A Project File On GALVANOMETER

SUBMITTED TO : Ms. Priyanka Pandey

SUBMITTED BY : Vivek Yadav XII A Roll No. : 33

THE AARYAN MEERUT (UP

INTRODUCTION TO GALVANOMETER A galvanometer is a type of sensitive ammeter: an instrument for detecting electric current. It is an analog electromechanical actuator that produces a rotary deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil in a magnetic field. Galvanometers were the first instruments used to detect and measure electric currents. Sensitive

galvanometers were used to detect signals from long submarine cables, and were used to discover the electrical activity of the heart and brain. Some galvanometers used a solid pointer on a scale to show measurements, other very sensitive types used a tiny mirror and a beam of light to provide mechanical

amplification of tiny signals. Initially a laboratory instrument relying on the Earth's own magnetic field to provide restoring force for the pointer, galvanometers were developed into compact, rugged, sensitive

portable instruments that were essential to the development galvanometer of electrotechnology. that permanently A type of

recorded he term has

measurements was the chart recorder.

e!panded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, e"uipment. positioning, and servomechanism

OPERATION he most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called an ammeter. It is used to measure the direct current #flow of electric charge$ through an electric circuit. he %'Arsonval&'eston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. he coil is

attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the (ero position. 'hen a direct current #%)$ flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. his field acts against

the permanent magnet. he coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. he hand points at a

scale indicating the electric current. )areful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical

resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles "uic*ly to its position without oscillation. he basic sensitivity of a meter might be, for instance, +,, microamperes full scale #with a voltage drop of, say, -, millivolts at full current$. Such meters are often calibrated to read some other "uantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude. he use of

current dividers, often called shunts, allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents. A meter can

be calibrated as a %) voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is *nown by calculating the voltage re"uired to generate a full scale current. A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit. his is generally done by placing a resistor in

series with the meter coil. A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a *nown voltage #a battery$ and an ad.ustable resistor. In a preparatory step, the circuit is completed and the resistor ad.usted to produce full scale deflection. 'hen an un*nown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously un*nown resistor.

/ecause the pointer of the meter is usually a small distance above the scale of the meter, paralla! error can occur when the operator attempts to read the scale line that 0lines up0 with the pointer. o counter this,

some meters include a mirror along the mar*ings of the principal scale. he accuracy of the reading from a

mirrored scale is improved by positioning one's head while reading the scale so that the pointer and the reflection of the pointer are aligned1 at this point, the operator's eye must be directly above the pointer and any paralla! error has been minimi(ed.

MODERN USES 2ost modern uses for the galvanometer mechanism are in positioning and control systems.3citation needed4 Galvanometer mechanisms are divided into moving magnet and moving coil galvanometers1 in addition,

they are divided into closed5loop and open5loop 5 or resonant 5 types. 2irror galvanometer systems are used as beam positioning or beam steering elements in laser scanning systems.3citation needed4 6or e!ample, for material processing with high5power lasers, mirror galvanometer are typically high power galvanometer mechanisms used with closed loop servo control systems. he

newest galvanometers designed for beam steering applications can have fre"uency responses over +, *7( with appropriate servo technology. )losed5loop mirror galvanometers are also used in

stereolithography, in laser sintering, in laser engraving, in laser beam welding, in laser 8, in laser displays,

and in imaging applications such as 9ptical )oherence omography #9) $ retinal scanning. Almost all of these galvanometers are of the moving magnet type.3 9pen loop, or resonant mirror galvanometers, are mainly used in laser5based barcode scanners, in some printing machines, in some imaging applications, in military applications, and in space systems. heir non5 lubricated bearings are especially of interest in applications that re"uire a high vacuum.3 A galvanometer mechanism is used for the head positioning servos in hard dis* drives and )% and %8% players. hese are all of the moving coil type, in order to *eep mass, and thus access times, as low as possible.