Alcatel-Lucent Drive Test-1 Part-1 PDF

Drive Test Overview Drive Test Overview
Created by
Pulok Sinha (Trainer, ALUMS)
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009
( , )
09320096525
Objectives Objectives
In this session following aspects will be covered:
Drive Test and its significance.
Drive Test kit and its accessories.
Basic definition
Process involved in Drive Test
Basic Rules of Drive Test
General DT Kit Issue
2
Drive Test and Its Significance Drive Test and Its Significance
3
Definition: Definition:
Drive test is real time process by which various network
parameters of an operational network are gathered and are
further analyzed for various problems if exist. further analyzed for various problems if exist.
Analysis of Downlink Network performance
Network optimization.
Problem Indicator Problem Indicator
4
Significance of Drive Test is to: Significance of Drive Test is to:
Verify performance of new sites
Verify Sectorizations Verify Sectorizations
Verify Frequency Plan
Verify coverage Verify coverage
Verify handovers
5
Significance of Drive Test is to: Significance of Drive Test is to:
Verify Interference
Verify Overshooting sites Verify Overshooting sites
Verify data after ReHomes
Verify Faulty Installations Verify Faulty Installations
Benchmarking
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Modes of Drive Test: Modes of Drive Test:
Idle mode Drive test:
To check the network Coverage To check the network Coverage
Dedicated Mode Drive Test
To check the voice or data performance
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Drive Test Kit and its Accessories Drive Test Kit and its Accessories
8
Drive Drive Test Test Kit Kit::
Laptop Laptop
Drive Test Software
Test Mobile
Global Positioning System (GPS) ( )
Cables and Connectors
Drivers Software
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Laptop:
It basically is the user interface in which the Drive Test Software
is installed and is used to collect and store the log files.
Drive Test Software: Drive Test Software:
The drive Test software controls the whole process and integrates
the information received by the test mobile with that provided by
the GPS receiver the GPS receiver.
Test Mobile: Test Mobile:
The test mobile monitors the GSM channels for the appropriate
messages and can simulate subscriber actions.
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Global Positioning System (GPS):
The GPS provides positioning information to be used in conjunction
with the collated network data.
Cables and Connectors:
Cables and connectors are needed for Connection of external
accessories. For Example - like Data Cable for Mobile, GPS Cable,
PCMCIA Card, etc
Drivers Software:
The external accessories may not be compatible to the Laptop so
specific drivers of those are needed to be installed.
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Available Drive Test Tools: Available Drive Test Tools:
TEMS (Ericson) TEMS (Ericson)
NEMO (Anite)
AGILENT (Agilent Technologies) AGILENT (Agilent Technologies)
NTAS (Beijing Rising Technology Co. Ltd.)
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Basic Definition Basic Definition
13
Decibel Decibel (dB) (dB)
dB is a relative unit of measurement used to describe power gain dB is a relative unit of measurement used to describe power gain
or loss.
Decibel is logarithmic value that represent ratio of two given
power power.
dB can be expressed as follows:
X dB 10 l (P / P ) X dB = 10 log (P
o
/ P
in
)
The powers P
o
ad P
in
must be in the same units. If the units are
not compatible then they should be transformed not compatible, then they should be transformed.
Equal power corresponds to 0dB.
14
Decibel with respect to milli Decibel with respect to milli--watt ( watt (dBm) dBm)
dBm is a standard unit for measuring levels of power in relation dBm is a standard unit for measuring levels of power in relation
to a 1 milli-watt reference signal.
It is different from the dB because A dB has no particular
defined reference while a dBm is referenced to a specific
quantity: the milli-watt (1/1000 of a watt).
dBm can be expressed as follows: dBm can be expressed as follows:
dBm =10 log
10
(Signal Power / .001 watt )
15
Propagation Mechanisms Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection Reflection ff
Occurs when a wave impinges upon a smooth surface.
Dimensions of the surface are large relative to .
R fl ti f th f f th th f b ildi Reflections occur from the surface of the earth, from buildings,
walls, mountains, etc.
Diffraction Diffraction (Shadowing) (Shadowing)
Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large
dimensions relative to and sharp irregularities (edges) dimensions relative to and sharp irregularities (edges).
Diffraction gives rise to bending of waves around the obstacle.
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Scattering Scattering
Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions
on the order of or less, causing the reflected energy to spread
out or scatter in many directions.
Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause
scattering
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Antennas Antennas
Antenna is an essential part of a transmitting or receiving p g g
system which is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
A t l b i d t iti l t t An antenna can also be viewed as a transitional structure
between free-space and a transmission line (such as a coaxial
line).
An important property of an antenna is the ability to focus and
shape the radiated power in space e.g.: it enhances the power
in some wanted directions and suppresses the power in other pp p
directions.
Many different types and mechanical forms of antennas exist
and each type is specifically designed for special purposes
and each type is specifically designed for special purposes.
Antenna Antenna Types Types
In mobile communications two main categories of antennas used
are:
Omni Omni directional directional antenna antenna
These antennas radiates equally in all horizontal direction.
Directional Directional antenna antenna
These antennas are mostly used to get higher gain compared
to Omni-directional antenna and to minimise interference
effects in the network.
In these type of antennas, the radiation is directed at a In these type of antennas, the radiation is directed at a
specific angle instead of uniformly across all azimuth angles
in case of Omni antennas.
Radiation Radiation Pattern Pattern
The main characteristics of antenna is the radiation pattern.
The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three
dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function of
angular direction. angular direction.
Antenna radiation performance is usually measured and
recorded in two orthogonal principal planes (E-Plane and H-
plane or vertical and horizontal planes) plane or vertical and horizontal planes).
The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main
lobe and several minor lobes, termed side lobes.
A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the
main lobe is called back lobe.
Radiation Radiation Pattern Pattern
Directivity of Antenna: Directivity of Antenna:
Directivity is the ability of an antenna to focus energy in a
particular direction when transmitting or to receive energy
better from a particular direction when receiving.
G i f A t G i f A t Gain of Antenna: Gain of Antenna:
The gain is a measure of how much of the input power is
concentrated in a particular direction.
It is expressed with respect to a hypothetical isotropic
antenna, which radiates equally in all directions.
The relation between gain and directivity includes a new The relation between gain and directivity includes a new
parameter which describes the efficiency of the antenna.
G=.D
23
Beamwidth of an Antenna: Beamwidth of an Antenna:
Beamwidth is usually understood to mean the half-power
beamwidth.
Half power Beamwidth (HPBW) is the angle between the half-
power points of the main lobe, referenced to the peak power of p p p p
main lobe.
Beam width is categorized as:
Horizontal Beamwidth Horizontal Beamwidth
Vertical Beamwidth
Beamwidth is measured in degrees.
Beamwidth
Beamwidth
24
Horizontal Beamwidth: Horizontal Beamwidth:
Horizontal beamwidth is the beamwidth of the radiation pattern
in Horizontal Plane .
Generally, in City, antenna with 65 Horizontal Beamwidth is
used and in highway antenna with 33 Horizontal Beam width g y
is used.
Vertical Beamwidth: Vertical Beamwidth: Vertical Beamwidth: Vertical Beamwidth:
Vertical Beamwidth of an antenna is the beamwidth of the
radiation pattern in vertical plane.
Vertical beamwidth Varies from 4 - 8 depending upon the
model of the antenna
25
26
Relation between Beam width, Gain and Directivity Relation between Beam width, Gain and Directivity
G i Di i i Beamwidth Gain Directivity
27
Azimuth: Azimuth:
An azimuth is an angular measurement in a spherical
coordinate system. It gives apparent direction of an object
It is measured in degrees.
Measured with help of compass Measured with help of compass
28
Obstacle requirement Obstacle requirement
Antenna Tilt: Antenna Tilt:
The tilting of the vertical main lobe towards the ground by
specific angle with respect to horizon is known Antenna tilting.
The Maximum power of the lobe is at zero and can be place
within the cell by down tilting the antenna. y g
Down tilt can be use to:
Improve the coverage
Reduce interference Reduce interference
Adjust the cell radius
Basically there are two types of Down tilting
Mechanical Tilt
Electrical Tilt
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Mechanical Down tilt Mechanical Down tilt
In Mechanical down tilting,
Electrical Down Tilt Electrical Down Tilt
In Electrical down tilt, the
antenna is physically down
tilted towards the ground.
In a mechanical down tilt as
beam is tilted by altering the
signal phasing.
Electrical tilting is done by
the front lobe moves downward
the back lobe moves upwards.
Side lobe increase with
g y
using the tilt knob integrated in
the antenna
In Electrical down tilting, all
mechanical down tilting
Mechanical tilt have no impact
on the gain.
g,
the lobes (main, back as well as
side) has distinct advantage of
tilting
on the gain.
In electrical down tilting, gain
also reduces in all direction
31
32
Mechanically tilted Antenna Electrically tilted Antenna
33
Multipath Propagation: Multipath Propagation:
Multipath, is the result of reflections and scattering of radio p , g
waves due to buildings, mountains and other objects, etc.
Multipath, in effect, creates multiple transmission path of the
signal which arrive at the receiver at different times
When the components are in phase, the signal gets added.
When they arrive out of phase, they cancel each other.
Give rise to Give rise to
Rayleigh Fading
Ricean fading
34
Rayleigh Fading Rayleigh Fading
The Rayleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation
paths.
All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct
path.
Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna
becomes a random variable depending on the location of the
antenna.
Ricean Fading Ricean Fading
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the
signal.
In this case there is a partially scattered field.
One dominant signal. g
Others are weaker.
Diversity: Diversity:
Di it t h i i ff ti hi h h th Diversity techniques is an effective means which enhances the
immunity of the communication system to the multipath fading.
Diversity reception is a way to improve the quality and strength
of the signal arriving at the base station, by receiving it in several
independent ways
Two forms of diversity reception often employed are:
Space diversity Space diversity
Polarization diversity
37
Spatial (Space) Diversity Spatial (Space) Diversity
The spatial diversity antenna system is constructed by physically
separating two receiving base station antennas.
If they are far apart, the received signals will be independent of
each other.
If one has suffered fading, the other may not.
A suitable distance is generally about 10 wavelengths (10)
Pl i f t ibl t i t d it t t Plan views of two possible tri-sectored site antenna systems
38
Polarisation Polarisation
l h f h l f ld Polarisation is the propagation of the electric field vector .
Antennas used in cellular communications are usually vertically
polarised or cross polarised.
Dual Polarised Antennas Dual Polarised Antennas
A dual-polarisation antenna consists of two sets of radiating
elements which radiate or, in reciprocal, receive two orthogonal
polarised fields polarised fields.
Dual Polarised antenna are of 2 types
Vertical Polarised
C d P l i d
Crossed Polarised
39
Vertical Polarized antenna: Vertical Polarized antenna:
Good diversity performance only in cities
Horizontal termination cannot be used for Tx
Cross Polarized antenna Cross Polarized antenna
Equivalent diversity results compared to space diversity either in Equivalent diversity results compared to space diversity either in
cities or in rural areas
Both terminations are suitable for Rx and Tx
40
Process Involved in Drive Test Process Involved in Drive Test
41
Various Various Procedures Procedures in in Drive Drive Various Various Procedures Procedures in in Drive Drive
Test Test::
Collection of Data
Post Processing
l f h d d Analysis of the extracted data.
Suggesting changes based on
the analysis. y
42
Collection Collection of of Data Data:: Collection Collection of of Data Data::
Drive test involves collection of various radio parameters and air
interference signal data as Log File. These Log Files are further
used for post processing used for post processing.
Post Post Processing Processing:: gg
From the data collected, various information can be extracted
which depict the performance of BTS sites and the network as a
whole. whole.
43
Analysis Analysis of of the the extracted extracted data data:: Analysis Analysis of of the the extracted extracted data data::
The information extracted from the collected data is then
analysed. It is used to infer cause of detected problem in the
network if there is any network if there is any.
Suggesting Suggesting changes changes based based on on the the analysis analysis:: gg g gg g gg yy
After detection of the causes of the deviation from the
requirement or network related problems, measures are taken to
improve the performance of the network and to match improve the performance of the network and to match
customers requirement.
44
Example of RxLev Plot: Example of RxLev Plot:
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Example of RxQual Plot: Example of RxQual Plot:
46
Example of C/I Plot: Example of C/I Plot:
47
Basic Rules for Drive Test Basic Rules for Drive Test
48
Basic Points for drive test: Basic Points for drive test:
As soon as sites are allocated, verify the data in database and
plan your work accordingly.
U d t th ll fil f l t t d t b Update the cell file from latest database.
Before moving for the site, make sure that all the equipments
are working properly are working properly.
Performance Effecting Alarm Should be checked.
While going to the site one must keep the Drive Test kit on and
continuously track the Cell ID, BCCH ARFCN and BSIC to
search the site.
49
After reaching to the site one must verify the corresponding Cell
ID, BCCH ARFCN and BSIC for the each sector. ID, BCCH ARFCN and BSIC for the each sector.
Pre-drive of the site need to be done.
Ph i l ifi ti i T h i ht b ildi h i ht T t l Physical verification viz. Tower height, building height, Total
tower height, GSM antenna height, Orientation, Tilt, Antenna
Model etc. to be noted.
Orientation of antenna should be taken properly and compass
should be kept away from mobile, watch, any magnetic metal
etc while measuring the orientation. etc while measuring the orientation.
Before using compass, its magnetic needle should be check
properly for any shift.
50
p p y y
The tracker for physical data should me maintained regularly
and should be send on regular basis. and should be send on regular basis.
Feeder Cables are to be traced and the connectors need to be
checked accordingly. If any anomalies are found, has to be
reported and rectified accordingly.
No obstacle should be there in main lobe of antenna.
Proper route should be covered while drive, if routes not given
all the roads in each sector should be covered.
Driving the same road twice should be avoided or else record a
separate log file.
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While driving over a bridge or in to a tunnel, always make a
separate log file.
While drive Short calls as well as Long calls are to be made.
Short calls are to know whether calls will survive the setup and Short calls are to know whether calls will survive the setup and
the termination successfully, it also determines the setup time.
Long calls are to test the hand over capabilities as well as RX g p
Level and RX Qual.
Intra and inter handovers with each neighbours should be
verified properly and should be reported if any anomalies found.
The vehicle speed should be maintained between 20-40 km per
h d t f d i t t t hi h d
52
hour, do not perform drive test at high speed.
Log files should not be too heavy nor should it be too small.
Generally, Log file of 5-15 MB is recorded.
Each and every log file should be named such that it gives a
clear picture for what the log file is. For example,
TypeOfDrive_SiteClutterRouteName_Date
ShortCall_Bandra_18072010/ LongCall_BSC10_18072010
Check the log files if possible export it and then check before Check the log files, if possible export it and then check, before
leaving the site.
Distance and direction of any obstacles blocking in the way
should be noted.
Finally, report all sorts of problems.
53
General DT Kit Issue General DT Kit Issue
54
Check if dongle is properly connected. Dongle has to be
connected first.
Check if there is any loose connection, if it is there the
tightened it.
Check if the Mobile handsets and the GPS are defined in proper Check if the Mobile handsets and the GPS are defined in proper
port
Check if the respective drivers have been installed properly for
example- phone driver data cable driver GPS driver USB- example phone driver data cable driver, GPS driver, USB
RS232 driver, etc
If there is more than two handset check the level of each
handset if there is difference in level then check the handsets handset if there is difference in level then check the handsets
first swapping the data cable and then swapping the ports.
By this, one can find if the problem is with the Handset, Data
Cable or Port.
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Cab e o o t.
If problem is with the hand set then change the soft port of the
handset and then verify it.
If the kits gets hang close all application one by one then, turn
off the KIT and Disconnect all the external peripherals, wait for
some time and again start it, connect the dongle and then
connect each of the peripherals one by one.
Eye should be kept on MS connection as well as GPS
connection as they should not get disconnected. y g
Moreover, kit should be as per configuration to support
required no of Handsets, else may face problem of kit hanging.
The accessories should be kept properly and no rough handling The accessories should be kept properly and no rough handling
should be there, else accessories may get damage decreasing
the engineer o/p.
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Questions Questions
57

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