur director postponed A. -e persuaded me .... B. I don4t mind .... *C. Ever!one avoided .... (witch roles. **.I refused .... *1.I hope%. *6.She convinced me .... *8.-e mentioned .... *;.I expect.... *=.I encouraged him .... *@.I "arned him not. % *A.&e prepared .... *B.I don4t recall.... 1C. &e decided .... (witch roles. 1*. 9id someone offer% 11. &hen "ill !ou finish% 16. 9id !ou practice .... 18. She agreed .... 1;. 7eep% 1=. Stop%.. 1@. I didn4t force him .... 1A. I couldn4t resist.... 1B. Someho", the cat managed% 6C. 9id the little bo! admit. . .

(witch roles. 6*. -e denied%. 61. I didn4t mean .... 66. She s"ore .... 68. I volunteered .... 6;. -e suggested .... 6=. -e advised me .... 6@. -e struggled .... 6A. I don4t "ant to ris) .... 6B. 9o !ou recommend %. 8C. I miss .... (witch roles. 8*. I can4t imagine .... 81. She threatened .... 86. -e seems to disli)e .... 88. The children begged .... 8;. She challenged me .... 8;. 9id he den! .... 8=. 9on4t hesitate .... 8@. 9o !ou anticipate .... 8A. &h! did she fail%. 8B. I4ll arrange ....

%# -orm a group of three to five members# $hoose one of the story beginnings or ma!e up your own# Cach group member continues the story by adding a sentence or two# *t least one of the sentences should contain words from the given list, plus a gerund or infinitive phrase# *s a group, use as many of the words in the list which follows as you can# Fxample< +Do)o$ had a bad night last night. 0irst, "hen she got home, she discovered thatXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX SEEA7ER A . . . her door "as unloc)ed. She didn4t recall leaving her door unloc)ed. She al"a!s remembers to loc) her door and in fact specificall! remembered loc)ing it that morning. So she became afraid that someone had bro)en into her apartment. SEEA7ER 5 She thought about going inside, but then decided it "ould be better not to go into her apartment alone. &hat if there "as a burglar inside2 SEEA7ER F Instead of going into her apartment alone, Do)o "al)ed to her next'door neighbor4s door and )noc)ed. SEEA7ER 9 -er neighbor ans"ered the door. -e could see that something "as the matter. WAre !ou all right2W he as)ed her. spea)er a Etc. (tory beginnings< *. +...$ is having trouble "ith +herKhis$ roommate, "hose name is + ...$. +-erK-is$ roommate )eeps man! pets even though the lease the! signed forbids residents to )eep animals in their apartments. Desterda!, one of these pets, aKan .... 1. :ot long ago, +...$ and + . . . $ "ere "al)ing home together after dar). The! heard a strange "hooshing sound. &hen the! loo)ed up in the night s)!, the! sa" a huge hovering aircraft. It glo"ed? It "as round and green? + . . . $ "as frightened and curious at the same time. +SheK-e$ "anted to ..., but.... 6. (nce upon a time, +...$ lived in a fara"a! village in a remote mountainous region. All of the villagers "ere terrified because of the dragon that lived nearb!. At least once a "ee), the dragon "ould descend on the village and .... 8. It "as a dar) and storm! night. +...$ "as all alone at home. Suddenl! .... ;. +...$ had a bad da! !esterda!. 0irst of all, "hen +sheKhe$ got up in the morning, +sheKhe$ discovered that. . . . List of words and phrases to work into the story< be accused of be accustomed to in addition to be afraid apologiGe "to someone# for 1elieve in Bdmit Bdvise Bfford Bgree Bsk Bvoid mind need offer permit persuade plan be a bad experience be a bad idea be better be clever be dangerous be difficult

blame "someone# for be capable of be committed to complain about dream of 4orgive "someone# for be excited about be guilty of instead of be interested in look forward to be opposed to prevent "someone# from be scared of stop "someone# from succeed in take advantage of be terrified of thank "someone# for think of be tired of be worried about

1eg 1egin 0onsider 0ontinue 0onvince :ecide :emand :eny :iscuss :islike encourage FnAoy Fxpect 4ail 4orce 4orget =esitate =ope Invite Learn Like Canage

postpone prefer prepare pretend promise Huit recall refuse regret remember remind risk seem start stop struggle suggest threaten wait want warn

be easy be essential be foolish be a good experience be a good idea be fun be hard be important be impossible be interesting be necessary be a pleasure be possible be relaxing take effort take energy take money take patience take time

'# Do you !now which verbs are followed by infinitives and which are followed by Ding forms4 :a!e two lists# agree avoid can4t help dare decide den! expect +can4t$ face fail fanc! feel li)e finish give up happen hope imagine )eep +on$ manage mean mind miss offer postpone practice prepare pretend promise put off refuse ris) seem spend time +can4t$ stand suggest "ish

&ut in the correct forms of the verbs#

* Dou can4t help "like# him. 1 &e decided "stay# at home. 6 &e expect "hear# from Ann soon. 8 9o !ou fanc! "go# out tonight2 ; I don4t feel li)e "cook#. = &hen do !ou finish "study#5 @ I4ve given up "smoke#. A Imagine "be# married to her? B I managed "find# a taxi. *C &ould !ou mind "pass# the bread2 ** I missed "see# the beginning of the film. *1 She pretended "be# ill. *6 9on4t put off "see# the doctor. *8 -e spends ages "talk# on the phone. *; I "ant "see# the manager. *= 9o !ou en.o! "watch# football2 ,# $hange the construction of the sentences using the appropriate form of the infinitive# .. E.g. *hey are sorry that they are having problems. *hey are sorry to be having problems. *. Mar) is delighted that he has learnt to drive. 1. Farol is sorr! that she has refused point'blan) to .oin us. 6. M! friends are happ! that the! have bought an annual cable TN license. 8. -e "as glad that he had started his o"n business. ;. -e "as happ! that he had recruited the right personnel. =. Dou "ill be happ! that !ou have repaid the loan. @. Gerald hates it "hen he is as)ed /uestions he cannot ans"er. A. M! grandmother loved it "hen she "as as)ed for advice. B. M! sister hates it "hen she is treated li)e a child. *C. Most people hate it "hen the! are ordered to do things. **. Michael "as delighted that he had been offered this .ob. *1. Richard "as furious that he hadn,t been invited to the part!. *6. She is happ! that she has been introduced to the president of the compan!. *8. Sheila is furious that she has been spo)en to li)e this. *;. M! friends are happ! that the! are starting their o"n business. *=. Mar! is delighted that she is going a"a! on holida! next "ee). *@. -e must be cra<! that he is climbing that mountain in such "eather.

*A. The bo! is happ! that he is pla!ing his favourite computer games again. *B. Farol is sorr! that she has been having a relationship "ith that horrid man for such a long time. 1C. -is parents are happ! that the! have been "or)ing for the same firm all their lives. B. E.g. It is said that they play gold every weekend. *hey are said to play golf every weekend. :5. This construction is used "ith the follo"ing verbs in the passive voice to sa$, to re#ort, to announce, to belie'e, to su##ose, to t%in+, to eG#ect, to +no&, to consider, to see, to %ear, to ma+e, etc. The infinitive after these verbs is used "ith the particle ?to*. $hange the construction of the sentences according to the examples given above# *. It is said that Michael is selfish and inconsiderate. 1. It is believed that the ban) manager has been forced into criminal activities. 6. It "as reported that Ealestinians had been responsible for the terrorist act in >erusalem. 8. It is expected that food "ill be rationed in the countr! in the near future. ;. It has been announced that the board of directors has confirmed their decision. =. It is said that the bo! is receiving ps!chiatric treatment for his Internet addiction. @. It is reported that the police have been tr!ing to solve the pu<<le for a long time. -o"ever, it is believed the! have failed to do it. A. It "as heard that the criminals "ere arranging to meet at the entrance to the 5ar)le! 5an). *C.It "as seen that a stranger "as as)ing for directions. **.It "as heard that 5ob and Rachel "ere having !et another ro". It is believed that the! are drifting apart. *1.It is thought that 5ob is having a relationship "ith another "oman. It is also considered that he is unable to control his temper. *6.It is said that Mr 5ee)ford has been overdra"ing his ban) account /uite regularl! of late. *8.It is expected that this .ournalist "ill be denied the visa. *;.It is supposed that Mr >ac)son has been protected all the time. *=.It "as reported that the robbers had resisted arrest. That,s "h! it is supposed that the! "ill get a harsh sentence. *@.It is thought that this reporter is pa!ing too much attention to detail.

*A.It is said that the local authorities have been told the! have no sa! in this matter. .# &assive and past forms of infinitives and gerunds# )upply an appropriate form for each verb in brac!ets# *. I don4t en.o! +laugh$ at b! other people. 1. I4m angr! at him for +tell, not$ me the truth. 6. It is eas! +fool$ b! his lies. 8. I expected +invite$ to the part!, but I "asn4t. ;.Sometimes adolescents complain about not +understand$ b! their parents. =. Dour compositions are supposed +"rite$ in in). @. >in &on had a narro" escape. -e "as almost hit b! a car. -e barel! avoided +hit$ b! a speeding automobile. A. Ms. Thompson is al"a!s "illing to help if there is a problem in the office, but she doesn4t "ant +call$ at home unless there is an emergenc!. B. >ac) &elles has a good chance of +elect$ I )no" I4m going to vote for him. *C.Farlos appears +lose$ some "eight. -as he been ill2 **.Dou must tell me the truth. I insist on +tell$ the truth. *1.9on4t all of us "ant +love$ and +need$ b! other people2 *6.9ear -iro)i, I feel guilt! about +"rite, not$ to !ou sooner, but I4ve been s"amped "ith "or) latel!. *8.A Dou )no" >im 0ran)enstein, don4t !ou2 5 >im 0ran)enstein2 I don4t thin) so. I don4t recall ever +meet$ him. *;. Mr. Go" mentioned +in.ure$ in an accident as a child but he never told us the details. *=. Tim "as in the arm! during the "ar. -e "as caught b! the enem!, but he managed to escape. -e is luc)! +escape$ "ith his life. *@. I don4t understand ho" !ou got the "rong results. &hen I loo) over !our notes, !our chemistr! experiment seems +perform$ correctl!. 5ut something is "rong some"here. *A. The "itness to the murder as)ed not +identif!$ in the ne"spaper. She "anted her name )ept secret. *B. It is generall! considered impolite +pic)$ !our teeth at the dinner table. 1C. I don4t recall +meet$ Mr.Tana)a before. I4m sure I haven4t. I4d li)e +introduce$ to him. &ould !ou do the honors2 1*. Ed4s boss recommended him for the .ob. Ed "as pleased +consider$ for the .ob even though he didn4t get it. 11. I "asn4t tired enough +sleep$ last night. 0or a long time, I .ust la! in bed +thin)$ about m! career and m! future. 16. It is the ancient tas) of the best artists among us +force$ us +use$ our abilit! +feel$ and +share$ emotions.

18. >eff applied to medical school man! months ago. :o" he4s so concerned about +accept$ into medical school that he4s having a difficult time +concentrate$ on the courses he4s ta)ing this term. 1;.It ma! be impossible +persuade$ m! mother +give$ up her .ob even though she4s having health problems. &e can4t even get her +cut$ do"n on her "or)ing hours. She en.o!s +"or)$ so much that she refuses +retire$ and +ta)e$ it eas!. I admire her for +dedicate$ to her "or), but I also "ant her to ta)e care of her health. 1=. Traffic has become too heav! for the Steinbergs +commute$ easil! to their .obs in the cit!. The!4re considering +move$ to an apartment close to their places of "or). The! don4t "ant +give$ up their present home, but the! need +live$ in the cit! +be$ closer to their "or) so the! can spend more time +do$ the things the! reall! en.o! +do$ in their free time. 1@. I don,t seem +get$ rid of the coc)roaches in m! apartment. Ever! night I see them +run$ all over m! )itchen counters. It drives me cra<!. I4m considering +have$ the "hole apartment +spra!$ b! a professional pest control expert. 1A. The emplo!ees "ere unhapp! "hen the ne" management too) over. The! "eren4t accustomed to +treat$ disrespectfull! b! the managers of the production departments. 5! +threaten$ +stop$ +"or)$, the! got the compan! +listen$ to their grievances. In the end, a stri)e "as averted. 1B. According to some estimates, "ell over half of the "orld4s population is functionall! illiterate. Imagine +be$ a parent "ith a sic) child and +be$ unable to read the directions on a medicine bottle. &e all )no" that it is important for medical directions +understand$ clearl!. Man! medical professionals are "or)ing toda! +bridge$ the literac! gap b! +teach$ health care through pictures. /# $omplete the sentences using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given in brac!ets# *. I don,t )no" ho" the accident happened. I remember +to feel$ ver! tired, but that,s all. The rest is a complete blan). 1. I,m glad !ou remembered +to get$ -elen a card. &e can post it in the evening. 6. I,ll never forget +to visit$ the Oueen. It "as a "onderful experience. 8. -e had to go bac) to the supermar)et because he had forgotten +to get$ an! butter. ;. (n the "a! home he stopped at the ne"sagent,s +to bu!$ a ne"spaper. =. I "ish it "ould stop +to rain$. @. I regret +to sa!$ that I "on,t be able to come to the part!, but I hope !ou have a great time. A. After three months "ithout "or) he regretted +to leave$ his safe .ob at the ban).

B. Sarah "anted to start her o"n business, she even tried +to recruit$ personnel. -o"ever, she soon reali<ed that she couldn,t reall! afford it. *C.Max &hite infiltrated his father,s confidential files though it meant +to brea)$ the codes, then he "ent on +to discover$ the files that even his father "as una"are of. **.7eith -amilton "as eager to catch the sp! and tried +to monitor$ his progress. *1.It "as soon clear that Max didn,t mean +to create$ havoc "ith MI;,s computer s!stem. *6.I,m afraid, >ames is going to be evicted. -e has stopped +to pa!$ the mortgage. *8.I en.o! seeing such films but later I al"a!s regret +to "aste$ so much time on them. *;.She didn,t mean +to accept$ !our opinion. She al"a!s thin)s she )no"s best. *=.She couldn,t agree to !our proposal as it meant +to accept$ !our opinion. *@.I remember +to be$ trapped in a lift for hours. After that I stopped +to use$ them. *A.Elease, remember +to tell$ Juc! that she should ta)e ever!thing into consideration. It,s vital. *B.I regret +to sa!$ that I forgot +to tell$ Margaret about the part!. 1C.&hen m! sister "as little she used +2 to be$ scared stiff "hen she "atched horror films. It too) her /uite a long time to get used +2 to ta)e$ them eas!. 1*.&hat,s the use +2 to discuss$ an!thing serious "ith her2 She,s completel! insane. 11.&hen she couldn,t have her "a!, she used +2 to burst$ out cr!ing. 16.It is useless +to complain$ of loneliness. It,s !our o"n choice. 0# &ut the verbs in brac!ets into the correct forms# 3ote that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required# * 4I "as lonel! at first,4 the old man admitted, 4but after a time I got used to +live$ alone and even got +li)e$ it.4 1 5efore trains "ere invented people used +travel$ on horsebac) or in stage coaches. It used +ta)e$ a stage coach three da!s +go$ from Jondon to 5ath. 6 I meant +bu!$ an evening paper but I didn4t see an!one +sell$ them. 8 Tom I "ant +catch$ the @ a.m. train tomorro". Ann 5ut that means +get$ up at =.CCH and !ou4re not ver! good at +get$ up earl!, are !ou2 ; -e accepted the cut in salar! "ithout complaint because he "as afraid +complain$. -e "as afraid of +lose$ his .ob. = She remembers part of her childhood /uite clearl!. She remembers +go$ to school for the first time and +be$ frightened and +put$ her finger in her mouth.

And she remembers her teacher +tell$ her +ta)e$ it out. @ 9id !ou remember +loc)$ the car2 G :o, I didn4t. I4d better +go$ bac) and +do$ it no". A :o, I didn4t move the bomb. I "as afraid +touch$ itH I "as afraid of +be$ blo"n to pieces? B :ext time "e go +house'hunt$, remember +as)$ the agent for clear directions. I "asted hours +loo)$ for the last house. *C Tom Jet4s +go$ for a s"im. Ann I4m not particularl! )een on +s"im$. &hat about +go$ for a drive instead2 ** The hunters expected +be paid$ b! the foot for the sna)es the! caught. This meant +ta)e$ the sna)es out of the sac) and +measure$ them. The! seemed +expect$ me +do$ itH but I "asn4t particularl! anxious +be$ the first +die$ of sna)ebite. *1 After +spend$ t"o da!s +argue$ about "here to go for their holida!s, the! decided +not go$ an!"here. *6 -e is tal)ing about +give$ up his .ob and +go$ +live$ in the countr!. *8 I "as .ust about +leave$ the office "hen the phone rang. It "as m! "ifeH she "anted me +call$ at the butcher4s on m! "a! home. -e said, 4I4m terribl! sorr! to +)eep$ !ou +"ait$.4 I said, 4It doesn4t matter at all,4 but he "ent on +apologi<e$ for nearl! five minutes? *= The lecturer began b! +tell$ us "here the island "as, and "ent on +tal)$ about its histor!. *@ M! father thin)s I am not capable of +earn$ m! o"n living, but I mean +sho"$ him that he is "rong. *A Tom I can4t get m! car +start$ on cold mornings. >ac) -ave !ou tried +fill$ the radiator "ith hot "ater2 That sometimes helps. *B 9id he manage +carr!$ the trun) upstairs2 G :o, he didn4t. -e isn4t strong enough +move$ it, let alone +carr!$ it upstairs. 1C >ac) 9on4t forget +ta)e$ a hac)sa" "ith !ou. Ann &hat4s a hac)sa"2 And "h! should I +ta)e$ one "ith me2 >ac) It4s a tool for +cut$ metal. Dou see, Tom is bound +get$ into trouble for +ta)e$ photographs of the "rong things, and !ou4ll be arrested "ith him. &ith a hac)sa" !ou4ll be able +sa"$ through the bars of !our cell and +escape$. 1* Eeter &ouldn4t it be better +as)$ Tom +leave$ his camera at home2 >ac) It "ould be no good +as)$ Tom +do$ that. It "ould be li)e +as)$ a "oman +travel$ "ithout a handbag. 11 I4ve got the loafH no" I4m loo)ing for a bread)nife +cut$ it "ith. G I sa" Eaul +sharpen$ a pencil "ith the bread)nife a minute ago. 16 &e stopped once +bu!$ petrol and then "e stopped again +as)$ someone the

"a!. 18 &hen I caught them +cheat$ me, I stopped +bu!$ petrol there and started +deal$ "ith !our garage instead. 1; 9o !ou feel li)e +dine$ out or "ould !ou rather +have$ dinner at home2 G I4d li)e +go$ out. I al"a!s en.o! +have$ dinner in a restaurant. 1= Dour hair needs +cut$. Dou4d better +have$ it done tomorro"Iunless !ou4d li)e me +have$ a go at it for !ou. 1@ I tried +convince$ him that I "as perfectl! capable of +manage$ on m! o"n, but he insisted on +help$ me. 1A >ac) I don4t mind +travel$ b! bus, but I hate +stand$ in /ueues. Tom I don4t care for +/ueue$ eitherH and !ou "aste so much time +"ait$ for buses. I thin) it4s better +go$ b! tube, or taxi, 1B -e too) to +follo"$ me about and +critici<e$ m! "or) till I threatened +hit$ him. 6C I have +sta!$ hereH I4m on dut!. 5ut !ou needn4t +"ait$H !ou4re free +go$ "henever !ou li)e. 6* In Bnimal 4arm the old pig urged the animals +rebel$ against man but he "arned them +not adopt$ man4s habits. 61 There is no point in +arrive$ half an hour earl!. &e4d onl! have +"ait$. ' I don4t mind +"ait$. It4s better +be$ too earl! than too late. 66 I al"a!s tr! +come$ in /uietl! but the! al"a!s hear me +go$ upstairs. It4s impossible +climb$ an old "ooden staircase at night "ithout +ma)e$ a noise. 68 If !ou agree +"or)$ for me I4ll see about +get$ !ou a "or) permit. 6; &e4d better +start$ earl!. &e don4t "ant +ris)$ +get$ caught in a traffic .am. 6= -e suggested +call$ a meeting and +let$ the "or)ers +decide$ the matter themselves. Eevision# ;# &ut the verbs in brac!ets into the correct forms# Eemember that sometimes a bare infinitive is required# * &e suggested +sleep$ in hotels but the children "ere anxious +camp$ out. 1 Eaul &ould !ou li)e +come$ to a lecture on &agner tonight2 Ann :o, than)s. I li)e +listen$ to music but I don4t li)e +listen$ to people +tal)$ about it. 6 If !ou "ant the mil)man +leave$ !ou mil) in the morning, remember +put$ a mil) bottle outside !our door. 8 The! let us par) motorc!cles here but the! "on4t allo" us +par)$ cars. ; The! don4t allo" +smo)e$ in the auditoriumH the! don4t "ant +ris)$ +set$ it on fire, but !ou can +smo)e$ in the fo!er during the interval.

= Mr Sha" is ver! bus! +"rite$ his memoirs. -e is far too bus! +receive$ callers "he is so busy that he can@t receive callers#, so !ou4d better .ust +go$ a"a!. @ &hat about +bu!$ double /uantities of ever!thing toda!2 That "ill save +shop$ again later in the "ee). A The inspector as)ed +see$ m! tic)et and "hen I "asn4t able +find$ it he made me +bu!$ another. -e probabl! suspected !ou of +tr!$ +travel$ "ithout one. B (ne of the gang suggested +ta)e$ the bod! out to sea, +drop$ it overboard and +pretend$ that it had been an accident. *C I "ant the bo! +gro"$ up hating violence but his father )eeps +bu!$ him guns and s"ords. G It4s almost impossible +prevent$ bo!s +pla!$ soldiers. *1 &ould !ou children mind +)eep$ /uiet for a moment2 I4m tr!ing +fill$ in a form. G It4s no use +as)$ children +)eep$ /uiet. The! can4t help +ma)e$ a noise. *6 I4m thin)ing of +go$ to (xford tomorro" on m! motorbi)e. &ould !ou li)e +come$2 G :o, than)s. I "ant +go$ (xford, but I4d rather +go$ b! train. I loathe +travel$ b! road. *8 Jet4s +go$ +fish$ toda!. There4s a nice "ind. &hat about +come$ "ith us, Ann2 ' :o, than)s. I4m ver! "illing +cut$ sand"iches for !ou but I4ve no intention of +"aste$ the afternoon +sit$ in a boat +"atch$ !ou t"o +fish$. *;-e resented +be$ as)ed +"ait$. -e expected the minister +see$ him at once. *=The police have put up a railing here +prevent$ people +rush$ out of the station and +dash$ straight across the road. *@All da! long "e sa" the trees +toss$ in the "ind and heard the "aves +crash$ against the roc)s. *AI didn4t mean +eat$ an!thing but the ca)es loo)ed so good that I couldn4t resist +tr!$ one. *B9o !ou feel li)e +"al)$ there or shall "e +ta)e$ a bus2G I4d rather +go$ b! bus. 5esides, it4ll ta)e ages +get$ there on foot. 1C All right. &hen "ould !ou li)e +start$2 In a fe" minutes2' (h, let4s "ait till it stops +rain$H other"ise "e4ll get soa)ed +"al)$ to the bus station. 1*The old miser spent all his time +count$ his mone! and +thin)$ up ne" hiding' places. -e )ept +move$ it about because he "as terrified of +be robbed$. -e used +get$ up at night sometimes +ma)e$ sure it "as still there. 11>ac) suggested +let$ one flat and +)eep$ the other for m!self. 5ut Tom advised me +sell$ the "hole house.

16The child used +lean$ on the gate +"atch$ the people +go$ to "or) in the mornings and +come$ home in the evenings. And he used to hear them +shout$ greetings to each other and +tal)$ loudl!. 18-e soon got +)no"$ most of them and even managed +learn$ the greetings. Then the! began +greet$ him too on their "a! to "or) and sometimes "ould stop +tal)$ to him on their "a! home. 1;-e succeeded in +untie$ himself, +climb$ out of the "indo" and +cra"l$ along a narro" ledge to the "indo" of the next room. 1=9id !ou have an! trouble +find$ the house2 G :o, but I had a lot of difficult! +get$ in. :obod! seemed +)no"$ "here the )e! "as. 1@5ill couldn4t bear +see$ an!one +sit$ round idl!. &henever he found me +relax$ or +read$ he "ould +produce$ a .ob "hich, he said, had +be$ done at once. I "asted a morning +perform$ his ridiculous tas)s and spent the rest of the "ee)end +)eep$ out of his "a!. 1AAfter +spend$ a "ee) in the cottage, he decided that he didn4t reall! en.o! +live$ in the countr! and began +thin)$ of an excuse for +sell$ the cottage and +return$ to Jondon. 1BIt4s no use +argue$ "ith him. Dou might as "ell +argue$ "ith a stone "all. -e is incapable of +see$ an!one else4s point of vie" 6C I4m delighted +hear$ that !ou can come on Saturda!. &e are all loo)ing for"ard to +see$ !ou. Remember +bring$ !our rubber boots. 6* -e has been charged "ith +receive$ and +sell$ stolen goods. -e has admitted +receive$ but denies +sell$ them. The fact is that he hasn4t had time +sell$ them !et. 61 -e noticed the helicopter +hover$ over the field. Then, to his astonishment, he sa" a rope ladder +be$ thro"n out and three men +climb$ do"n it. -e "atched them +run$ across the field and out through a gate. Jater he sa" a car "ith four men in it +come$ out of the lane +lead$ to the field. 66 -e admitted that it "as possible that the car happened +be passing$ and that the three men persuaded the driver +give$ them a liftH but he thought it much more li)el! that the! had arranged for the car +pic)$ them up and that the driver had been "aiting in the lane for the helicopter +drop$ them. 68 &hat about +have$ a picnic in Eiccadill! Fircus2 G &hat an extraordinar! place +have$ a picnic? 0anc! +sit$ there "ith the traffic +s"irl$ round !ou and the pigeons +ta)e$ bites out of !our sand"iches? 6; &ould !ou mind +"rite$ !our address on the bac) of the che/ue and +sho"$ us some proof of !our identit!2 6= Jet4s +s"im$ across. G

I4m not reall! dressed for +s"im$. &hat4s "rong "ith +go$ round b! the bridge2 7# $omplete the following texts using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given in brac!ets# . Sue has decided *$ +appl!$ for a ne" .ob. -er mother advised her 1$ +"rite$ to several different companies. Sue "ould li)e 6$ +"or)$ for a large compan! "here she can 8$ +meet$ ne" people. 5 Farol is too ill *$ +go$ to "or) toda!. She has managed 1$ +drin)$ some tea and no" she "ants 6$ +sleep$. -er husband offered 8$ +call$ the doctor, but Farol "ould prefer ;$ +"ait$ and see if she feels better tomorro". 6 9aniel "ould li)e *$ +get$ his teacher a present, but he doesn4t )no" "hat 1$ +choose$. -e is thin)ing of 6$ +bu!$ her a boo) because he )no"s that she en.o!s 8$ +read$. -is sister "ill help him ;$ +pic)$ a good one. D I disli)e *$ +shop$ because I can4t stand 1$ +be$ in cro"ded places. If I have to 6$ +go$ into to"n, I avoid 8$ +visit$ shops "here there are a lot of people. 7 >oan can4t afford *$ +go$ on holida! this !ear, but she intends 1$ +save$ up so that she can manage 6$ +travel$ around Europe next summer. She is loo)ing for"ard to 8$ +visit$ a lot of exciting places. F Fountries all over the "orld have superstitions "hich some people believe and others don4t. Several superstitions are the same in man! countries. Man! people avoid *$ +"al)$ under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luc). Some people expect things 1$ +go$ "rong on the thirteenth da! of the month, particularl! if it4s a 0rida!. Some sa! !ou must never 6$ +put$ up an umbrella inside the house or 8$ +place$ a pair of ne" shoes on the table. In man! places, it is considered unluc)! ;$ +see$ a blac) cat, "hile in others this is thought =$ +be$ a s!mbol of good luc). @$ +5rea)$ a mirror results in seven !ears of bad luc) and if !ou spill salt, !ou must A$ +thro"$ a pinch of it over !our left shoulder immediatel!. These are .ust a fe" superstitions "hich some people believe in. 9o !ou )no" an! more2 G 4light Bttendant &elcome aboard, sir. I hope !ou en.o! the flight. /assenger< Than) !ou. Lnfortunatel!, I4m afraid of *$ +fl!$. 4light Bttendant 9on4t "orr!, sir. >ust remember 1$ +fasten$ !our seatbelt and ever!thing "ill be fine. /assenger< I don4t mean 6$ +be$ difficult, but I "ould li)e 8$ +sit$ next to the "indo". Is that alright2 4light Bttendant (f course. This seat is free. Dou can sit here. &ould !ou li)e a ne"spaper to read2

/assenger< :o, than) !ou. I prefer ;$ +read$ boo)s to reading ne"spapers. 4light Bttendant< &ell, I must =$ +chec)$ on the other passengers no". /assenger< (h. I4m sorr! for @$ +tal)$ too much. I4m .ust ver! nervous about the flight. 4light Bttendant >ust tr! A$ +relax$ a little bit, sir. I4ll stop B$ +see$ ho" !ou are later. /assenger Than) !ou ver! much. I hate *C$ +be$ so much trouble. "F# Eead the article below and then decide which word or phrase (* G $ best fits each space# Deat% in t%e .ir. The death of Emma Fhristofferson from deep'vein thrombosis allegedl! caused b! a t"ent!'hour plane .ourne! has led to calls for an en/uir! into so' called 4econom! class s!ndrome4. The cabin cre" "ere shoc)ed +*$ the previousl! health! 1A'!ear'old in a state of collapse at the end of a long'haul flight from Australia to Jondon. A blood clot had spread from her legs to her lungs "ith fatal results. Experts believe her death is .ust the latest example of the gro"ing danger posed b! +1$ for extended periods of time in cramped aircraft seats. 0arol 7han, director of the Aviation -ealth Institute, +6$ to have evidence that more than =,CCC passengers a !ear die of deep'vein thrombosis +9NT$ as a result of long'haul flights. Lnfortunatel!, as s!mptoms often ta)e some time +8$, the lin) bet"een the condition and fl!ing is not al"a!s apparent. 5ut there seems +;$ a clear relationship bet"een the occurrence of 9NT and the stead! reduction in the amount of legroom bet"een seats in econom! class cabins. In a bid +=$ the number of passengers carried and their conse/uent profitabilit!, man! airlines have s/uee<ed more and more seats into their planes, at the cost of comfort and legroom. And our +@$ these uncomfortable conditions is simpl! based on the fact that "e )no" more seats means lo"er prices. 5ut "ith limited opportunities +A$ or move around, the blood circulation in passengers4 legs +B$ to slo" do"n, and blood clots can easil! develop. Most at ris) are elderl! people, sufferers from heart conditions and smo)ers. 5ut as Emma Fhristofferson4s case sho"s, even the !oung and health! can do little to prevent blood clots +*C$ under these circumstances. +**$ a 4caring, sharing4 image is something man! airlines are )een on, and some of these have finall! +*1$ to ta)e the problem more seriousl! b! issuing health advice to passengers 4trapped4 on their long'haul flights. The! usuall! recommend +*6$ the legs and feet regularl!, and advise +*8$ "al)s up and do"n the aisle at least once an hour. 5ut, as an! experienced traveller )no"s, the aisles

on most planes are onl! .ust "ide enough for the trolle!s +*;$ through. It is often impossible +*=$ do"n the aisle +*@$ to the toilets, let alone +*A$ exercise. The truth is that until "e are all prepared to +*B$ pa!ing roc)'bottom prices for long distance travel, the airlines "ill have no incentive +1C$ conditions. And a return to exclusive and expensive air travel is something nobod! "ould +1*$ advocating. *. A finding 1. A sitting 6. A suggests 8. A appearing ;. A being =. A increasing A. A stretching B. A begins *C.A occurring 5 to find _ to sit _ admits _ to be ` be ` to increase ` to put up "ith _ put up "ith ` can4t help ` occur ` to be found ` sit ` claims

_ to appear ` having appeared _ of increasing _ to stretch _ ris)s _ to occur

@. A putting up "ith

` stretch

**.A promoting 5 to promote F to be promoted *1.A suggested 5 considered F started *6.A moving 5 to move F move *8.A ta)ing 5 to ta)e F ta)e *;.A getting *=.A "al)ing *@.A getting *A.A tal)ing *B.A give up 1*.A underta)e 5 to get 5 to get 5 to tal) 5 fail F get F "al) F tal) F improve F get F refuse F contemplate 5 to "al)

1C.A improving

5 to improve 5 choose

N(FA5 V SEEA7I:G "# )tudy the following idiomatic descriptions of people (personality, character, appearance H ma!e up sentences to illustrate the use of the idioms# .ll bra&n and no brain Someone "ho is ph!sicall! ver! strong but not ver! intelligent is said to be all bra&n and no brain. Doubting @%omas A 4doubting @%omas4 is as person "ho "ill not believe something "ithout proof, or "ithout seeing it for themselves. Do&n to eart% Someone "ho is do&n to eart% is not a dreamer but a realistic and practical person "ho has sensible reactions and expectations. @o a fault To sa! that somebod! has a good /ualit! to a fault means that the! have a lot, or even too much, of that /ualit!. FiGed in $our &a$s Eeople "ho are fiGed in t%eir &a$s do not "ant to change their normal "a! of doing things. Full of %ot air A person "ho full of %ot air is full of nonsense and tal)s a lot "ithout sa!ing an!thing "orth"hile. 8ard as nails A person "ho is as %ard as nails is someone ver! uns!mpathetic "ho does not seem to care about others. Aaug%ing stoc+ This expression refers to a person or group that ever!one laughs at because the! do something stupid or ridiculous. Aife and soul of t%e #art$ The life and soul of t%e #art$ is the most livel! and amusing person present at an event. 8a'e a Huic+ tem#er If !ou have a Huic+ tem#er, !ou get angr! ver! easil!.

It runs in t%e famil$ This refers to a ph!sical or moral characteristic that is common to man! members of a famil! "a'ing grace A person "ho has a sa'ing grace has a /ualit! "hich prevents them from being totall! bad. "%rin+ing 'iolet A person referred to as a s%rin+ing 'iolet is a timid or sh! person. "mart alec A smart alec is an anno!ing self'assertive person "ho tries to sho" off ho" clever the! are. . &et blan+et A person "ho is a &et blan+et is so boring or unenthusiastic that the! prevent other people from en.o!ing themselves. %# $omplete the sentences with one of the idioms< *. Some %%%%.. interrupted the game claiming that the ans"ers "ere incorrect? 1. -e4s an impressive pla!er to "atch, but he4s all%%%%%.. +b strong but stupid$ 6. The "itness "as no %%%%%%. She had no difficult! expressing herself? 8. She4s a horrible person but she has one %%%%%., her )indness to animals. ;. 5lac) hair and blue e!es ' the combination %%%%%%%%. =. I4m so glad "e invited Faroline. She "as the %%%%%% of the part!? @. M! aunt is generous %%%%%%, read! to help an!one to claims to be in need. +bexcessivel! generous$ A. If !ou "ear that to school !ou4ll be the %%%%%%. of the class? 3. @oo! at these pairs of ad?ectives used to describe personal qualities# Which pairs are positive, and which negative in meaning4 *. sensitive and thoughtful 1. dishonest and unreliable 6. mean and tight'fisted 8. broad'minded and tolerant ;. thoughtless and self'centred =. livel! and in/uisitive @. sh! and insecure A. out'going and independent

B. ambitious and single'minded ,# :atch the pairs of ad?ectives above with a description below# *. -e,s a liar, and !ou can,t as) him to do an!thing for !ou. 1. -e never bu!s his friends a drin) in a bar. 6. She )no"s exactl! "hat she "ants to achieve in life and ho" to get there. 8. -e listens to other people,s opinions, and )no"s there are al"a!s t"o sides to an argument. ;. She .ust doesn,t seem to realise that "hat she does could hurt other people,s feelings. It,s all Ce! Ce! Ce! "ith her? =. She is ver! /uiet and goes red if an!one spea)s to her. @. -e loves parties and doing his o"n thing. A. She,s al"a!s as)ing /uestions # al"a!s "ants to )no" things. B. She never forgets m! birthda!. .# Which words in activity ' have similar and/or opposite meanings to the words below4 trust"orth! free'spirited inconsiderate confident dependable narro"'minded generous selfish /# We often use ad?ectives that end in Gy to describe personality# -ind the phrase in the description that defines each of the words below# fuss! chee)! "itt! nos! mood!

&ell, fran)l!, m! brother is all of those things. -e li)es ever!thing to be in the right place all the time. -e al"a!s "ants to )no" "hat ever!bod! else is doing, even "hen it,s none of his business. -e is bright and livel! one minute, and /uiet and bad'tempered the next. 5ut he thin)s ver! /uic)l! and sa!s the funniest things, although sometimes "hat he sa!s is funn! but rude to people older or more senior than him. 0or example, he as)ed his teacher "h! his red tie "as the same colour as his e!es. The teacher had been to a part! the night before # it "as ver! funn! but definitel! rude? 0# Eead the descriptions of different people# 9hen fill in the gaps with words from the lesson# *. 0iona loves parties # especiall! her o"n. That,s because she li)es to be the centre of attention. She,s ver! XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX. 1. &illiam loves gossip. -e al"a!s "ants to )no" "hat ever!bod! else is

up to. That,s because he,s XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX. 6. 9on,t invite >ohn. -e never bu!s a drin), and he,ll probabl! steal some of !our F9s. -e,s XXXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX. 8. &hat I li)e about 7ate is the "a! she listens to people, and remembers small things about them. She,s so XXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXXX. ;# Decide whether these expressions are positive or negative# *. She,s generous to a fault. 1. -e,s the life and soul of the part!. 6. -e,s a bit off'hand "ith people. 8. She,s ever so )ind. ;. -e )eeps himself to himself. =. -e,s full of himself. 7# :atch the expressions above to one of the ad?ectives below# anti'social rude extravagant ver! )ind ver! sociable arrogant

"F# &repare to discuss these questions# *. &hat personal /ualities do !ou thin) are important in the follo"ing t!pes of people2 a. a close friend b. a "ifeK a husband c. a parent d. a grandparent e. a colleague f. a boss 1. -o" "ould !ou describe !our o"n personalit!2 Interview your partner. ""# &ersonality Dictionary IuiJ# *. &hat,s a personality cult2 1. &hat,s a personality trait2 6. If !ou have a personality clash "ith someone, "hat,s the problem2 8. If !ou have bags of personality, is it a good thing or a bad thing2 ;. &hat,s a personality disorder2 =. If !ou get someone to do something b! sheer force of personality, ho" do !ou do it2 @. &hat,s another "ord for a *I personality2 A. If !ou have a split personality, "hat,s the problem2 B. If something reflects your personality, "hat does it sa! about !ou2 *C. If !ou lack personality, is it a good thing2 **. &hich of these "ords are fre/uentl! used "ith personality2 9ominant,

dynamic, engaging, elastic.

REA9I:G V SEEA7I:G
1. -ill the gaps in the sentences using these !ey words from the text# 9he

paragraph numbers are given to help you# headscarf defiantl$ con'ert stigmatise Islamo#%obia
Dilbab glim#se bur/a niHab 'eil

1. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a thin piece of cloth that "omen sometimes "ear over their face. 6. If !ou act XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, !ou refuse to obe! a person or rule. 8. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a long headscarf "orn b! some Muslim "omen that covers the head and most of the face, revealing onl! the e!es. ;. If !ou catch a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX of something !ou onl! see it for a moment. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a piece of cloth that a "oman "ears over her heard and ties under her chin. =. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is an irrational fear of the religion of Islam or Muslims. @. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a long, loose'fitting coat "orn b! some Muslim "omen. A. A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is someone "ho changes their religious beliefs. B. If !ou XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX a person or group of people, !ou treat their behaviour as "rong or embarrassing and tr! to ma)e them feel ashamed. *C.A XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is a garment "orn b! some Muslim "omen that covers the "hole bod!, head and face "ith .ust a small hole or grid for the e!es. %# Eead the article, retell it using the active grammar and vocabulary of the unit# Iuslim &omen #rotest on first da$ of France*s face 'eil ban 7en<a 9rider stood defiantl! outside :otre 9ame cathedral, ad.usting her ni/ab to reveal onl! a glimpse of her e!es. Scores of police "ith a riot van and several lorries stood b! as she and another "oman in a ni/ab staged a peaceful protest for the right Yto dress as the! pleaseZ. (n the first da! of 0rance,s ban on full Islamic face'coverings, this "as the first test. YI,m not here to provo)e, but to defend m! civil liberties as a 0rench citi<en,Z said 9rider, a 61'!ear'old mother'of'four from Avignon, accompanied b!

around *C supporters. >apanese tourists and Spanish schoolchildren fought their "a! through TN cre"s to get a picture of the spectacle. Then police s"ooped. 9rider had not been stopped on her train .ourne! into Earis. 5ut as she spo)e to .ournalists at :otre 9ame, she "as led off b! plainclothes police and driven a"a! along "ith t"o protest organisers. :ext a "oman in a ni/ab in her 8Cs from a Earis suburb "as grabbed b! a plainclothes officer, "ho gripped her tightl! and frog'marched her to another police bus. (fficers said the "omen "ere not detained for their ni/abs but because their protest had not been authorised. Lnder the la" promoted b! Eresident :icolas Sar)o<!, an! Muslim "oman "earing a face veil is no" banned from all public places in 0rance, including "hen "al)ing do"n the street, ta)ing a train, going to hospital or collecting her children from school. &omen in ni/abs "ill be effectivel! under house arrest, allo"ed onl! inside a place of "orship or a private car, although the! ris) being stopped b! traffic police if the! drive. 5ut several 0rench police unions !esterda! "arned that the la" "as almost impossible to enforce and that the! "ould not ma)e it a priorit! to stop "omen in full veils "al)ing do"n the street. -alima, a ;6'!ear'old mother from Nilleneuve'Saint'Georges, "ho "ears a headscarf, "as detained b! police for standing silentl! "ith the ni/ab'"earers at :otre 9ame. She said YThis is the first time I,ve ever protested over an!thing. I,m not in favour of the ni/ab, I don,t "ear it m!self. 5ut it,s "rong for the government to ban "omen from dressing ho" the! "ant. Islamophobia is on the rise in 0rance. 0irst it,s the ni/ab, then the!,ll ban the .ilbab, then it "ill be plain headscarves outla"ed.Z Rachid :e))a<, a propert! developer and rights campaigner from the Earis suburbs, "as detained outside the president,s official residence, the El!sce palace, "ith a "oman in a ni/ab. :e))a<, "ho organised the :otre 9ame protest, had offered to pa! ni/ab "earers, fines for brea)ing the la". -e said police had not "anted to formall! caution the "oman for "earing a ni/ab. &omen in face veils ris) a P*;C +Q*61$ fine or citi<enship lessons. Eolice cannot forcibl! remove face coverings in the street but can order "omen to a police station to chec) their identit!. The government estimates bet"een 6;C and 1,CCC "omen cover their faces in 0rance, out of a total Muslim population of bet"een four and six million. Some ni/ab'"earers # man! of them 0rench converts # vo"ed to continue going out and to ta)e their cases to the European court of human rights if stopped b! police. (thers have moved abroad, "hile .ust one "oman told 0rench papers she had permanentl! removed her face covering. Another ni/ab "earer said "omen she )ne" "ould "ear bird'flu'st!le medical face mas)s and sa! the! "ere ill in order to get round the la" against covering !our face. Shop'o"ners said luxur! fashion bouti/ues near the Fhamps El!sces "ere unli)el! to call the police to detain female tourists in ni/abs from the Gulf. This "ould create a t"o'tier s!stem bet"een rich tourists and poor 0rench people,

one trader complained. Emmanuel Roux from the police union said the la" "ould be Yinfinitel! difficult to appl!Z and Yinfinitel! little appliedZ. Sar)o<!, "hose polls are at record lo"s "ith next !ear,s presidential election looming, has been accused of stigmatising Muslims to boost his support among far'right voters. Since he declared in 1CCB that the bur/a "as Ynot "elcome in 0ranceZ, "omen in all forms of veils and head coverings said verbal abuse against them had increased. Recentl! the interior minister, Flaude Gueant, suggested the gro"ing number of Muslims in 0rance "as a problem. Religious groups have li)ened current Islamophobia in 0rance to anti'>e"ish feeling before the second "orld "ar. 0rance has a strict separation of church and state and banned headscarves and all religious s!mbols in schools in 1CC8. Sam! 9ebah, head of the 0rench Follective against Islamophobia, said YThe ni/ab la" is a pretext to reduce the visibilit! of Muslims in public spaces. It exposes an old 0rench colonial reflex, that 3Arabs and blac)s, onl! understand force and !ou can,t tal) to them.Z \ Guardian :e"s V Media 1C** 0irst published in *he uardian, **KC8K** '# $hoose the best answer according to the text# 7. )hich of these may not now be worn in public in 4rance51. a. a headscarf b. a full face veil c. .ilbab J. )hy were the women protesting5 a. because the! thin) all "omen should "ear bur/as. b. because the! believe "omen should have the right to dress as the! please. c. because the! believe :icolas Sar)o<! is an Islamophobe. .. =ow have the police reacted to the new law5 a. The! sa! it "ill be ver! difficult to enforce. b. The! sa! the! "ill arrest an!one "earing a full face veil in public. c. The! sa! the! "ill ignore it. $. )hy, according to his critics, has (arkoGy introduced this law now54. a. because he "ants to create a t"o'tier s!stem bet"een rich tourists and poor 0rench people. b. because 0rance has a strict separation of church and state. c. because there is an election next !ear and he "ants to increase his support among certain voters. ,# -ind the word 1. a t"o'"ord expression meaning police wearing ordinary clothes in order to do their Aob without being recognised +para 6$

2. a verb meaning to force someone to walk somewhere with two people each 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

A.

holding one of their arms tightly +para 6$ a three'"ord expression meaning officially prevented from leaving your home, usually because you have committed a political crime +para 8$ a three'"ord expression "hich is a general term for church, mosHue, temple and so on +para 8$ a verb meaning to issue a formal warning +para =$ an adverb meaning involving the use of force +para @$ a three'"ord expression meaning a system with two levels +para A$ a t"o'"ord expression meaning rude or offensive words +para B$

.# :atch the verbs in the leftDhand column with the nouns or noun phrases in the
rightDhand column#
1. stage 2. defend 3. enforce

8. pa! 5. chec) =. boost

a. a la" b. someone,s identit! c. support d. a protest e. a fine f. civil liberties

/# $omplete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brac!ets at the end of each sentence# *. Some people have remained XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX and sa! that the! "ill not obe! the ne" la". ]9E0D^ 1. The ne" la" bans full'face XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. ]F(NER^ 6. There is a XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX election next !ear. ]ERESI9E:T^ 8. ("ner of luxur! bouti/ues are XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX to call the police to detain female tourists in ni/abs. ]JI7EJD^ 5. Fritics sa! that "omen in ni/abs "ill XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX be under house arrest. ]E00EFTINE^ =. (ne critic argued that the la" "as an excuse to reduce the XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX of Muslims in public places. ]NISI5JE^ 0# Discussion# )hould everyone be allowed to wear whatever he or she wants to wear, regardless of the effect on other people4 ;# $omment on the following quotes about manners and traditions# (se the active vocabulary< An!one can be polite to a )ing. It ta)es a gentleman to be polite to a beggar. Bnonymous

Feremonies are different in ever! countr!, but true politeness is ever!"here the same. 3liver oldsmith Good manners have much to do "ith the emotions. To ma)e them ring true, one must feel them, not merel! exhibit them. Bmy Ianderbilt Manners are especiall! the need of the plain. The prett! can get a"a! "ith an!thing. Fvelyn )augh Teach !our child to hold his tongueH he4ll learn fast enough to spea). 1enAamin 4ranklin Tradition is a guide and not a .ailer. ). (omerset Caugham Traditionalists are pessimists about the future and optimists about the past. Lewis Cumford Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes '' our ancestors. It is the democrac! of the dead. ilbert D. 0hesterton

TEST D(LRSEJ0. "# =rammar# $hoose the correct answer# * @...... is ver! relaxing.4 4I don4t agree. I thin) it4s boring.4 A 0ish _ 0ishing ` de fish 1 4I can4t decide "hat......to the part!.4 4&h! don4t !ou "ear !our blue dress24 A "ear _ "earing ` to "ear 6 49id !ou go to the cinema last night24 4:o. M! parents made me%for the exam instead.4 A to stud! _ stud!ing ` stud! 8 49id !ou en.o! !our holida!24 4Des, but I am glad........home again.4 A being _ to be ` be ; 4Shall "e go to a restaurant this evening24 4I4d rather............at home. I4m exhausted.4 A sta! _ sta!ing ` to sta! = 4&h! did !ou go to the librar!24 4%...........some boo)s to read.4 A Get _ Getting ` de get @ 4&h! do !ou "ant to bu! a car24 45ecause I hate..........for the bus ever! da!.4 A "aiting _ "ait ` to "ait A 49o !ou have an! plans for the summer24 4&ell, 9ann! suggested....to Spain for a "ee).4 A go _ going ` to go B 4Shall "e go for a picnic on the beach24 4(h, no? It4s far too cold.....to the beach toda!.4 A going _ to go ` go *C 4&hat is the matter "ith Eeter24 4There4s no point in........me. I have no idea.4

A as)

_ as)ing

` to as)

%# >ocab# )uggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following definitions< *. to expect someone to al"a!s be there and do things for !ou even "hen !ou do not sho" that !ou are grateful 1. to unfairl! get "hat !ou "ant from someone "ho is easil! persuaded to help !ou, trust !ou, or do things for !ou 6. to feel embarrassed or ashamed about something 8. difficult to do or deal "ith ;. extremel! interesting =. to unfairl! go to the front of a /ueue @. relaxed in manner and characterH not usuall! "orried about other people4s behaviour or things that need to be done A. not "illing to accept ideas or "a!s of behaving that are different from !our o"n B. calm and able to deal easil! "ith difficult situations *C.eas! to understand or simple **.to stop and catch something or someone before the! are able to reach a particular place *1.having a good understanding of the "a! people behave andKor a good )no"ledge of culture and fashion *6.to critici<e someone *8.having a strong "ish to be successful, po"erful or rich *;.to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it *=.needing attention ver! soon, especiall! before an!thing else, because important

AFTINE N(FA5LJARD. p. 8= +learn the phrases "ith ta!e in N=.* on p.*1=$, laugh +out loud$, cringe "ith embarrassment, entertaining, m!stif!, on public transport +on a bus, on a train$, p. 8@ engage in conversation +"ith strangers$, brea) silence, point out, find smth tric)!, get +personal information$ out of smb, fascinating, find oneself doing smth, /ueue +nounKverb$, obe! rules, .ump a /ueueK a /ueue'.umper, stare angril! at smb, give smb a service p. 8A +learn the ad.ectives in N=.1 on p. *1=$, be boundK+un$li)el!Ksure to do smth, ma! "ell do smth, I should+n,t$ thin)%, I dare sa!% p. 8B do "ell in an exam, at some point, ta)e an exam, get engaged, have a da! off "or) p. ;C +learn the "ords in N=.6 on p. *1=$, ingenious, a hard'boiled egg, a fundamental "ea)ness, p. ;* intercept, the reign of +>ulius Faesar$, sophisticated p. ;1 +learn the polite interruptions in R&=.* on p. *1@$ p. ;6 turn up late for %, )eep smb "aiting, frustrating, get caught in the rush hour +a traffic .am, etc.$, allo" extra +t"o$ hours for the .ourne!, on time +cf. in time$ R=.1 have a go at smb +cf. have a go at smth$, can,t get a "ord in +edge"a!s$, overnight, ma)e friends, sort smth out, commute, appl! for a .ob, stand a chance of +doing$ smth, go for +a .ob$, ambitious, can do smth "ith one,s e!es closed +standing on head$ R=.8 bac) in those da!s, "or) out ho" to do smth, brea) a code, a boo) on smth, explain smth in detailX, assume, stic)'men ]illustrations^ R=.= urgent, go over smth +brevise$, house insurance, install, 0ine b! me, do smth first thing +tomorro" morning$